T e s t of Slqnitficance 2 (22

PAGF NC:123

Sampling SereptingHa manX3- CATE ii

Ex m:35
The PrDcess of Studi
the Populaion On abautt
thobasis
donn tEom iEii on a Seuhpli of Sample Small Samples
n8, the Sample Size is 3o
Thus in the 5amplinq
of ever Onit t he Technique însead os less then 30tan Such.Samples aza
Univease (Populadion)
only part of tho Oivense nouon as Small Sampl e s
is Studied
h e Conclusions
orodoauon_on h.at basiS Ex n-30 oR n=25
foenire_Univedse
A5ample ts a Subset of Papulotion Onit ****

p e s of Eroas
- - -- - hez aro 2ypes
he p0Less of Sampling involves h o of eKOsS
ollawin thrre elemont pe 1emox
Selectinq the Sample IE he Hypothesis..is
4 but oue test.Rejecti, than 5uh
Collecina the înfaamation. ype ofencos is. known. 0sype. erfoT
32 Making Condusion abaur tho Papulat 2 pend oxco
- - I f ha. Hypothesis ts
alsebut ouetettcepts it,than Sucth
*Tupesof Sample-
ThezoaRo wo ypes
O Samole

2dzge Samples
Tf the SampleSize is
a eaez than G0 than Such Samples are
knouon O arae ample
 A N124 PAGE NO 12S
AL DATE
*Testing-of Hupothecis 2.Nulldipotbesis
Det lhe tesiing af AStadistical hypothesis
Hupathesis is aparocecs.o whichis Stattd for tha pupose ot fossible
esHng Signiticance af
ot the populatndata an paLametezlchasa.creishie acLeptaince. is. knouan a Muldupotheis.
the aaats of Samples Tisjuually dencted JoSymbol&io
TOCOduse of testina lupothesis (Assum nthaahove ex. 15* Hha nuL dupathoste
*******

as
-
.may be expsessed Symbolicall
he tdlouing Steps are
nNalued. in atesting
of dupothesis - 3Altemaive. dupothesis. ***

Selng Up tlupathesis uhich s Comple.m.andror

n y tupatheis
to tho nul
A Stodisticalsdypathests
O Simply a dypothesis is a hpothieis is. knaouan a n alteanaive hupothas
iCalla dmuwn from ConceminqCancluian Sis wualu denotedby .
Ot thepopuaion Paramatet Ex L o e want to+est nulll dupothests
EXK aNg hat thaag neighd:of Soldiess fs
is A60 (m- hight of Saldieus InAmt
** ***:"****

160Cmn *

t s altenadive dtypath oais_illLhe

2 Cituer
heChiven Machine nas an effecive
lfe of
str60..Cm (twotniled).
20 ueassS * 60 n onatüled
H160 Cm
A saven deteegent cleapee
n othi Soap isbetlee ban. habave 1* altemaive nupathaais is
two tuiled hupgthasfs S those in 9A
3arsnoton og dght toiled Le+
tailed. dupothaais Kapectively
 A N)26
PAGE NC:12
Caculadionof Test Staisics- ATE i
IE thaCalculated Value oftest Staisti
Sttp 1s to
Calculote henexxt ts Sess than the (itica Nalue hanthe
test Stndi stics appasopiote
which is acLAed orn Colcuades Vallua of+est Stadistiss fallee
T appsximate Pobabil dPTE1" inAccept
ance Rogion
s Used ho ies Lwheihae of 4estthan
IE theCalculated ValuaValue Stuistic
upoths is Setup Sh Duld be the null is gtoaee taan Citica the.

Rajerted. accepted or. Colculaled Staistica yalue tallin_ **

oThisPuepase, e we-zdishibu Rajertn Regionnull typaithaais fs Rgected.

nde tha Usual Sh: level of Sianiticance is used
noma Cuiwe fos larqe intestina a hypothaai.s ` taking-dac?sion
Samples St-disteibn tor Small Samples unloasanothon ileuel af Sjaniiconceis
at Stated
5 e l of Sgniicance
he ixaion _of leve of
h naxt Step is. * 0 e Sample lest (-Test)
Sigiican.ce
he level of Sianiticance îs uall 1 extof SigiiCance of-Mean
denotcd oy **** * * *
LeeTest.
ha Commonl usedleuel of Significance stakstiis Caleulatedby sin he-folsina
ote 5% ox _ m u l a2. X-L

6Taking Deiion :
as a deriion shoul
Joe aÄved os to ulhath ezhe Null dlupotheais X={Moan atomple
s
tobe. accepted or sejected In this L Man af Populath
Reaard the Value of+et Staisic is 6 S.D of Papula
Calculated to test tehypothesis. ESample Size.
 N129 PAGENC:129
DATE
And the Cifcal Valuu of tet Statistics 15T0-T6o0-

Lof Za prtdetesmined level of Stgniicance

* * *

obtained b Usina ha nlouina tnble :

12
Citica Vatues ofZ 25
O-0 0.02 0-04 005 0 uelof Signiticante <-5.
10% Caticol
Vale- The (atical Valuea z ats
Tuuo Toled Test 2576|t2:326|t 2«05tIg60|tIGus leue of SignifcCancei s : 3 6 0
h Decisian= Since the Colculated Valuo
toiled teat 326+2054t136oHt:645 t1222 l z l : 2 : 5 2 : 5s aseatez than thu.Citical

Aed teat -326-2054 Jalua of 7::96

60645-282 nls in Rejecfn Ragion dlenco tha lull
upotha is f s Rlected i t is Enttd Cancluo

AThemaan lifetima of Sample of loolight that the Companîe claim óf.ava. 1fe.ot
tuubes ubospradutas beinaa 600-hr is not Arephable
Pasncucod e a Companu 1s Caleulord to
be 5+0 hi uith a s.D. 490 hr he Campan akcrs Car pe, har lie a
cloims tha thaug: ieHme of ibes O.2AompanyMA
Momaldisteibued ofhdmaan af hooow
pooduced bua Compon s l6o04 hr `S.D.o 3000 m. A.chan.ce. în the pod" pmco
Usina the levelaf SisniKcance o-f 0:0.5 is Ls beldewed to Tultina 4eatee Produc
S hdaim occeptable ARestof Samqle of 64 has a mcan
e n= l00, X=I5t0, l600, eo65- e afr ulooa km. Can uou Calu ae thattha
6 SD 120 hr: is na. niicant erance be no podud
Aull dupotheaisdloiU l600 br uror on
AHemaive stlupathels i t 1¢600
aCalla of +et gtaistics: 0000 6S.D,3000lkmn=64
K- *
X 41Z0so
CX 0-0S
 130 3

ulltiupoth ais-di = u0000o *Test of. SiantA canceef difeTence be

etmaHeHupth eiis-HiI4000o a Means
Caleulan of +est StotitHcs often happens h a t

Samples ata d n u n t o m difesen

Souacex +is R a q i e t o n c o whehes
- in t h e i s m e a n s h e z a i s Sianican
dfesence.
ul200 -uoooo invesiaae SuchA eeances t e
disteibut_ afE dtffesence ben *na Sande.
m e a n S i s Used.

I Po2uladien
Poputaion mean
2-Populadtion 5D.. 62
iica
sca Valuui
niionce is 360 35ample Mean
57 1evel of Samale sh
4 .oPdatisn Meon

Sinre tha Colsulates ualino 5. Sampl Size

L i n is areotz nantih2
The f o l c s i a a S + e p s
jericn Eesica the 5iniicanca2
Should be taken în esina
tuwo Means i n
afhe differhce bet
C a D f a e Samples
 N.132 PAGE NC 133|
Step- Null Hypothesis A DATE L
(H). O.1Ihe. Mean of uwo oraesamples of Sizeg
dlo - A
1000 2000 a e 645>68 Tespectiveu
Step - AHcanadiue dypatthesfsd) Tesr the equality ot
Means. of:.two

Populo each_with 5.D. 2.5

Step3 -Callculadian af Test Stadistics :1000 Step Null HyPothesis

n2a 2000 Ho 0 =
I 2

Staistics_Can
the fomula _be CalLculaded
The Test.
Joy 1sin9-
X= 63E5
X 63
Srep 2 ATemaive Hypothests
6 q 2:5
6o 2:5

Step3 X=X2
Caleula f Tet STatishcs

Where 69 62 aro assumed to

hey be knaan
ao Onknoon hen esimaes
provided by Coro.spandinq SSS = G5-G8
-x
TC2-5)2
(2:s)- - --- - -

foo0 2000
- -

-0:5
G256:25
20002
And other 5teps uil be Same 0s thase
ineshng the4iqniticanco. of Mean. - O S

OO6 25+0-06325
 96 TLept 6

N 1344 PAGENC 135

DA
Lheofeom

O033+5 h e . Mepn Poguld_

Poduc
distach was 210
kauith. 5.D 10kg-
Sample_of. \00 ploS.
O5 pe acazeom a he.maan
n ancth e distict B with S.D. 12ng
0-0968 p s o d u r w a s 220 kq.
TEom a Sample o f 50 plos.As5umiha-
5-1G5 T h a t h e S.D. of fopulatnenire
?n

STep- e of diffeonca o e h .
Signiican ce Alfa *S O n u S i q n i i c a n t
Ooducn of Csopsin the
moan
o 57 wo disticis
Step5 CAiven
CnHcal Value
Y25S0
hCica
o S% level of Siqni-icanceVolua of
fs *-96o
21o.
220
S10
pG Decision S212
Since the Callculated Nalus 1 . -62 1
ofMod 0fz )=5.16 is (areoez than
ha Aica \aluo 0 7:1960 NulL Hupathesis
Ialls in Reiecion Reaion
dence the Null Hypothesis s Referted
We Conclude that theza is Sianifcont Alttahahve. dupath.eais
dfeeance betn the mean of two Popula
 - AN36
S-S PAC NC34
CATE
DA:

3Calculla of tet Stnisis S)CoHico Value The Caiical Ualwe of z

--* -

\eve)o signitCoh ce 15 360

a57.

62 DeciSion CalculatesValua of
Since the
2t0-220 Cnscatetdthan h
Izl: 4.0uz is
Ciical Valuue of z : 9 6 0.
00 50- Itfalls în Raiection.Reaion
dlence ha u l l tHupothesis is Roieched
weCanclud e thatharo is Sianiicant
121 12 dif feronce he themoan ot too apan
60J50

*Te.of Stqnificance. Of diffezonce bet

-21+0-206- two Standard deviaion..
stleze Test
-16 Stodistics (stepa) is Calrulladed by
2-0166 Usina ho tomula *

ST-S2
4200
V2h.-+9
2n2
Z= 7-042 I f 6,S. 62 are Unknouon then
wel of Siqniticanc S1S2
5-
.1 hekarge AN138 FAGENC.139
A
Bulbs ieachOmanisatp DATE
pDdures
poDdues
Ihe ReAuHs azRot IS tuo
too
elecreca
elechica
adtoxies.
-

5,SS2
0 facoxies.
olouas-
-2 2Mzz
nlo 0f ociony A Factory B
Bulbs in ampleI0a 240 -220
(n)20o(na)
Avezae fe 000 (x)g0ol3
240 Itzzo)
X100-2x2oo
Standazd (5.20 (s)220(5) 20

S76+48ud9
40-

EAm he aboue 2882-

nfoamath deTCOnine hethez the difffezon.ce *

20
betn tne Vaiabilihis af Life af Bullbs
Eom each Sample is Sianificant 40g
CCake 1. Leel oft Significanc)
20
20.22

ull dHupothesis dla =la 6G 0-989

AHtanahue cHypo1heais dH: E2
ATeve of Signitcaoute-«-1-
Calculan of tet Stadistics
s)Coiieal Ualue-Th Cica- Valu
od evet ofSiqnticance isT/,
 PAGE NC:4l|
2AEN I40 CATE i
Ai
61DeciSion 9Calcula of +est staisties
Since the
of z= 0.98 is ess Calculated Valu
than tho Cihcal Z
S-S2

Value of z 2:526 S24S

itfals n Acceptanco 2 2n
Rasion
ence t Conclude tha tho Uaziability
OtThe e 0f bulbs ofeach of the 2:5-2
dory i5 nat differort (2s)2

2 X 80o-
2x1000-
. 2 ha 5ample of 100o tho mean is E:5
S.D 2.5-In ahotDez Sample of 800 he
meon is 185D. i5 2: ssumin that G2S 29
the 5ample ana fndependent DisCuAS 2000 1606-
WhafhanthatioSamples Can haue
Come Eom o pSIon hich_hawe he O2
Same 5.D.
0-003+O0o4

X 7:5, X218
0.22
S2:5 S 2:

Oull dypath ests

do 2 O-2

a AlHemative diypathesis -084

2.380
 PAGE NC 3
N12 Poo babili DATL
aevel ot Siqniticance A
Status5
:5/ 1 The data fos pspmation
gegadina 1o
SCicalValua aCademic qualificaion

employees of.ompany is
as tollow
The Ctica Walua of
Z o t 5 leuel af Tatal
Academi c
Siqnificance fst:9Go Podmotional
qlual on mBA
6 Decision- 5tatus
Since taa 60
z GO. 2:38o s Calleulladed Valu of Poamatcd 12
22
qmeaden han tha NDotPanomoted L8
Cical Valuo of 7- I:960- Totul 30
Hfoll in Rajection Ragian
Hence the Null Hupotheuis fs Raiected A t Kandom 1employee is picked up
LOhat
We Conclude that thar is 5igniicant i s th pcobablutha
d ezonce bej" he mean oftoo lapulal
Heis an mBA
Tot no of tuwousable Cases
Tat no 0f equally likely Cases

O:3

2 le is Papmoted

OOD

0 6
 PAGE NG
CATE
He Rs Pamoteà
12 en that oe is 2 The Pob: thad he 1s Science goaduate,
30
mgA g v e n that
isScore
above
is G6

He is an meA 30
12
qiven that Jhe ts Poomoted
=.2
Score is below 5o,
3 The podb.tha i s
B.A
2 he Recosds of uo0 eeaine e ao i v e n - t h a ne is_
oelow gvena
20
Co
B.A educo qualfica
B.S.C B.Com
elo 50 30
Total
186 Oddk- o pnelrabi'tel
50-6o 20
60 event e P p t m ing o -al
oauel GO 30 20 66
Toto 20 130 150

TEan eeaminee îs Selocted from this

sDpof eaminan fnd
DPrdbabili y thot he is_ormmere r0duae
59
400
 Date
RMT 28131).
Page.
Page
Se
T)2 ) *est of Siqniicance ot Mean
- Step:Calculat of Test Stodisics dlere-the
mea2

Test Stadisti.c Can be Calculated by.

Usingthie foum ula

.D. 2
S
2

Jbere, =Mean of Sspe

L= Mean of Populo
S SD of Sample
- n= Sample Size

Step Ciical Value

c a l . Vaue oft
Ed-nad fox n-1) deasee ofodt Ceoine leuel
of
Signiicanc.e is taken fe om the
ollowinq Table
Z- Z=lis13Aeg ( One oed two railed
5 1 3 Loi (l+ Dgree of fzeed.oam A1AO
n-3
O:015 2-571
1833 2-262
14 1H61L 2:145
19
24 29 2.093
20Gu4
998 2-060
.G99 2.0 H6
 Date
Date
cge

9.1 A Machine
Page-

îs
desian
ignfos_electrical
to Pooduce
Produce - O Oo
insulaina Washers
Deviceg of O-00 00e4
A Kandom oweragehickness0:025sm
Sample of 10
a s tDund to dashas
hawe an
Of 0:02u
Cm. wth awq.tnickness
S.D 0.002 Cm.
Oo

The Sianificaxe af Test

aue of t fox 9 differenee
a deasees of fzeedo
5level of SiqnifGcance,is -0: 001
O OOO 66
Soln 2:262
Given t 5
m, i0 A 0:025 Cm
X0:02uCm-
S 5tepuTe of Siqnificonce 5 .
=0:002 Cm Level

ep5 (itical Value

C ica Value of t
ttp1 ull tHypathesis ddo ll=o-025 Cm forndegnee ofAigncanre is 2.262.
tep2Atemative ddueothssis H =o-025cSTep 6: Decisian.
Sinee the Calleulated
ep3Calcult of TeststodisHe . Value_of t 1.Sis less han the.
=

X- Canial Nalue ot2 2:262

=
H H l l s tn Accaptance Region.
lence itConclude that the Vasialbilit
n-

of. the wo popuwat? is diffeaent

0.024-O.025
0 002)2
101
 Date Date

a.
Page
C Page

Paices Of Shases of
dr O dift Companuon
dau în a Month
p
Dundo be. wheR S s
5265,-2,98,
D5CwuS 48,69.65, 53, 55,15
Whothere the maan pice 2186 (-48
Shaxes ina Month îs t 10

et A 0 E 218 G-(-43)
d X-A d2 218 G6 23-0
52 -18 324
65 5 25 19 5-5 6
32 2
S& 28 S13:98
784
-22 484
69
Nulypothesis dla 00 55
65
25 KATematne Apotoesis H uA
53 283
55 225 3Calcul o of Tet Stadisics
25
Ed -u8 A2=218G

At
0 + u8 G5:2-75
10 (398
0-
0-42 9.8
65:2
95-44
 LASSMALS
lAsSMte
Date. Date 2933
Page. Page

9.8
2) e o f Sta.ntticance of Differo
feronce
bet" fwo Means ot ndependen
-9.8 Samples
dlere test 5taistics Can
t'-2-\0_ Jbe Calluloted ayOsing h e tollouin
Dmla
K ovel of Sianificance
57 t
ical Value
or 9deqee ofCaiical \auue.oft Whex e
262 Siqnifcanco: is
M,E2-2
6Deision Q1heaq. Do- af Aaicle Podduced by
5ince tha Calculated 2 Machines pe
a l of | t l 2-10 dayar30oS4oo
ho i:less than withSD. 20,30 Respectiuelu. Onhe
ical Nalue off t- 2.262
+6alls bais_of Recosds o f 20 days prod-
in Aueptance Rogian a n Uau Reqasd
enco Concluded Haot th ootb the macbines
equall4 efficient at 11 leuel o f
Vaiabil ofE Hhe t0o Popuodion
s equal Stgniti CanCe (t:2:58 fox 38 degree
of fee edom)
Sol?
X 3ao X2=400
S1=2o S 30.
2O. 2 = 20
 Date
Date Page
Page.

ep1 Null diypothesis

Nou eq O becomes
300 uoo
ep2 AlLenaivedlupatthesis
Gst2220
Scp3 Calculan of est 5tSca
tX G84-2Xta-65+0-es)

uhese

.+h22 842
= x20)+20(3o)

20120-2 O O
8:2+
20 X4O0+20 xO0o
L0-2 t-12-09
8000 18 o0o
38 Step evel of Siqnificanco c=7
26 oo
3& Step Csitical Value
84- Since the. Ciical
uue ot a A7 auel a t Signif1 Caac
is 258 at 3& E A0dom
 Dafe- Date.

tep GDecisian Page. Page

Naluuo of Since tho Calcuadted

\t= \2-09
S o et A,10 S Aa=l0
fhan ha is gneadhee XI d,X,- A, di2 X2 da=XAd2
T t falls Cical Naluaof t= 2-58
in_ Rejecion
lence HhoNull Region 12 2
ReeccdS } ma dHypotosis is
Canclucdetha 13 12
ooth macbines
aro mo equalli
eficaent a / level of 16 I5
5ianificence
9
Q2 Looupes Of Daas werolJsed Ed10Ed 30 ed Ed; 51
On
5G+ paients ox Re ducina X =A E d i
hoi weiaht Duuq f was Ímpaded
dua B a s ndiaenau
h asvepace
decrease n he ueiabt aft .

Using the Dmas o G Monhs S0to

as O folloLDS S
m ALO 1213 1i GO
S
B 8 912 14 5 lo 9 12
IstheRoa Sianificonnt
F in the. efficienu of thatwo dmug?
2 A +|
/ E not uuhi ch daug shauld yau
ouy 2 (for degsce ofE fzeedom fe
V=10t62228 **

m.5 - -
 CIASSMeLe

Date Date

Page. Page

S d-(Ed S2 Ed Ed2 SXI-S 881++X6 25

2
2 2

-940S u 3 S
TO

S-22 S3.69
7-281
6:2 s*5:369
2 Uw e O Jo ecomns

S2=2-5 =12-1

Step1 NulHypctheiis: dla: .=l

.tp 2Aemative diyptheis: 5369 X (0-2+0-T)
A 2
S+ep 3 uan of Tet Stadisic
5-369 xe-34-
t
S nn2 S22

2
34
+022 t 034
5(141)+7 (25) Stop havel of Siqniffce e - S.
54 2
 deu
T

Hen ce he '** L

gheud etsdauD ieeoi3R ramspor tah cm

,

by by ind
indar Pcg

Step5Coiticoa Nalue *lest

ofSianificance Of ditfesence

dependent Saumple
Jalue of t ot 5 Sincehe (ica bet Iwo MeanS o f
iS 2-228 at 1o lexel af O T p a u e d o 0 seR N a T S 7

0f fEAdamSigniticance
of Test Statisiic
Step Decision. omula fox Callculat
S
Since hhe Calculated
alue of |tl= 0:34 is q
than n Smallez.
itical Ualuuo of t -
Ahere ,
2.228
TEtalls ioAtcepanceKgiona
Ed-n(a)-
X- S=

X
n-t
O .To Jaaify whether the Cousze of A\c
impON24 pertoomance aimilae
2
test uasgiven to 2 Paiipams
3) S bothoetosre SAftezthe Cource
h e Oaigina masks Recosded i n
-+ olphabeical Ode of the patiids
uS,50S2,a, 40,5 6,42,49, 631L,53,3
zdnCdAte the Coute the maskS wero
N= In h e S a m e oTde

N-A G5,2, 80,1265,G0,u9,90,G9, +5,Go,F0

as the Couate Lsefu L At5Z lerel
Of Sfqniticance sthe Nalue of tfor LLdeqrec
of
feeedoms 2-2.01)
 Date. Dafe.
Page Page

Manks 4he CoustEe gdn(4).

Masks afH tha Coure SE
ddd
Caa))
u34)-12 (12-08)
5 GS 4OO -
50
22 22 484
5 2 4331-2(|45 92)
GO 23 284 2-1
GS G25
56 16
a3t-75t1

2
L68 2619-9
G3 G 36 L
5 6
69 GO
80
LoO
S a S I5.43
Ed 45 e d - 3 3

=S=12-08
2-
STelp 1 Null lupothesis HL=2
Sdp 2 AHenaive dupath esis H UFL
S4dp3Calculon ofest Stadistic
S
 Date Date
Page Page
t -08 i2
-543 02 A daaug îs qiven 4o Paient5mpliaem
incsement în hoY Blood Paessue
=12-09x3-46 Lwese Recoded to h e
5-3 5-9.3,-2,-3,G,0,O, 9 Is
1:84 Resanabletobelieve thotdaua.
1543 Jnas no effec- on chanae Of bloa..
Prse ssure (for 5 levekof Signiican ceg
at 9 deaeeof fzeedam..the Vaue
of te2.26)
Step4 auel of
5tgnitican.co A=5l
Step5 iical Value d 5 9 3-2 -3 60O -9 Ed-34
d-258L9 4 9 36 0..0 43 8LEd294
Sincafhe sitical
Valuo of t at 5 lewe of
IS 2201
0Ideqnea of
Sianificane nD 3 4
e0dom
Step 6 Decison
S Ea-na
Since tho Calculated m-
Uauo of t): 2: 1s
hon ho Cico qTeater 29t- 10(r
Jalu of E 2:20
0-1
falls in Roie cion Rogion
Hence the Null upatfhasisiS 294-10(11S6)
Pfeced S0 the Cue G yas
Useful Cozaare îs diffeRonco
29-4-HS-6-
io MarkS

19.92
S u4S
 CeelhciCnt oP
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cp1 VuldHpothes Sianiicance. of -oelasion

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H.ALo.A diX- dY- dd2 d d StCp1 Nulldupothesis

18 -81 -
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29 24
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ep S ica Value Step2 AHeenoive dupothes iis

Sinc tha (itical
Valu at ta5/\eyel
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n =2

5tep 1 Nulldupoth eis Step cewel of Siani-cank

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57
F e p u h o y a n e unco relae