Space Planning - relevant part in making a room
comfortable/fundamental element of the interior
design process./ shows how people will move through
space.
points to consider when planning - goals of the
organization/how time will be spent/ should be a
focus on designing ergonomically friendly
Space planning organizes the space, furniture, and
functions to work effectively and most effectively
accommodate the needs of the employees and
visitors - represent and support these long-term
goals/ employees might sit at their desk all day/
employees might sit at their desk all day/ employees
might sit at their desk all day/
For Example: Eliminating waste cans at each station
and offering a central trash or recycling station will
get employees off and wakey even in a short period
of time.
How to create a space plan?
The Bubble Plan
Detailed-Scale Plan
Steps in Creating a Space Plan
Part 1: Collect Information
It is important in very early stages of design
• Part 2: Interpret requirement, build the brief
Look up on how to create space and accommodate
humans in those spaces.
We consider:
a. Insider vs Outsider
b. Individual vs Community
c. Invitation vs Rejection
d. Openness vs Enclosure
e. Integration vs Segregation
f. Combination vs Dispersion
• Part 3: Consider spaces and spatial relationships
Space within space - within the volume of a larger
space.
Interlocking spaces - overlap the volume of another
space.
Space linked by a common space - two separate
spaces can be linked
Adjacent spaces - two spaces may about each other
consider the varying form of spatial organization
A. Centralized Organization - Composed of central
space
B. Linear Organization - Consists of repetitive spaces
C. Radial Organization - combination of linear and
centralized organizations
D. Clustered Organization - Spaces that are grouped,
collected, or gathered
E. Grid Organization - a 3-dimensional composition of
linear points
Questions need to consider
1. How does the envelope affect the internal spaces?
2. How will the contents of the room be arranged?
3. Do the rooms connect?
4. What is the flow of the circulation?
5. Are the proportions of the spaces comfortable?
• Part 4: Create the solution
we start sketching up the relationship diagram
The Bubble Plan – A simple diagram that will show
you what activities take place
Detailed – Scale Plan - Scale drawings that allow us to
accurately represent sites,
• Part 5: Review and Revise
it is then possible to review these solutions and look
for areas that require improvement.
Why does space planning matter?
More efficiency in a space lead to higher productivity
CALCULATIONS - Technical aspects of doing a building
project/
Soil - Planning the construction of every building
begins with a soil analysis. The physical and chemical
makeup of the soil on which the construction is to be
built is determined through a soil test. The planning
and procedures for building are determined by the
soil's characteristics, which can also have a significant
impact on the structure's design. As a result, the
structural planning and floor plan for the construction
are based on the results of the soil test. Because soil is
the main component that supports the structure's
weight, it is necessary to examine and evaluate every
aspect of it. A correctly executed soil test guarantees
that the design is flawless. Inaccurate soil testing
might have disastrous effects. The structure may start
to crack or, in the worst situation, crumble.
When and Who??
it can be done at any time, soil testing is rather
expensive. if the seller permits it, of course, it is
always advised to get the soil test done before
purchasing and registering the land.
A soil engineer conducts the soil test in a soil testing
lab. These labs may be privately or publicly owned.
Types of Soil Test
 Moisture Content Test - Moisture is a key
factor in determining the soil's ability to
support weight. The percentage of water in
the soil, often known as the soil's water
content, is referred to as moisture.
 Specific Gravity Test - The weight of a soil
sample volume divided by the weight of a
water sample volume equal in volume
determines the specific gravity of soil. 2.65-
2.85 is the best range.
 Dry Density Test for Soil - The weight of soil
particles in a specific volume of sample is
known as dry density. The void ratio and
specific gravity are two elements that affect a
soil's dry density.
 Atterberg Limits Test - This test reveals the
soil's essential water level.
 Compaction or Proctor’s Test - soil
compaction is the process of densifying soil by
compressing the air voids.
Concrete - Joseph Aspdin developed the concept and
created a blend of clay and limestone back in 1824.
The ratio of cement to aggregate particles utilized has
an impact on concrete's durability as well. You will
utilize fewer aggregate particles, such as gravel, sand,
or crushed stone, if you require the more substantial.
Concrete is now produced in a more sophisticated
way. In actuality, there are various forms of concrete
that can be used to build homes and other structures.
How Much Concrete Do I Need?
Calculate the quantity of concrete needed
Find out how much each of the listed items weighs
Don't forget to mention the amount of trash
Building Load - is a force that a home frame must be
able to withstand. having a fundamental
understanding of building loads will help you see
framing as a more comprehensive system.
A frame is made up of a collection of carefully spaced-
apart beams and columns
Beam rotation results from the transmission of loads
Column are described as vertical load-bearing
components that primarily carry compressive axial
loads. Concrete's self-weight is currently estimated to
be 2400 kg/m3 , or 240 kN, and steel's self-weight is
currently estimated to be 8000 kg/m3
Beam - is a structural element that resists forces that
are applied laterally or transversely to its axis
Walls - upright structure made of masonry, wood,
plaster, or another material used to enclose, divide, or
protect a space, especially one that is vertical and
serves as the interior or exterior siding of a building.
bricks range in density from 1500 to 2000 kg per cubic
meter
Slab - typical structural component of contemporary
buildings/ typically horizontal and has a thinner
thickness
Plumbing and HVAC
For a life that is both comfortable and healthy,
plumbing is essential.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to
as HVAC. Maintains clean indoor air in addition to
keeping you warm in the winter and cool in the
summer.
HVAC system accomplishes:
utilizing a supply of fresh air outside
air filtration to remove allergies
air conditioning or heating
delivering air to rooms
Air conditioning is not the same thing as HVAC
HVAC not only deals with cooling but also with
heating.
Sound and Thermals
By regulating the temperatures of the internal
surfaces of the structure and minimizing drafts,
thermal control contributes to the comfort of the
building's occupants. Better sound performance may
entail amplification in a music hall or attenuation in a
hotel room, much like many other aspects of a
building that may be optimized for the benefit of its
residents
SPECIFICATIONS
Construction specifications, or specs, detail the work
and workmanship required for each construction
project. A specs is a part of the contract documents
contained in the project manual consisting of written
documents. It is the documents that are described in
words but cannot be visualized or explained on a
drawing or model even on 2D or 3D model.
Technical specifications are a tender document often
references about the specific requirements and
construction standards for various elements of a
project. Technical specifications are prepared to a
level that allows the works to be constructed
accurately.
Drawings and models are developed to a level of
detail necessary to prepare a clear, coordinated visual
depiction of all aspects of the works. drawings and
models only provide a visual depiction of the project
but it cannot show the details like.
Types of Specifications
a) Performance Specifications also known as
performance criteria or functional requirements,
describe the final results that are expected from a
construction project. In this type of Specification, the
Architects and Engineers describe what they need or
what needs to be done.
b) Proprietary Specification requires the use of a
single approved product type for any particular
installation. This means builders must use those
specific materials when constructing the project. This
means builders must use those specific materials
when constructing the project.
c) Prescriptive Specification convey the requirements
of a project through a detailed explanation of the
materials that the contractor must use. main
advantage of a prescriptive specification over a
performance specification is that it allows contractors,
material manufacturers, and product consultants to
use their own products to comply with all design
objectives
d) General Specifications
Commonly used in commercial and residential work,
this type of construction specification is called a
general spec. covers various options. may also contain
information about what quality testing needs to occur
before the process is complete.
e) Detailed Specifications
is slightly different from a general one because it
covers virtually every aspect of construction in precise
terms. Generally, detailed specifications can be
either standard or special.
Standard specifications: These are the most common
types and cover things like flooring materials and steel
thickness requirements for beams and columns.
Special specifications: Special specs are typically used
in more complicated cases where unique details might
be required
Purpose of Technical Specifications
To highlight the necessary information
To list the conditions
Evaluating the cost
Explaining the methodology
Explaining the machinery and tools
To provide a detailed record of the design
Importance of Construction Specifications
They Serve as a Blueprint
They Help Control Costs
They Promote Quality
QUANTITY SURVEY OR ESTIMATION
the art or knowledge in which materials quantity and
entire cost are determined. It is also generally known
as Estimating. plays a vital role in estimation and
construction of any relevant project. These alterations
can be brought in the specifications of the project, or
the project is conducted in stages so that the project
can end within the released funds.
Initially, a Rough Cost Estimate is conducted that will
help in the determination of the cost. Finally, the
Detailed Estimate is conducted if funds are released.
Quantity Surveyor, person who estimates. This
person is also known as Evaluator or Estimator
Date for Estimate
Drawings - The estimate is prepared according to the
drawings. Drawings depict heights, lengths, and
thicknesses of different parts of the project.
Specifications - are appointed along with drawings
for the depiction of the project quality
General Specifications are also known as Brief
Specifications. used to show aspect, standard, and
type
Detailed Specifications depict characteristics,
quantity, ratio, and formation method of the material
used in construction work in the detailed description
Rates - Accurate rates of material and construction
work are required for accurate estimation. Rates of
material or constructional work can be determined
from the Schedule of Rates of different public and
private departments, or completed constructional
work can be analyzed to get all required rates. Rates
include Material Charges, Carriage Charges, and Labor
Charges, etc
Types of Estimates in Civil Engineering
Original Estimate - is the estimate prepared for a
newly proposed project. In other words, if these
projects are commenced from scratch, then the
estimate proposed for them will be the Original
Estimate.
Rough Cost Estimate - is done for any project before
commencing
Detailed Estimate - each item of the project is
determined and multiplied with its Unit of Rate to
acquire the cost.
 Revised Estimate - prepared when diversion
more than 5 percent. is also prepared if
changes are made in project design of the
already prepared Revised Estimate and
ultimately Technical Sanction has sought
again
 Supplementary Estimate - construction work
of the project has been started and change in
design has been felt then an additional
 estimate is prepared which is known as
Supplementary Estimate.
 Revised and Supplementary Estimate -
Sometimes changes or additions are required
in an already prepared estimate in the
project, and these changes are caused due to
price diversion of more than 5 percent
Repair Estimate
Repair and maintenance are done in buildings and
other structures in order to maintain and look after
them. The estimate prepared to find the cost applying
over the repair
Types of Repair Estimate
 Annual Repair Estimate Buildings and other
structures are repaired every year to keep
them maintained and usable. Estimate
prepared for such repair
 Quadrennial Repair Estimate - Special repair
is done after every four years despite annual
repair
 Special Estimation - Tenure is not fixed for
special repair. However, repairing damages of
buildings and other structures caused by
earthquake, flood and other accidents is done
in special repair.
Cost estimation in project management is the process
of forecasting the cost and other resources needed to
complete a project within a defined scope.
Rate analysis is to determine the current rate per unit
of an item at the locality. The purpose of rate analysis
is to examine the viability of rates offered by, to the
client, or contractor
Heads of Cost Estimates
 Direct Expenses - the expenses that directly
affect the project. It is also known as project
overhead costs) are those directly linked to
the physical construction of a project.
Material, labor and equipment prices are all
direct costs, as are subcontractor costs. They
are also sometimes called “bare” or
“unburdened” costs
 Indirect Expenses - are incurred while
completing the project but are not applicable
to any specific task. There are two types of
indirect costs: main office overhead and job
site overhead.
 Profit - Apply appropriate or contracted profit
rate uniformly to all contractors and to
original bid and change order
Essential Elements of Construction Cost Estimation
QUANTITY TAKEOFFS - This represents the total
amount of supplies and labor required to finish a
project.
LABOR HOURS AND LABOR COST - This represents
the overall cost and the number of hours of work
necessary to do a task. To determine the number of
work hours required to finish a certain job, the
estimator will draw on his experience.
COST OF MATERIALS - The total material expense that
the project financier will be responsible for is this.
COST OF EQUIPMENT - This is the price of renting or
buying the tools needed to do the job.
SUBCONTRACTOR QUOTES - The majority of general
contractors employ subcontractors at various times
throughout a project.
JOINT COSTS - Joint costs in construction are
expenditures that benefit more than one project
objective
INDIRECT COSTS - Indirect costs, such as
administrative and overhead expenses, are often
those expenses that have no direct impact on the
project's real expenditures.
Accurate Methods in Construction Cost Estimation
Unit Pricing - The unit pricing approach works by
figuring out the total cost of the project based on unit
costs.
Budget Method - This technique for calculating
construction costs entails assessing the whole amount
of work required and offering a broad estimate.
Rule of Two - We are aware that labor and material
expenses make up the two halves of any real cost
Why is Cost Estimation Important?
PROJECT FEASIBILITY - Studying a project's numerous
components to see if it has the potential to succeed
involves project feasibility
PROJECT PROFITABILITY - The construction sector is
primarily driven by profit. Since you should only
accept lucrative projects as a building contractor, you
must precisely estimate project expenses
PROCURING THE FINANCES - Contractors frequently
need to find the first funding for projects.
SETTING BUDGET - Starting a building project requires
you to properly monitor your spending to prevent
going over budget.
PITCHING THE BID - An accurate cost estimate
enables you to submit a competitive proposal and win
the job.
BUILDING PERMIT
Building permit technical documentation is a formal
document presenting the design solutions planets for
the investment. A building permit is an official
approval issued by the local government agency
Building permit is required to proceed with the
construction of a certain facility or establishments.
Who Needs a Building Permit?
Most are required to apply for a building permit such
as those who want and need to construct houses,
business establishments, companies and other
structures
When is a Building Permit Needed?
In most cases, simple repairs and replacements can be
performed by professional contractors or
homeowners without applying for a permit.
Permits supplementary to a Building Permit
Ancillary Permits - duly signed and sealed by the
corresponding professionals and the plans and
specifications shall be submitted together with the
duly notarized application for Building Permit
Accessory Permits - It is issued by the Building Official
for accessory parts of the project with very special
functions or use which are indicated in the plans and
specifications that accompany the building permit
application.
Exemptions from Building Permits
Minor Construction - like not exceeding 6 square
meters; / for owner’s private use / addition of open
terraces or patios / Not exceeding 20 square meters
and for owner’s private use / installation of window
grilles / garden pools for cultivation of water plants /
not exceeding 500mm depth / erection of garden wall
other than party walls not exceeding 1.80 meter in
height /
Repair Works - not affecting or involving any
structural member / non-load-bearing partition walls /
any interior portion or a house not involving addition
/ eplacement of windows, flooring, perimeter fences,
walls etc
Importance of Getting a Building Permit
Without one, you won't be able to establish whether
your building is legal
also necessary for those who intend to renovate their
current residence.
essential in order to safeguard everyone from such a
catastrophe.
must be obtained before the construction can begin.
BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS AND ASSEMBLIES
Building envelope, which separates the interior
conditioned from exterior unconditioned
environment of a building, is the key determinant of
thermal and energy performance in many types of
buildings. (Azari, 2010)
Energy Efficiency = Building Envelope = Less
Emissions
The building envelope may also be described as what
separates the interior areas that are temperature
controlled (conditioned) space from exterior
unheated (unconditioned) space
Functions:
Support (to resist and transfer mechanical loads
Control - flow of matter and energy
Finish - meet human desires
AIR CONTROL
Controlling air flow is key to controlling energy
consumption, ensuring indoor air quality, avoiding
condensation, and to providing comfort.
Physically the envelope components include ✓ Roof
✓ Ceiling ✓ Walls ✓ Doors ✓ windows
Effectiveness includes ✓ physical protection from
weather and climate (comfort), ✓ indoor air quality
(hygiene and public health), ✓ durability ✓ energy
efficiency
THERMAL ENVELOPE Also known as a heat flow
control layer, a thermal envelope is part of a building
envelope but may be in a different location such as in
a ceiling
FUNDAMENTALS OF PERFORMANCE
CONSIDERATIONS
1. Health
healthy environment inside your new home
2. Comfort
it starts with fresh air, abundant natural light, and
protection from noise
3. Carbon Footprint
a high-performance home can reduce energy
consumption by up to 90% compared to a
conventional build
4. Sustainable Material
a home is only as sustainable as the materials used in
its construction
5. Cost to Operate
higher energy efficiencies lead to higher home value
TYPES
1. Tight Building Envelope
is accurately constructed to allow as little air leakage
as possible. This requires more insulation, caulk,
sealants, and energy-efficient windows to acquire a
tight shell for the building
2. Loose Building Envelope
on the other hand allows air to flow a lot more freely
from the exterior of the building to the interior. This
type of envelope is either by design or by poor
construction abilities
AESTHETICS
➢ The term aesthetics comes from the Greek word
"aisthetike" meaning “to perceive”.
➢ The philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten
defined it as "the science of how things are known
through the senses.“ in 1735
The essence of design is "to create things according to
the laws of beauty".(Qu, Mao, & Li, 2018)
Is important for the physiologically and
psychologically well being of humans, the importance
of finding ways to make the environment “livable”
and more pleasing (Gabr, 2009)
Aesthetics is considered as one of the main qualities
of architecture according to Roman architect Vitruvius
(15 B.C.). His definition of good architecture depends
on three critera as venustas (beauty), utilitas (utility)
and firmitas (firmness) (Cho, 2011)
MOISTURE TRANSFER
Heat and moisture transfer in a room is critical for the
indoor comfort (Kunzel, et.al., 2003)
A great amount of moisture is produced in the
households during the day and the fluctuations of the
relative humidity depends on the capacity of the room
and the conditioning equipment to dump it. (Liuzzi &
Stefanizzi, 2015)
PARAMETERS:
1. the climatic data
2. the shape of the building envelope versus the
climate area features
3. the building materials and the compatibility
between themselves
The moisture content in a building material can be of
three phases: vapour, liquid, solid.
The sum of these three forms is taken into account as
total water content
three different regions can be classified:
1. Hygroscopic region
characterizes the hygroscopic building materials as
clay
2. Capillary water region
refers to capillary-active building materials
3. Supersatured region
the suction process occurs under pressure
DURABILITY
is to be based on anticipated effects arising from the
presence of internal and exterior thermal effects
ACTION EFFECTS
Effect of an environmental action on a material,
component, or assembly of a structure that brings
about physical, chemical or biological changes
AGENT
Chemical or biological substance or physical process
ASSEMBLY
An arrangement of more than one building material
or component to serve specific purposes
BUILDING ELEMENT
A portion of a building comprised of either a building
material, building component or building assembly
BUILDING SCIENCE
The study and application of principles governing
environmental actions and transfer mechanisms to
predict action effects
COMPONENT
Any building unit. It may be structural or non-
structural.
DEGRADATION
Deterioration or deformation that leads to adverse
changes
DESIGN SERVICE LIFE
service life specified by the designer in accordance
with expectations or requirements
DURABILITY
ability of a building, or of a material, component,
assembly or system
ENVELOPE
environmental separator, generally between the
inside and outside of a building
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION
Chemical, electrochemical, biological, physical and or
mechanical action
FAILURE ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
The loss of performance coincident with the inability Buildings account for ∼40% of global energy
of a material, demands, and the increased adoption of innovative
LIMIT STATE solutions for buildings represents an enormous
State beyond which a material, component, assembly potential to reduce energy demands and greenhouse
or system no longer satisfies its design performance gas emission (Koebel, Wernery, & Malfait, 2017)
MAINTENANCE SUSTAINABLE IMPLEMENTATION
actions and measures taken periodically during a Adoption of multi-disciplinary approach covering a
service life number of features such as: energy saving, improved
MODEL use of materials, material waste minimization,
Simplified conceptual or mathematical idealization or pollution and emissions control etc
test set-up simulating the structure environment GENERAL OBJECTIVES
PERFORMANCE ➢ Resource Conservation
behaviour of a building or any of it’s materials ➢ Cost Efficiency
PREDICTED SERVICE LIFE
➢ Design for Human Adaptation
Service life forecast from recorded performance
➢ Resource Conservation ➢ Cost Efficiency ➢ Design
PREMATURE FAILURE
for Human Adaptatio
Failure occurring prior to achieving the design service
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
life
means achieving more with less. It is the management
QUALITY
of the human use of natural resources to provide the
totality of features and characteristics of a product
maximum benefit to current generations while
RELIABILITY
maintaining capacity to meet the needs of future
Ability of a structure, material, component, assembly
generations.
or system to satisfy the specified design
REPAIR ➢ Energy Conservation
action and measures taken, including replacement ➢ Material Conservation
SERVICE LIFE ➢ Water Conservation
actual period of time during which the building or a ➢ Land Conservation
building material perform to the required levels
without unforeseen costs or disruption for
maintenance and repair
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS)
State that corresponds to conditions beyond which
specified serviceability requirements
STRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT
External influences (atmospheric and ground
conditions, including pollution) and inside influences
(indoor atmosphere and materials)
TRANSFER MECHANISM
Mechanism by which influences in the structure INITIAL COST
environment are, over time, transferred into agents Also referred to as the acquisition cost or the
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (ULS) development cost, the initial cost covers the entire
State associated with collapse, maximum load cost of creating, or remodelling, the building
capacity, maximum strain
1. The design should optimize the use of locally- PROTECTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES
available materials. Protecting physical resources is one of the most
2. Use of cost saving construction technology. important principles of sustainable design and
3. Identify opportunities to minimize initial construction.
construction costs. PROTECTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES
4. Use common, readily available components. 1. Plan for fire protection
5. Using recycled and reclaimed materials 2. Resist natural hazards
COST IN USE 3. Crime prevention
Otherwise known as the running cost or operation
cost, the cost in use is set by the decisions made
1. Taking adequate measures within the design of key
building elements. GOODLUCK PU !!!
2. Ensuring that the skills required are within the
competence of available labour supply.
3. Choosing minimum-maintenance materials
4. Adopting an appropriate process during the design
stage to protect materials from destructive elements.
5. Provide easy-to-understand and easy-to-use
building control system
RECOVERY COST
third cost that is rarely considered – the cost of
demolition and material recovery
1. Recycling potential and ease of demolition should
be considered during the design phases and costed
into the development budget.
2. The adaptive reuse of an existing project
significantly reduces waste and conserves the energy
used for material manufacturing and construction.
3. Reusing building materials or component
DESIGN FOR HUMAN ADAPTATION

➢ main purposes of a sustainable building is to

provide healthy and comfortable environments for
human activities
PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH AND COMFORT
1. Thermal Comfort
2. Acoustical Environment
3. Daylighting
4. Natural Ventilation
5. Building Functionality
6. Building Aesthetic