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Title: growth, decay, chemical reactions
If there is a tendency in a molecule to decompose into smaller molecules on its own,
and the rate of this decay, or decomposition, is not affected by the presence of other
substances, it is natural to expect the number of such molecules to disintegrate per
unit time. Proportionate to the total amount of molecules present. Such chemical
reactions are called first-order reactions.

𝑑𝑥
(1) − = 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘 > 0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
= −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐

(2)𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 = 0

𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥0. log ( ) = −𝑘𝑡, = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑥0 𝑥0
(3)𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
The positive constant of a certain melody is called change. Because its value indicates
the rate at which the reaction progresses: a small number of first-order chemical
reactions are known, the most important of which is the radioactive effort. Which is
expressed in terms of its half-life, and if we put x0 / 2 instead of x, the following
equation will be obtained.

𝑥0
= 𝑥0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
2

Where t is the half-life, so :

𝑘𝑇 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑋0. 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
The concept of half-life means the period of time after which the amount of a
substance will reach half of the original amount of the substance at time zero.
Therefore :
1 −𝑘𝑡
𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑋0 𝑒 , 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑋0
2
1
1 𝑋0
=> 𝑋0 = 𝑋0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
=> 2 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
2 𝑋0
1 −𝑘𝑡 )
ln 2 = (𝑒 = −𝑘𝑡 => − ln 2 = −𝑘𝑡 => ln 2 = 𝑘𝑡

If we call the half-life, which is a certain length of time, t1/2, the constant value of K
is as follows :
𝑙𝑛2
𝑘𝑡 = ln 2 => 𝑘 = 𝑡
2
Now having a constant value of K and the initial value as well as the equation
governing the problem, the final value remaining from Article X(t) can be calculated
based on any subsequent time.
Example 1: Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days. If we have 200 grams of this iodine
sample, how much of the prototype is left after 32 days?
The first method :
200g(after 8 days)=>100g(after 8 days)=>50g(after 8 days)=>25g(after 8 days)=>
12.5g
The second method :
𝑙𝑛2
𝑡 0.6931
𝑘= = = 0.08664 => 𝑘 = 0.08664
2 8𝑑
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 => 𝐴𝑓 = 200𝑒 −0.08664𝑡 => 𝑡 = 32

Example 2 : The half-life of oxygen is 15, 2 minutes. After 5 half-lives, what

percentage of oxygen 15 will remain in the container?
The first method :
100%(after 2 mins)=>50%(after 2 mins)=>25%(after 2 mins)=>12.5%(after 2
mins)=>6.25%(after 2 mins)=>3.125%

The second method :

 𝑙𝑛2
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , 𝑘 = 𝑡
2
𝑒 −𝑙𝑛2𝑡
𝐴0
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑡 => 𝑡 = 5𝑡
2 2
𝑙𝑛1
𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑓 −5 𝑒 𝐴𝑓 1
= 𝑒 −5𝑙𝑛2 => = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛2 => => =
𝐴0 𝐴0 32 𝐴0 32
𝐴𝑓 1
∗ 100 = 100 ∗ = 3.125%
𝐴0 32