DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Construction Technology & Management
Department
Architectural Planning & Design
Arch4093
Prepared by: Alene M,
April 2022
 Chapter II
2. Space, Structure, & Function
• Aims of Architectural Design
• Form and Space
• Form and Structure
• Space and Function
• Construction and Structure
• Types of structures related to architecture,
• Architectural breakthrough and famous structures,
• …
 2.1. AIMS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

 Architecture has three basic aims;

a) Function (better specious),
b) Aesthetics (satisfying the sense of artistic.)
c) Structure (strong structure )

Requirements for Better

building design
I. AESTETICS/ DELIGHT
- Aesthetics of buildings is related to generating impressive
Form & comfortable Space.
- As house is a living space; it needs to be comfortable and
visually attractive space including other building elements
- it includes exterior walls, partition walls, roofing layouts &
all used building materials
 II. STRUCTURE/ FIRMNESS/ STRENGTH

• Even if, the form of the building is the

primary layout of the structure; Structure is
the backbone of the house.

• So, it needs to perform a detailed analysis

how to erect a building on the ground.

• It includes Foundation, columns, beams,

• ??? Have you observe how this roofing structures ….

structure stand – only by two
pillars
III. Function/commodity
 is the primary aim of architecture
 is related to using building spaces for different purposes.
 how to create a suitable space for the arrangement of furniture's
and other elements.
 we must care for space and form relation in our design with
respect to design principles and elements.
A. Enclosure B. Approach and entry C. Circulation

• is result of space defining • is the process of being • provide free movement

elements to provide approach to a building through a space of a
different room function. building
 D. Light E. Size and Proportion F. Shape

• To undertake different • Spatial functionality of • A room shape is the major

activities in rooms, rooms criteria is related to factor which determines the
we need light. space. internal space function
2.2. Form VS/and/ Space
 I. Spatial Composition /Composition of forms/
are called Space Defining Elements.
SPACE a. Form
b. Horizontal Plane
Open box form c. Linear Elements
d. Vertical Plane
2. Spatial Relation ship 3. Spatial Organization
 2.3. Form, construction vs Structure
• Both are inter-dependent for the complete composition.
• But the structure can independently stand without form components,
But the form can’t independently stand except some simple forms.
• What type of structure
do you think used to • Sometimes buildings with Odd/new form are termed as Structures.
stand the vertical The reason is the components of such outputs are more of structural.
elliptical form???
What do you say?
• How??? this structure?
• By what material?? or this building?

• By what construction
method???
• So, Structure matters
for any complicated
form Real!!! Challenged forms for structure Simple forms with simple structurally
See d/t Organization of
forms; Properties of Forms;
1. Visual property of form;
 We identify form by its visual property. This is summarized by all basic
design elements.
a. shape c. size
b. color and d. texture

2. Organization of forms;
Different forms are organized to create an ordered & pleased composition.
• Centralized
• linear
• Radial
• Clustered
• Grid
 3. Transformation of Form

L 2L • All other forms can be transformation of the primary solids.

• Variation of forms can be achieved by;
a. Dimensional Change
Dimensional change b. Shape transformation By combination transformation
c. Combination of d/t Forms - Two approaches;
1. Additive; by attaching forms.
By shape transformation
- Six approaches;
1. Rotation
2. Reflection
2. Subtractive; by slicing forms.
3. Scaling
4. Translation
5. Stretching
6. Shearing
 2.5. Types of structures related to architecture

1. Bearing wall structures

2. Reinforced building structures
3. Shell & Vault structures
4. Steel framed building structures
1.7. The role of Disciplinary fields with Architecture

A. Who is an ‘Architect’?

• Is a person who
participate in the
preparation of
architectural design.

• In a design team his

basic role is
coordination &
leadership
B. Civil Engineering

• Practical application of science

and math in the design of structures
like road, bridge, dam etc

Civil (Structural) Engineer

• prepare a design for structural
parts of a building /structural
design/
C. Surveying

• is the technique, profession, art, and science

of determining the terrestrial 2D or 3D
positions of points and the distances and
angles between them.

Land surveyor
• is a land surveying professional.
 D. COTM

• Preparation of Bile of quantity & Contract

document.
• Practice of Site management, Site supervision
and others.

Site supervisor:
• Is a person who participate in site supervision
works including the construction process.
C. Electrical Engineering
• Design and manufacture
of systems and devices
that use electric power and
signals such as Switches,
sockets, light points, water
pump.

Electrical Engineer
• A person who prepares a
design for all Electrical
installation system.
D. Mechanical Engineering
• Design and prepare all types of
machineries & mechanical systems
for a building.
• It includes mechanical systems like
elevators, escalators, heating,
cooling, ventilation ducts etc.

Mechanical Engineer
• A person who prepares a design for
mechanical installation system.
E. Sanitary Engineering

• Prepare and participate in the

design of water supply, drainage
and sewerage installation systems
in a building.

Sanitary Engineer;
• A person who prepares a design
for all sanitary installation
system.
Teams participated in construction industry
The main players in the construction
industry are:
 The Client; - is the owner of a project.
 The Consultant; - is design team
(Architects, structural engineers,
electricians, & others)
 The Contractor: - contracts for a
project execution.
Others;
 Insurance Companies:
 Banks:
 Suppliers:
 Permitting Agencies:
 Public:
THANKS
TO YOU!!!