OLLESSOS TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

PROPOSEED THREE STOREY BUILDING

FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
EVANS MUMO MUASYA
INDEX: 295411010838
COURSE CODE:
2707
ADM NO:
2044D-BC-18
SUPERVISOR: MRS. DAMARIS AKOMO
A TRADE PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE
KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN
THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
NOVEMBER 2021
DECLARATION

STUDENT
I hereby declare that this is my original work and has never been presented in any other institution

For an award of a diploma in Civil Engineering.

NAME: MUASYA EVANS MUMO

SIGN:

DATE:

SUPERVISOR
This project has been presented to examination with my approval as the supervisor Ol’lessos Technical
Training Institute.

NAME: MRS.DAMARIS AKOMO

SIGN: …………………………………………..

DATE:…………………………………………….
DEDICATION
This research project is dedicated to my friends and classmates whom I have been closely working with
them to accomplish this program.

I thank them for the special ideas in terms of creativity innovativeness and life in general that we have
been sharing together. It has been a good time being with them and may the almighty God bless them
abundantly.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In completion of this programme at Ol’lessos technical training institute, it’s a major step ahead and
would therefore wish to thank the almighty lord up to this far. I would wish to recognize, appreciate and
thank the support of our parents, for their moral and financial support ion building our professional
capacity.

We also recognize the major participator to my college education, The National youth service that has
always been there for me in terms of finances advice and moral support .more thanks also to my parent
Educational institute OLLESOSS TECHNICAL TRAINING COLLEGE .For their great determination in bringing
out quality procedures to improve foundation and the pillars to build up my profession, thanks to all my
lectures and other determined staff including librarian.

We would wish to recognize the help of my brothers and my sisters for massive support.

Finally I also acknowledge the great support of our project supervisor MRS; DAMARIS AKOMO, for her
assistance and guidance towards the completion of this research, it has been great.

MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL.

ABSTRACT
The design of this project is purposely proposed for construction of civil and building department that it
may accommodate all styles of teaching and have Morden laboratory to facilitate all academic need for
our students.

This is due to growth of population yearly in Ol’lessos technical training college especially in building and
civil department.

Since the project is a basic requirement by NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL as practical work in
partial fulfilment of award in DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING , this project is indented to make students
to observe and appreciate application of various unit of the course involved and their relationship to one
another in objection to solving engineering problem in day to day life .The following units have been
addressed in this project that is survey ,soil mechanic architectural design drawings and structural
design .measurement of building works and estimation and costing ,site organisation and
administration.

Architecturally then project involved the analysis and design of three storey block which will be
functional and economical and easy to construct and manage ,the structure comprises of soil test
laboratory, bituminous laboratory, concrete laboratory,workshop,lecture rooms, departmental office,
survey workshop room, Computer laboratory with computer technician office and finally drawing rooms.
The structure has got members like Solid slab which is reinforced concrete slab supported around by
beams, employed for cost effectiveness over other types due to its reduction in building loading and
intended use of the structure.

The beams on the other hand comprises of a shot span and equivalently minimal depth ,the limit state
method of design which include service ability limit state and ultimate state according to BS8110 code of
practise was adapted. The analysis and design were carried out on the structural elements, the solid
slab, column stair and foundation they were analysed and designed and subsequently detailed.
PROBLEM FINDINGS

Due to rapid increase of admitted students in Ol’lessos technical training institute especially in building
and civil department, there has been a crisis of classes and practical workshops and especially in the
department of building and civil engineering. Also due to increase in competition and hunger in
education standard and market in technical skills in the society

Therefore, the proposed construction of departmental block will curb the increased need to solve
engineering related problems as per demand.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to construct a departmental building and modern laboratory within
the institute perimeter. This has been done in order to create a conducive environment for learning and
to enhance excellent practical skills for civil and engineering

Therefore the following were also discovered to be solved;

1. To improve services and facilitation for the students in need of learning and admission queries

2. To avoid confusion among the student and staff during lectures

3. To educate new generation of civil engineering to meet challenges, demands and expectation in
improving high-tech global society.
Contents

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................12

LIST OF TABLES

3.1 leveling

3.2 interpolations of contours

3.3 cone penetrometer method

3.4 standard load value at penetration

3.5 recording during CBR test

3.6 soil sample analysis

3.7 reinforcement tables

3.8 structural calculation tables

3.9 method statement

3.10 project milestone

3.11 measurements, estimation and costing

3.12 bill of quantities

LIST OF FIGURES

3.1 Contouring

3.2 Atterberg’slimit test bar graph for comparison of average moisture content and cone
penetration

3.3 Direct shear test machine

3.4 Consolidation test machine

3.5 Graph of load versus penetration

3.6 Graph of soil sample analysis

3.7 Architectural drawings

3.8 Structural drawings

3.9 Site layout plan

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

a.b.d - as before described

ag – gross sectional area of steel in compression

ast – cross-sectional area of steel tension

asc – cross-sectional area of concrete

b -breadth of rectangular beam

d – depth of rectangular beam

BRC – British Reinforced Concrete

B.S – back sight

F.S – foresight

I.S – intermediate sight

R.L – reduced level

C/m – cement mortar

c/c – center to center

conc – concrete

D – door

W – Window

Ddt – deduct

G.L – ground level

H.I – height of instrument

Fy – characteristic strength of steel

Fcu – characteristic strength of concrete

R.C – reinforced concrete

Excv – excavate CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Ol’lessos technical training college is rapidly expanding and the number of students being admitted
especially in engineering department every year is increasing. The purpose for this project is to provide a
conducive environment to take care of the increasing number of student population. The aim of the
project is to reduce congestion in classes and to provide comfort to the increasing numbers of students
being admitted into the institute under engineering profession.

The proposed four storey departmental building in Ol’lessos technical training college is to allow for an
ideal condition and environment for the students to partake their learning under a comfortable learning
conditions

The departmental building will be a four storey building comprising of laboratories classes and offices
meant for engineering technology.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The population in Ol’lessos technical training college is rapidly increasing due competitive
education standards and market in technical skills being offered by the institution hence an
increased demand as one of the leading institutes in Kenya. Ol’lessos is receiving more student
admission requests hence more demand for classes thus making it a necessity that the institute be
at a position to take care of the surplus population of students. Therefore, the proposed
construction of a four storey departmental block will create more space for learning.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this trade project is to create learning space to the rapidly increasing
population in the institution which will accommodate a good number of students to be able to
learn from.
SCOPE OF WORK

In order to address the problem outlined above, the following five objectives were established:

Research changing resource types, study habits, desired library services, and amenities
Benchmark the Moi University Library using criteria developed from Objective 1 and
identify ways to reduce the demarcation between the interior and exterior environment,
improve lighting, group study spaces, and aesthetics
Investigate new layouts and structural configurations in response to the research and
benchmarking activity
Develop the foundations, reinforced concrete, and structural steel alternatives by performing
engineering calculations to specify the configuration, quantity, and material properties of the
structural members that will support the proposed layout
Perform a cost analysis of the structural alternatives in order to perform a comparison
between them.

5
REPORT OUTLINE

The following chapters of this report provide background information relevant to understand and
develop the salient features of the work as well as chapters covering architecture and layout
design, structural steel design, reinforced concrete design, foundation design, and cost analysis.
Finally, the report wraps up with a summary of the findings and recommendations

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is the most important building material, playing a part in all building structures. Its
virtue is its versatility, i.e. its ability to be molded to take up the shapes required for the various
structural forms. It is also very durable and fire resistant when specification and construction
procedures are correct. As it is then for a mass of concrete to stay in form of the intended for it
and be able to maintain it, it needs to be cast in form of the steel reinforcement

Reinforced concrete is a combination of two dissimilar but complementary materials, namely

concrete and steel. Concrete has considerably crushing strength, is durable, has good fire
resistance but offers little or no strength in tension but fair in shear. On the other hand, steel has
good tensile properties, poor resistance to fire (heat conduction weakens its strength) and very
good both in shear and in compression. Thus, a combination of these materials results in good
tensile and compressive strength, durability and good resistance to fire and shear. Concrete is a
composite material of cement, fine and coarse aggregate and water. Water is added and this
reacts with the cement which hardens and binds the aggregates into the concrete matrix, the
concrete matrix bonds into the reinforcing bars.

The design concept of this project is to provide the standard design specification for each
member therein the building, safe and economic in construction. To satisfy these provisions, the
major concern is the performance of the structure against the load subjected. It is then designed
according to the loading system, and its transfer to the foundation. This project involves the
analysis and design of all the structural members contained in the public building. The complete
building structure can be broken down into the following elements;

Beams; horizontal members carrying lateral loads; either point or distributed

Slab; horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads

Column; vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally subjected to axial load
and moment

Stairs; stepped element of slab resisting vertical, lateral, and bridges the height between
floors

Foundations; support directly on the ground that spread loads for column or walls so that
they can be supported by the ground without failure
2.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The design provided in this work proffers a standardized design of the proposed institution
resource center. It copes with the standard code of practice and creates uniformity in the outputs
provided; in terms of member sizes and reinforcements generated

2.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project lies in the structural design and detail of a storey building. And it is
limited to the structural design of its members and generation of their reinforcements. It takes in
to account realization of the building as a frame structure to successfully support its loads and the
analysis and design of the members: slabs, columns and foundations for reinforcement
arrangement. The limitation of the work does not encompass the test on concrete or
reinforcement, neither does it test on the soil strength but assumed value of the strengths within
standard limit are used
 CHAPTER THREE

PART 1

SURVEYING

INTRODUCTION

Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions above or beneath the earth surface by
means of directly or indirect measurement of deviation, direction and distances

Traversing was done to;

Establish boundaries of the site

Prepare a sketch of site

Know the photographical features of the site

We carried out the following activities;

Reconnaissance survey

Making and fixing of stations

Making and fixing of survey lines

Leveling of contours
3.1.1RECCONAISSANCE

This is the visit of site before commencing of the actual survey; we did the reconnaissance on 4th
February, 2020 to establish the photography of the site to determine the slope of high ground and
low grounds. For all survey work to be executed well, proper preparation before work
commences will save time and effort during field operations. The following is a useful
requirement we did;

We consulted the existing plans and maps of the areas to be surveyed

We consider the distance of the site to the existing buildings

We consulted the department to who gave us the permission to do the work required

We worked over the area to be surveyed visualizing the work to be undertaken, noting
areas which are likely to cause difficulty. I drew a rough sketch of areas showing the
survey stations and offsets of the main and other chain lines it’s at this stage that any tests
in the field

We checked all the instruments well equipped thoroughly not only to see they are in good
and working conditions but also to familiarize the survey team on how to use them. This
also helps to establish obstacles likely to be encountered during survey process

3.1.2 MARKING AND FIXING OF STATIONS

After reconnaissance had been completed, one station was established within the site which
formed the framework

There were no obstacles to chaining this made it easy to carry out process effectively since all
stations were done
3.1.3 RUNNING OF SURVEY

Running of survey lines was done by use of ranging rods and a tape measure after measuring all
survey links, offsets were done by use of a theodolite
3.1.4 LEVELLING AND CONTOURING

Leveling involves the measurement of vertical distance relative to a horizontal line of sight.

Contouring is developed from leveling to show lines on the map indicating points of the same
levels in references to TBM. The result for the workings of leveling that was done is given in the
work sheet below. The contour has been presented on drawing on the figure

3.1.5 LEVELLING

Table 3.1 leveling

THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

THE OLLESOS TECHNICAL TRAINING COLLEGE

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A FOUR STOREY DEPARTMENTAL BLOCK

WITH LABORATORY ROOMS CLASSES AND OFFICES
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL CALCULATION SHEET FINAL TRADE PROJECT
ENGINEERING
SHEET NO: …….………….
UNIT: CONTOURS DATE:
………………………
NAME: VICTOR MATUNDURA INDEX NO:
NYAMWAYA
STATION B. S I.S F. S H. I R. L REMARK
S
2.630 1802.630 1800.000 BM
A 1.581 1801.049
A1 1.555 1801.075
A2 1.486 1801.144
A3 1.486 1801.144
A4 1.169 1801.461
A5 1.220 1801.410
B 1.181 1801.449
B1 1.080 1801.550
B2 0.977 1801.653
B3 0.875 1801.755
B4 0.945 1801.685
B5 0.823 1801.807
C 0.921 1801.709
C1 0.803 1801.827
C2 0.780 1801.850
C3 0.700 1801.930
C4 0.619 1802.011
C5 0.785 1801.845
D 0.800 1801.830
D1 0.235 1802.395
D2 0.180 1802.450
D3 0.505 1802.125
D4 0.629 1802.001
D5 0.819 1801.811
E 0.014 1.004 1801.64 1801.626 CP1
E1 1.033 1800.607
E2 1.175 1800.465
E3 1.199 1800.441
E4 1.675 1799.965
E5 0.663 1800.977
F 0.780 1800.860
F1 0.711 1800.929
F2 0.865 1800.775
F3 0.988 1800.652
F4 0.900 1800.740
F5 0.850 1800.790
∑BS=2.644 ∑FS=1.854
∑BS-∑FS RLf5-RL
2.644- 1800.790-
1.854 1800.000
=0.79 =0.79
PART 2

SOIL MECHANICS

PREPARATION OF SOIL ANALYSIS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A FOUR STOREY

DEPARTMENTAL BLOCK WITH LABORATORY ROOMS CLASSES AND OFFICE
UNITS

Soil sampling and testing is one of the most important steps to attain success in construction
projects. Soil testing provide information on type of soil, bearing capacity of soil etc., an
unprecedented amount of construction projects has been delayed or even being cancelled because
of soil unsuitability. Soil samples have been collected from the proposed site to check suitability
for the construction of a three storey Apartment block comprising one bedroom unit. Tests such
as field dry density, natural moisture content, particle size analysis, soil fraction retained on
4.75mm ISS, soil fraction passing 4.75mm ISS, Atterberg’s limits, specific gravity, shear test,
direct shear test, consolidation test and differential free swell test are done for testing the stability
and suitability of soil for the construction of the resource center.

Key points: soil, construction and testing

3.2.1INTRODUCTION

Soil testing plays an integral role and is a pre-requisite for construction. The strength of the
building will depend on a large extent on soil. There are certain limits to construction depending
on the kind of soil. This soil testing will be used to determine the stability of the soil and access
whether it can accommodate construction project, to identify the different types of soil on site
and their location, test soil for strength, density, compaction, contamination, organics and sand
content, and assess their impact on construction project, gain the data needed to compile
technical and safety data reports to support planning permissions and license applications and to
gate precise results and observe the development of the soil throughout the construction project
for maximum quality and safety.

For starting geotechnical engineers, the following minimum apparatus are recommended

A drying oven (home baking oven can be used)

A set of sieves (nothing wrong with hand shaking instead of a mechanical shaker)

One unconfined compression test apparatus (hand operated)

Four simplified consolidation apparatus (locally made)

A set of graduated glass cylinder

A set of proctor cylinder and hammer

Large- and small-scale balance

3.2.2 METHODOLOGY

Soil samples obtained in their disturbed and undisturbed types from trial pits were subjected to
various laboratory investigations such as

Indices test which includes:

Natural moisture content

Specific gravity

Liquid limit

Plastic limit

Unit weight

Physical experimentation like sieve analysis for establishing the particle size distribution
curves and for soil classification

Free swell index test on clay soil, especially, to know the degree of expansiveness of
these soils. In addition, strength test such as unconfined compressive strength and direct
shear test, based on the soil type, have also been conducted on undisturbed soil samples
to determine the shear strength parameters i.e. cohesion and angle of internal friction of
the soil
3.2.3FIELD DRY DENSITY AND NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT

The weight of undistributed soil samples with sampler (Shelby tube) is determined after
removing paraffin wax and loose soil. The total length of soil sample recovery is determined
after deducting empty length from the total length of sampler. The volume of soil mass retained
in sampler is thus determined from the known inside diameter of sampler and total length of the
soil mass. The soil mass is then removed and the average moisture content is determined by
keeping the soil sample alone with crucible in oven at 100-105 degree centigrade for 24hours.
The empty weight sampler is deducted. The field density is then found out as follows;

Field density = weight of the soil mass

Volume of soil mass

Sand calibration (determination of bulk density)

Measure the volume of calibration container (VC)

Fill the apparatus with the sand to constant mass, e.g. 8kg or 16kg and record the weight
(Mb)

Fix cone to the sand apparatus, close shutter and place it over the calibration container

Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out freely

When no further run out, close the shutter and weigh the sand remaining in the bottle. Repeat
step 2) to 5) at least three times and record the average the weigh (Mc)

Calculate the bulk density of sand as follows

Mass of sand to fill the container (MS) = Mb – Ma – Mc

Bulk density of sand (ρs): = mass of sand (MS)

Volume of container (Vc)

Field density (determination of the field compaction):

Fill sand pouring apparatus with known mass of sand according to its capacity, e.g. 8kg or
16kg (m1)

Level the place (to be tested) and brush away any loose material.

Deep for a 150 mm layer or 200mm deep for a 200mm layer

Collect all soil dug out of the hole, determine its weight (Mo) and take the small portion for
content (w).

(if moisture is to be determine later, then, put the soil in an airtight container or plastic
bag).

Place the sand pouring apparatus over the hole (with the base plate)and allow the sand to run
out freely without vibration.

When there is no further run-out, close and weigh sand remaining in the bottle (m2).

Calculations:

Mass of sand in hole (Mb) = m1 – m2 – ma

Volume of hole (Vb) = mass of sand in hole (Mb)

Bulk density of sand (ρs)

Bulk density of soil (ρo) = mass of soil from hole (Mo)

Volume of hole (Vb)

Dry density of soil (ad) = 100 x ρo

100 + w

PROJECT TENP CHECKED BY:

LOCATION TENP FIELD
LAYER SUB BASE DATE:
MATERIAL NATURAL GRAVEL APPROVED BY:
TECHNICIAN MR KIMOSOP
DATE 6TH FEB 2020 DATE:

FIELD DENSITY TEST – BS 1377 : Part 4

BULK DENSITY DETERMINATION

TEST NO 1 2 3
LOCATION (KM)
POSITION OF HOLE RHS C LHS
DEPTH OF HOLE 15cm 15cm 15cm
A Weight of wet soil from hole g
B Initial weight of sand + cylinder g
C Final weight of sand + cylinder g
D Weight of sand in cone and plate g
E Weight of sand in hole (B – C – D) g
F Density of sand (as calibrated) g/cm3
G Volume of hole (E/F) cm3
H Bulk density of soil (A/G) g/cm3

MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION

I Container No.
J Weight of container + wet soil g
K Weight of container + dry soil g
L Weight of empty container g
M Weight of container (J – K) g
N Weight of dry soil (K – L) g
P Moisture content (M x 100 / N) %

DRY DENSITY DETERMINATION

Q Dry density [H x 100 / (P + 100)] g/cm3

R MDD (obtained in Procter test) g/cm3
S OMC (obtained in Procter test) %
T Degree of Compaction (Q x 100 / R) %
U Minimum requirement
3.2.4 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

The sieve analysis is carried out in accordance with IS: 2720 (part 4, 1985) the results are
represented in the form of grain size distribution curve

Representative soil samples are obtained from the bulky soil samples collected or received from
site by method of coning and quartering. Quantity of soil taken will be dependent on the
maximum size of particle present in the soil. Sieves analysis is conducted in two parts

3.2.5 SOIL FRACTION RETAINED ON 4.75MM ISS

Soil portion retained on 4.75mm ISS is weighed. The sample is then separated into various
fractions by sieving through the following sieves: 100, 75, 19 and 4.75mm ISS. While sieving
through each sieve, sieve is agitated so that sample rolls in irregular motion over the sieve, at no
time the particles are pushed through; care is also taken to see that no individual soil particles are
broken, through particles adhering one another are rubbed by rubber pestle when required. Care
is also taken not to overload the sieve beyond the permitted maximum load for respective sieve.
The mass of the material retained on each sieve is recorded. The percentage of soil retained on
each sieve is then calculated on the basis of the total mass of the soil taken and from this result,
the percentage passing through each sieve is calculated

3.2.6 SOIL FRACTION PASSING 4.75MM ISS

The portion of the soil passing 4.75mm ISS is oven dried at 105 – 110 centigrade. The portion is
coned and quartered to obtain required representative quantity of the material. The material is
weighed and placed in a tray packed filled with water for soaking and loosening the adhered
cohesive.

The soaked soil specimen is then washed on 75microns IS sieve until the water passing the sieve
is almost clear. The material retained on the 75microns IS sieve is then transferred in a tray,
dried in oven. Sieve analysis is then conducted on a nest of sieves (viz. 2mm, 425 and 75microns
ISS) either by hand or by using mechanical sieve shaker. The fraction retained on each of the
sieves is weighed separately and masses recorded.

Cumulative masses of soil fraction retained on each sieve are then calculated. The combined
gradation on the basis of the total sample taken for analysis is finally calculated.
3.2.7 ATTERBERG’S LIMITS

For fine grained soil, consistency limits are important in addition to natural moisture content.
The consistency limits are:

Liquid limit

Plastic limit

Shrinkage limit

Liquid and plastic limits are determined by using procedures given IS: 2720. The liquid limit
test on disturbed soil samples using Casagrande’s liquid limit device and grooving tool. The
moisture content of the soil pastes corresponding to number of blows required to close the
groove made by the grooving tool in the apparatus is determined

The liquid of the soil which corresponds to the moisture content of a paste which would give
25blows is determined from the flow curve. For determination of plastic limit, a soil sample
weighing at least 20grams from the soil sample passing 425microns IS sieve is thoroughly mixed
with water such that it can be easily molded with fingers. A ball is formed with about 8 –
10grams of this soil and is rolled between the fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient
pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter of 3mm throughout its length

The soil is then kneaded to together to a uniform mass and rolled again. The process is continued
until the thread crumbles. The pieces of crumbled soil thread are collected and moisture content
is determined and reported as plastic limit

Table 3.3 Cone Penetrometer Method

UNIT LIQUID LIMIT
Container number 01 02 03 04
Initial dial reading Mm 0 0 0 0
Final dial reading Mm 14.0 16.8 18.2 20.4
Cone penetration Mm 14.0 16.8 18.2 20.4
Moisture content tray no. A B C D E F G H
Mass of container and wet soil (M2) G 64.0 62.6 62.8 66.8 60.2 59.2 62.8 70.2
Mass of container and dried soil(M3) G 56.0 56.2 55.5 58.8 54.2 52.4 54.6 62.0
Mass of container(M1) G 26.0 24.8 25.0 26.4 26.8 26.7 26.4 28.2
Mass of moisture(M2-M3) G 8.0 6.4 7.3 8.0 6.0 6.8 8.2 8.1
Mass of dry soil(M3-M1) G 30.0 31.4 30.5 32.4 27.4 25.6 28.2 33.8
Moisture content(M2-M3)/(M3-M1) % 26.7 20.4 23.9 24.7 21.9 26.6 29.1 24.3
Average moisture content % 23.6 24.3 48.5 26.7

FIG. 3.2 ATTERBERG’S LIMIT TEST BAR GRAPH FOR COMPARISON OF

AVERAGE MOISTURE CONTENT AND CONE PENETRATION

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4
Average moisture content(%) cone penetration(MM)

3.2.8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The specific gravity of soil solid is determined by a 50ml density bottle. The weight (WI) of the
empty dry bottle is taken first. A sample of oven-dried soil about 10-20 g cooled in a desiccators,
is put in the bottle, and weight (W2) of the bottle and the soil is taken. The bottle is then filled
with distilled water gradually removing the entrapped air either by applying vacuum or by
shaking the bottle. The weight (W3) of the bottle, soil and water (full up to the top) is the taken.
Finally, the bottle is emptied completely and thoroughly washed and clean water is filled to the
top and the weight (W4) is taken

Specific gravity (G) =(W2-W1)

Obj100
 (W2-W1)- (W2-W4)

3.2.9 DIRECT SHEAR TEST

Direct shear test is carried out using shear box with the specimen (60mm × 60mm)

Specimen with plain grid plate at the bottom of the specimen and at the top of the specimen is
fitted on to position in the shear box housing and assembly placed on the load frame. The
serrations of the gird plates are kept at right angle to the direction of shear. The loading pad is
kept on the top grid plate. The required normal stress is applied and the rate of longitudinal –
displacement/shear stress application so adjusted that no drainage can occur in the sample during
the test (1.25mm/min). The upper part of the shear box is raised such that a gap of about 1mm is
left between the two parts of the box. The test is conducted by applying horizontal shear load to
failure or to 20 percent longitudinal displacement whichever occurs first. The test is repeated on
identical specimens

Fig 3.3 Direct shear test machine

3.2.10 CONSOLIDATION TEST

The consolidation tests were carried out on undistributed soil specimen in order to determine the
settlement characteristics of soil at different depths. The tests were conducted in accordance to
IS: 2720. An undistributed soil specimen is extruded to the consolidation ring of 60mm diameter.
The edge is trimmed carefully such that the sample flashes with the top and the bottom edges of
the ring. The thickness of the specimens measured and the weight is recorded. The bottom
porous stone then centered on the base of the consolidation cell

The specimen is placed centrally between the bottom porous stone and the upper porous stone. A
filter paper is provided in between the specimen and porous stones. Then the loading cap is
placed on the top. The consolidometer is placed in position with the loading device and suitably
adjusted. The dial gauge is then clamped into position for recording the relative movement
between the base of the cell and the loading cap. A seating pressure of 0.05kg/cm2 is applied to
the specimen. The cell is kept filled with water. After 24hours the test is continued using a
loading sequence on the soil specimen of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0kg/cm2. For each
loading increment after application of load, reading of dial gauge are taken using time sequence
0, 0.25,1, 2.25, 2, 6.25, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 up to 24hours. From the observations of all incremental
pressure, void ratio versus log (pressure) curve is obtained. The slope of the straight line is
designated as compression index Cc
Fig.3.4 consolidation test machine

3.2.11 DIFFERENTIAL FREE SWELL TEST

In order to determine the swelling characteristics of the soil, differential free swell test is carried
out on oven dried soil sample 10 gm passing through 425 microns is poured in two 100 ml
graduated cylinder. One cylinder was filled with distilled water and another with kerosene up to
100 ml mark, after removal of entrapped air, sample was allowed sufficient time to attain
equilibrium state of volume. The final volume of soil in each cylinder was recorded

DFS =soil volume in water –soil volumein kerosene

Soil volume in kerosene

3.3.0 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

Objective

CBR is the ratio expressed in percentage of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass
with a standard circular plunger of 50mm diameter at the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required
for corresponding penetration in a standard material. The ratio is usually determined for
penetration of 2.5 and 5mm. when the ratio at 5mm is consistently higher than that at 2.5mm; the
ratio at 5mm is used

The following table gives the standard loads adopted for the different penetrations for the
standard material with a C.B.R value of 100%

Table 3.4 standard load value at penetration

Penetration of plunger (mm) Standard load (kg)

2.5 1370
5.0 2055

For railway formation purpose, the test is performed on remolding specimens which are
compacted dynamically. The methodology covers the laboratory method for the determination
CBR of remolded/ compacted soil specimens in soaked state
3.3.1 DYNAMIC CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

The dynamic CBR test is a material test is a material test to enable one to determine the load
bearing capacity of the soil. Dynamic CBR is measured in-situ and also laboratory CBR (which
have adopted in this project) in a cylinder can be stimulated at the construction site. The dynamic
CBR test is a stamp penetration test where the stamp is pressed into the sample under a defined
dynamic load and the setting amplitude (deflection) or the CBR. Load stamp is measured and
used for the calculation ofthe CBR value. The dynamic CBR value is a complex value and it
depends on

The strength. Grain shape

The frost resistance and roughness of single grain

The grain composition

The content of the fine grains

Water content and the compaction of the mineral mix

The following data taken into consideration are very important in performing CBR

Material to fill the mould

Material to weigh

Material per later to fill mould

Water to add

NOTE

The material to fill the mould is at 95% for marram

MDD has been calculated on proctor test

PMC was already taken before the start of the test

M= 500G

Mould factor=100

The result was given in the graph

Apparatus required

CBR test apparatus

Consisting of loading machine with capacity of at least 5000 kg and equipped with a movable
head or base which enables plunger of 50mm diameter to penetrate into the specimen at a rate of
1.25mm /minute.

CBR mould with base plate, stay rod and wing nut

Cylindrical mould:

Inside diameter 150mm and height 175mm with a detachable perforated base plate of 235mm
diameter and 10mm thickness. Net capacity -2250ml; conforming to IS-9669:1980 (reaffirmed-
2016)

Collar

A detachable extension collar of 60mm height

Spacer disc

148mm in diameter and 47.7 mm in height along with handle

Weights

One annular metal weight and several slotted weights weighing 2.5kg each, 147mm diameter,
with a central hole 53mm in diameter

Compaction rammer

Weight – 4.89kg with a drop 450mm

Procedure

Preparation of test specimen

Remolded specimen: the test material should pass 19mm IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm
IS sieve. The dry density for a remolding shall either be the field density or the value of the
maximum dry density estimated by the compaction test (heavy compaction test as per IS
2720(part-8)-1983, for railway formation). The water content used for compaction shall be
the optimum water content or the field moisture as the case may be.

Dynamic compaction: a representative sample of the soil weighing approximately 4.5kg or

more for fined grained soil and 5.5kg or more for granular soil shall be taken and mixed
thoroughly with water. If the soil is to be compacted to the maximum dry density at the
optimum moisture content, the exact mass of the soil required shall be taken and the
necessary quantity of water added so that the water content of the soil sample is equal to the
determined optimum moisture content.

Fix the extension collar and the base plate to the mold. Insert the spacer disc over the base.
place the filter paper on the top of the spacer disc

Apply lubricating oil to the inner side of the mold. Compact the mix soil in the mold using
heavy compaction i.e. compact the soil in five layers with 55blows to each layer by the
4.89kg rammer.

Remove the extension collar and trim the compacted soil carefully at the level of top of
mould, by means of a straight edge. Any holes developed on the surface of the compacted
soil by removal of the coarse material, shall be batched with the smaller size of material.
Remove the perforated base plate, spacer disc and filter paper and record the mass of the
mould and compacted soil specimen. Place a disc of coarse filter paper on the perforated base
plate, insert the mould and compacted soil and clamp the perforated base plate to the mould
with the compacted soil in contact with the filter paper.

Place a filter over the specimen and place the perforated plate on the compacted soil
specimen in the mould. Put annular weight to produce a surface equal to the weight of base
material and pavement, to the nearest 2.5kg.

Immerse the mould assembly and weights in a tank of water and soak it for 96hours. Mount
the tripod for expansion measuring device on the edge of the mould and record initial dial
gauge reading. Note down the reading everyday against time. A constant water level shall be
maintained in the tank through the period
 At the end of soaking period, note down the final reading of the dial gauge and take mould
out of water tank.

Remove the free water collected in the mould and allow the specimen to drain for 15
minutes. Remove the perforated plate and the top filter paper. Weigh the soaked soil sample
and record the weight.

PROCEDURE FOR PENETRATION TEST

Places the mould assembly with the test specimen on the lower plate of penetration testing
machine. To prevent upheaval of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights, 2.5kg annular
weight shall be placed on the soil surface prior to seating the penetration plunger after which
the remainder of the surcharge weights shall be placed.

Seat the penetration piston at the center of the specimen with smallest possible load, but in no
case in excess of 4kg so that full contact of the piston on the sample is established.

Set the load and deformation gauges to read zero. Apply the load on the piston so that the
penetration rate is about 1.25mm/min

Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0mm.

Raise the plunger and detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take about 20 to 50 g
of soil from the top 30mm layer and determine the moisture content.

Observations and recording

Table 3.5 Recording during CBR Test

Penetration (mm) Applied load (kg)

0.50 8.0
1.00 11.8
1.50 16.2
2.00 20.0
2.50 28.8
3.00 36.4
3.50 46.6
4.00 58.2

Calculation

If the initial portion of the curve is concave upwards, apply correction by drawing a tangent
to the curve at the point of greatest slope and shift the origin. Find and record the correct load
reading corresponding to each penetration.

C.B.R. = (PT/PS) × 100

Where;

PT = corrected test load corresponding to the chosen penetration from the load
penetration curve

PS = standard load for the same penetration taken from the table above

C.B.R. of specimen at 2.5 mm penetration = 28.8

C.B.R. of specimen at 4.0 mm penetration = 58.2

The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 4.0 mm. generally,
the C.B.R. value at 2.5 mm will be greater than at 4.0 mm and in such a case/the former shall
be taken as C.B.R. for design purpose. If C.B.R. for 4.0 mm exceeds that for 2.5 mm, the test
should be repeated. If identical results follow, the C.B.R. corresponding to 5 mm penetration
should be taken for designs.

Graph

Draw graph between load versus penetration

Fig 3.5 Graph of Load versus Penetration

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Penetration (mm)
3.3.2 RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS

Table 3.6 Soil Sample Analysis

Sample details Sample depth (m) NMC Bd (kN/M3) Su (kN/M2) SBC (kN/M2)
(%)
UDS 0.5-1.0 21.35 12.00 - 112.5
UDS 1.0-1.5 22.25 13.20 - 149.30
UDS 1.5-2.0 14.75 14.40 - 205.25
UDS 2.0-2.5 16.50 14.00 10 271.50
UDS 2.5-3.0 17.60 15.40 - 325.25
UDS 3.0-3.5 18.50 16.20 - 357.50
UDS 3.5-4.0 20.25 16.40 10 380.25

KEY

IS: Indian Standard;

NMC: Natural Moisture Content

Bd: bulk unit weight

Su: Unconfined compressive strength

C: cohesion

AIF: angle of internal friction

SBC: safe bearing capacity

DS: distributed sample

UDS: undistributed sample

Fig 3.6 graph of soil sample analysis

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

SAMPLE DEPTH (MM)

PART III

3.4.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

This in particular deal with the layout and with the details of the construction of the buildings,
this shows the layout of the rooms, doors, windows and staircases and lift shaft for the intended
purpose of the structure. The project attempts to translate the space requirements aesthetic
appearance and other environmental considerations into working drawings that can be used by
contractors and other specialists who will be responsible for implementing the proposed project.
A VIEW FROM THE SOUTH WEST
FRONT VIEW
A VIEW FROM THE NORTH WEST
SIDE VIEW FROM THE EAST
CIEILING PLAN
AERIAL VIEW 1
AERIAL VIEW 2
DOOR LIST
WINDOW LIST

PART IV

3.5.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

The design process adopted involves defining and recommending types and cross-sections of
structural members necessary to attained structural stability and maintains aesthetical qualities.
The structure is analyzed as a frame structure with the slab taken as continuous, simply
supported and cantilevered as they appear. And the beams are analyzed in conjunction with the
column such that the effects of the loads on both structural members are determined before
design.

This makes exactly the design easier to apply, shorten design time and lessen the possibility of
making errors. on this note, the system of load transmission in a structure is followed in the
design of the members and the steps taken in carrying out this project are as listed below;

Structural planning

Computation of loads

Analysis and design of structural members

Analysis of sections using the Prokon

Detailing of the sections of the members according to the design

3.5.1 DESIGN INFORMATION USED:

Intended use of structure: residential accommodation

Reference design code BS8110: structural use of concrete part 1 to 3

Fire resistance 1hour

Cover slab = 25mm

Beam and column = 25mm

Foundation = 40mm

Load 1.6 KN/m-imposed load

Sub soil condition allowable bearing pressure = 357KN/m2

Foundation type pad footing

Material strength data steel strength fy = 410KN/mm2

Concrete strength fu = 25N/mm2

Concrete self-weight = 24N/mm3

NOTE: Drawing units millimeters

Table 3.7 reinforcement table

Cross sectional areas of groups’ bars (mm2)

3.6 .0 SITE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

3.6.1 SITE LAYOUT AND ORGANIZATION

The building site can be considered a temporary factory, where the building is produced this
activity to take place the builder requires men, materials and plants. Or all this have to be
carefully controlled so that the men have the right machine in the most adequate position, the
materials stored so that they are readily available and not interfering with the general site
circulation a building and the total size of the site on which the building is to be erected

Therefore, is no standard size ratio between the free site spaces required considered as a
separation problem in terms of allocating space for men, material and plants. To obtain
maximum efficiency there is optimum way of laying out the site and also a correct amount of the
expenditure to support the proposed site layout. Any planned layout should be reviewed
periodically and adjusted to suit the changing needs of site activities. A carefully consideration
of planning and control of this aspect of the building construction will reflect in the progress and
profitability of the building project

Factors to be considered in layout

before any specific considerations and decisions can be made regarding site layout a general
appreciation should be obtained by conducting a thorough site investigation to formulate how the
job will be executed. This will involve the assessment of the plants and equipment that will be
utilized to execute the work. Specifically, the consideration includes the following;

Access consideration: this must be considered for both on and off-site access. Routes to and
from the site must be checked as to the stability for transporting all the requirements for
proposed work. Access on site for deliveries and general circulation must also be carefully
considered so that vehicles delivering materials to the site will do so without difficulty or delay.
If is anticipated that large will be operating on the site, it will be necessary to considered the road
surface required. If the road and the paved areas will form part of the permanent work there
should be constructed earlier in the work. If the anticipated traffic at the end of the work is
lighter than one expected during construction enough protection should be given to the road
against the heavy traffic load.

Storage considerations: the amount and types of materials to be stored, security and weather
protection requirements, allocation of adequate areas for storing materials and allocating
adequate working space around storage areas required, siting of storage areas to reduce double
handling to a minimum without impeding the general site circulation and / or works in progress
Accommodation consideration: number and type of site staff anticipated, calculate size and
select units of accommodation and check to ensure compliance with the minimum requirements
of the relevant construction regulations. Select siting for the offices to give easy and quick access
for visitors and as for the same time giving a reasonable view of the site. Select site for resting
sheds and toilets to reduce working time to a minimum without impeding the general site
circulation.

Temporary services considerations: what, when and where are they required? Possibility of
having permanent services installed at an early stage and making temporary connections for site
used during the construction period. Coordination with the various service providers is essential.

Plants considerations: the type and nature of plant and where they will be required on the site is
important. Whether the plants will be static or mobile. If static the most appropriate site should
be selected and hard standing should be provided. If mobile the circulation roots should be
checked for optimum efficiency and stability. Provision of space and hard surface for plants
maintenance should also be considered.

Fencing and hoarding considerations: distinction should be made between what is mandatory
and what is desirable. This will depend on vandalism record in the area, type4 of fence or
hoarding required possibility of using fencing which will form part of the permanent work by
erecting it at the early stage of the work.
Safety and Health Consideration: it should be ensured that all the above considerations comply
with the relevant construction safety regulations. On taking over the site one of the first jobs is to
layout the site boundaries as they are marked out on the drawings. The security fence should be
set up around the site so as to control the movement of the people and materials. The boundary
fence should have only one access so that someone can check the people in and out of the site.
The site office should be located close to the entrance into the site together with the site sheds
where meals will be taken. The toilet on the site should be located at one corner away from
where it will constitute a nuisance and to also enhance privacy. The aggregates should be stored
close to where the mixing will take place which in turn should be located close to where
provision has been made for water storage. Generally, materials should be stored to close to
where they will be put to use.

The site should be laid out in such a way that there will be free movement of vehicles around the
site in case it will become necessary to move materials around the site.

Layout of construction site

The layout of the site should divide into

Administrative areas

Construction areas

Administrative area: this will be the location of the offices, stores, sub-contractors’ huts,
canteen and similar accommodation

Construction area: this is the actual site of the building to be constructed, and it will be located
close to the consumable stores adjacent to the various buildings and equipment required for the
construction purpose. The layout of these both areas form an essential part of the early planning
in every construction work, the neglect of which will lead to delay in the initial progress of the
job leading to extra wastage of resources on the site
3.7 METHOD STATEMENT

Table 3.9 Method Statement

THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

THE OLLESOS TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A FOUR STORY DEPARTMENTAL BLOCK
WITH LABORATORY ROOMS CLASSES AND OFFICE UNITS
ACTIVITY METHOD REMARKS
Leveling of the site Bull dozer Level the ground by removing
existing hills, uprooting shrubs
and other stumps that are
available
Foundation excavation casuals To excavate the foundation
trench and pit for bases of the
project
Deposition of the excavated casuals Deposit excavated loose
materials materials and other wastes
from site
compaction Rollers Compaction of the hardcore
layers, and any other area that
need consolidation
Concrete mixer Batch mixer (engine Perform concrete mixing
propelled) during casting
SITE LAYOUT PLAN

Figure 3.9 site layout plans

TOILET
FORMWORK STORAGE MATERIALS

WORKERS
STORE
PROPOSED PROJECT
OTHER
ADMINIST MATERIAL
CONCRETE MIXER STORE
RATIVE
OFFICE
MATERIALS
3.8 PROJECT MILESTONE.

Table3.10 project milestone.

NO. ACTIVITY DURATION (WEEK)

1. Site establishment, analysis and preparation 1
2. Site clearance and leveling 2
3. Setting out and trench excavation 2
4. Laying of foundation, hardcore and foundation walling 2
5. Ground floor slab laying 1
6. Curing 3
7. Reinforcement of columns 2
8. Concreting of columns 1
9. Curing of columns 2
10. Walling and staircase setting 2
11. Reinforcement on the beams and first floor slab 3
12. Casting of the beam and first floor slab monolithically 1
13. Curing of the slab 2
14. Reinforcement of columns 2
15. Concreting of columns 1
16. Curing of columns 2
17. Walling and staircase setting 2
18. Reinforcement on the beams and second floor slab 2
19. Casting of the beam and second floor slab monolithically 1
20. Curing of the slab 2
21. Repeat process 14-20 for 3-9 60
22. Door, window and finishes 10
23. Landscaping 3
24. Paving and parking 4
25. Clearance from the site 1
26. Total estimated time in weeks 102
 FOUR STOREY DEPARTMENTAL BLOCK

SUBSTRUCTURES CONTINUED

Vibrated reinforced concrete class 20/20mm in :

A Strip foundation CM 18 11,000 198,000.00

B 125mm thick ground floor slab SM 150 1300 195,000.00

Sawn formwork to:

C Sides of strip foundations SM 57 350 19,950.00

D Edge of floor bed 75-150mm high SM 18 180 3,240.00

Reinforcement

Fabric Mesh Reinforcement

E Fabric mesh reinforcement to B.S.4483 ref: A93

weighing 2.22kg per square metre in floor slab
{measured net- no allowance for minimum 230mm SM 150 240 36,000.00
laps) including tying wire and supports as required

Foundation walling

Rough dressed natural stones or other equal and

approved bedded and jointed in cement sand mortar
(1:4)

F 225mm thick walls

Hessian based bituminous felt or any other equal SM 186 1300 241,800.00
approved dump proof course:

Horizontal: 200mm wide.

G LM 144 100 14,400.00
1000mm gauge polythene dump proof membrane
H SM 150 250 37,500.00
with 300mm welted lap under concrete.

Plinths
I
12mm thick mortar cement and sand (1.4 rendered to
plinths) SM 42 350 14,700.00
J Prepare and apply three coats of bituminous: Ditto SM 42 350 14,700.00

Carried to collection for substructures 775,290.00

COLLECTION

Brought forward from H1 137,244.31

Brought forward from above 127,931.18

TOTAL FOR SUBSTRUCTURES CARRIED TO 265,175.49

SUMMARRY
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

FOUR STOREY DEPARTMENTAL BLOCK

Superstructure

Walling

Masonry walls bedded and jointed in cements and

sand (1:4) mortar in :-

200mm thick walls reinforced with 32 by 2 mm hoop

A iron every alternate course SM 204 1500 306,000.00

B SM 108 1400 151,200.00

150mm thick wall reinforced with 32 by 2mm hoop
iron every alternate course

C Provide 100mm pipe vents in beam above all doors

with wire gauze and 25mm by 400mm approximately
in all windows upper middle compartments as No 36 500 18,000.00
permanent ventilation

Ring beam

Concrete class 20/20 for ring beam

D CM 15 13,000 195,000.00
Reinforcements

High yield reinforcement bars

E
D12
Kg 720 150 108,000.00
D8
Kg 351 150 52,650.00
Formwork

Sawn formwork for lintels

F SM 177 400 70,800.00

TOTAL FOR WALLING CARRIED TO SUMMARY 901,650.00

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUT

FOUR STOREY DEPARTMENTAL BLOCK

Roof Construction

The following in assorted timber trusses hoisting and

fixing in position 2500mm above ground floor include
all necessary jointing
A 150 by 50 rafters (top member), and tie beam LM 369 300 110,700.00

B LM 165 250 41,250.00

100 by 50 struts

Purlins
C LM 258 200 51,600.00
75 by 50 purlins

Ridge board
D LM 27 350 9,450.00
225 by 25mm ridge board

Wall plate
E LM 84 250 21,000.00
100 by 50 wall plate

Fascia board
F LM 102 250 25,500.00
200 by 25mm fascia board

IT4 Sheets:
G SM 222 700 155,400.00
28gauge roof covering sheets fixed unto timber
purlins(m.s)

H Matching ridge capping LM 18 400 7,200.00

TOTAL FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTION CARRIED TO 422,100.00

SUMMARY
DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE(SH) AMT(SH)

Formwork

Column 90 LM 640 57600

Vertical sides of strip foundation 150-225mm 290

high
LM 805 233450

Ditto edges of floor slab over 75mm but not

exceeding 150mm wide
150 LM 195 29250

Solid dressed natural stone block walling in

(1:4) cement sand (1:4) mortar

200mm walls with and including 20swg hoop

iron in every alternate course

4700 150 705000

Plinth area

15mm thick cement sand (1:4) rendering to

plinth area SM

Prepare and apply three coats of bituminous 450 350 157500

paint and rendering plinth
SM

Damp proof course

200mm wide bituminous felt as damp-proof

740 350 259000
course including 200mm laps
 SM

Damp proof membrane

One layer of 500-gauge polythene damp proof 79 450 35550

membrane to floors including 300mm laps

LM
Total carried to collection

COLLECTION
570 790 450300

Brought forward from page 1

LM
Brought forward from page 2

Brought forward from page 3

1531700
Total carried to summary

6308400

1927650

9767750

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORKS

PVC/SWA/PVC Copper cables per meter

(a)25mm sq. 4 core LM 70 200 14,000

(b)95mm sq. 4 core LM 70 300 21,000

LIGHTING POINTS AND SWITCHES

Lighting points wired in 3x1.5 mm2 PVC/SC

Cables drawn

In 20mm diameter concealed HG PVC conduits

complete

With all necessary accessories but excluding

switches for: (i) One way switching No. 12 1,400 16,800
(ii)Two way with intermediate switching. No. 4 1,600 6,400
10A moulded ivory type switch plates as MK
range or approved equivalent as follows

One gang one way

No. 12 350 4,200
One gang two way
No. 4 400 1,600
LIGHTING FITTINGS

Lighting fittings as folllows

Single light bulb

No. 14 3500 49,000
Socket outlet power comprising wiring in
3x2.5mm2 PVC/SC copper cables drawn in No. 10 2500 25,000
25mm diameter CONCEALED HG PVC conduits
including all conduit accessories but excluding
plates.

13A molded socket outlet plates as Crabtree or

approved equivalent as follows
No. 4 550 2,200
Twin switched

15A single switched socket outlet plates as

Crabtree or approved equivalent. No. 4 650 2,600
5Omm diameter PVC HG conduits. LM 300 150 45,000

METER BOARD

100 Amps TPN MCCB as MEM or approved No. 2 6500 13,000

Equivalent

EARTHING

Earthing of the meterboard and the

installation comprising of the following No. 4 1200 4,800
15mmx180mm earth rod as FURSE cat. No. RB
105

Total for Electrical Works

H8 205,600
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives the recommendation that can be incorporated in the project to add its effectiveness
and efficiency. It also includes the project conclusion

DATA ANALYSIS

References and sitting have been made from formal sources ascertaining the building standards and
regulations. I hereby acknowledge any piece of writing, picture presentation and sheet incorporated in
this project and appreciation to the writers and researchers.

The main objective of the study was to design both architectural drawing and structural drawings
and make appropriate evaluation pertaining the proposed project of the departmental center at
Ol’lessos Technical Training College. The experimental phase of this project involves quantitative
testing of properties of an earthen material, designs and drawing inclusive of estimation and costing
of the project that is amended with professional research and finding

FINDINGS

Having successfully met the objective of the project research, the finding of this study shows that indeed
accommodation in the institution is needed so as to enable the students and staff to benefit having enough
facilities to use within the institute, the test that was carried out purposely for the project i.e soil test,
material test and building regulations showed that the proposed site developed during the study was
within the range of specification used for construction of the resource center, thereby approving the
project start up as soon as possible
RECOMMENDATIONS

I wish to recommend that for further improvement on the output, investigation should be done on the
most economic choice of materials, member sizes and general design layout

CONCLUSSION

In survey work after drawing contour lines I noted that the ground is fairly flat and there were no
much problem in excavation.

The site was bushy so we had to clear it, we had to cut down trees and uproot their roots and
remove from the site.

In soil investigation the soil is well graded, gravel sand was determined by particles distribution
curve. It was noted that the soil had high bearing capacity which could firmly carry the entire
imposed load without settlement.

The soil will be able to carry load safely and there will be no need for a special foundation bases

Example

Grillage or pile foundation was analyzed and approved according to the structural designs.

I therefore recommend that the strip foundation was suitable for the foundation since the soil is
firmly stable.