Republi

cofthePhil
i
ppi
nes
BOHOLISLANDSTATEUNI VERSI
TY
MainCampus
Tagbi
lar
anCity
,Bohol

Vi
sion:Apr
emi
erSci
enceandTechnol
ogyuni
ver
sit
yfort
hef
ormat
ionofworl
dclassandv
irt
uoushumanr
esour
cef
orsust
ainabl
edev
elopmenti
nBoholand
theCountr
y.

Mi
ssi
on:BI
SUi
scommi
tt
edt
opr
ovi
dequal
i
tyhi
ghereducat
ioni
nthear
tsandsci
ences,
aswel
lasi
nthepr
ofessi
onalandt
echnol
ogi
calf
iel
ds;

under
taker
esear
chanddev
elopmentandext
ensi
onser
vicesf
ort
hesust
ainabl
edev
elopmentofBoholandt
hecount
ry.

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD

Secti
onII
.
Mat
hemat
icsasaTool
(Par
t1)
Topic:
I.Appor
ti
onmentandVot
ing
Schedule:
Weeks10-11
Learni
ngOutcome:Att
heendofthesessi
on,
thest
udent
smustbeabl
eto:

1. explainthedi
ff
erencebetweenquotaandappor ti
onment;
2. statethequotacondit
ionandabl
etot el
l whi
chapporti
onmentmethodssati
sfyt
he
problem;
3. calculat
etheapporti
onmentusi
ngdifferentmethods;
and
4. determinethewinnerusi
ngmajori
tyruleorplur
ali
tymethodandbordacountmethod.

CoreIdea:St
ati
sti
calt
ool
sder
ivedfr
om Mathemat
icsar
eusef
uli
npr
ocessi
ngandmanagi
ngnumer
icaldat
ainor
der
todescri
beaphenomenonandpredi
ctv
alues.

2.
1Int
roduct
iont
oAppor
ti
onment

Appor t
ionmentisthepr obl
em ofdi vi
dingupaf i
xednumberoft hi
ngsamonggr oupsofdi ff
erentsizes.In
poli
ti
cs, t
histakestheform ofal
locatingalimit
ednumberofr epr
esent
ativ
esamongstv oters.Thisproblem,
presumabl y
,isolderthant heUnit
edSt at
es,butt hebest-knownway stosol veithavetheirori
ginsint he
problem ofassigni
ngeachst at
eanappr opri
atenumberofr epr
esent
ativ
esi nCongress.Statesalsof ace
thi
sappor ti
onmentpr oblem i
ndefininghowt odr awdi st
ri
ctsf orst
aterepresent
ati
ves.Theappor ti
onment
problem doesalsocomeupi navarietyofnon-pol
itical
areas.

Wewill
lookatway sofsol v
ingt heapport
ionmentproblem.
1. Hamilton’smethod
 Al soknownast heMethodofLar gestRemaindersandsomet
imesasVi
nton’
sMet hod.
2. Jeff
erson’smet hod
 Al soknownast heMethodofGr eatestDivi
sorsandinEur
opeastheMet
hodofd’ Hondtort
he
Hagenbach-BischoffMethod.
3. Webster’smethod
 Al soknownast heWebster-
Wi l
l
coxMet hodaswel last
heMethodofMaj
orFract
ions.
4. Hunti
ngt on-Hi
l
lmet hod
 Al soknownast heMethodofEqual Proport
ions.

1. APPORTIONMENT: HAMILTON’ SMETHOD

1. Determi
nehow manypeopl eeachrepresentat
iveshouldrepr
esent.Dot hisbydivi
dingthetotal
populat
ionofallthestat esbyt hetotalnumberofr epr
esentat
ives.Thisansweriscal l
edthe
standar
ddivi
sorordi
visor.
2. Divi
deeachstat
e’spopulationbythediv
isortodeterminehowmanyr epr
esentat
ivesi
tshouldhave.
Recordthi
sanswertosev eraldeci
malplaces.Theansweriscall
edthequot a.

Si
ncewecanonl
yal
l
ocat
ewhol
erepr
esent
ati
ves,
Hami
l
tonr
esol
vest
hewhol
enumberpr
obl
em,
as

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 fol
lows:
3. Cutoffallt
hedecimalpar tsofallt
hequot
as(butdon’tforgetwhatthedecimalswer e).Theseare
cal
ledthelowerquot as.t henweaddt helowerquotas.Thissum wil
lalwaysbel esst hanorequal
tothetot
alnumberofr epr esent
ativ
es.
4. Assumingthatthet otalfrom Step3wasl essthanthetotalnumberofr epr
esentati
ves,assignthe
remaini
ngrepresentatives,oneeach,tothestateswhosedeci malpart
soft hequotawer elar
gest
,
unti
lthedesi
redtotalisr eached.

Makesur
ethateachst
ateendsupwi
thatl
eastoner
epr
esent
ati
ve!

Exampl
e:
Consi
deracount
rywi
th4st
atesand30seat
sinCongr
essandpopul
ati
onsdi
str
ibut
edasi
nthe
t
abl
ebel
ow.

Populat
ion Quot
a I
nit
ial Fi
nal
StateA 27,500
StateB 38,300
StateC 46,500
StateD 76,700
Total 189,000

Tot
alPopulati
on 189000
Di
vi
sor= = =6,
300
Totalno.ofSeats 30

Popul
ati
on Quot
a I
niti
al(
Gett he Fi
nal
wholenumber
only
)
St
ateA 27,
500 Populati
on 27,500 4+1( biggest 5
=
Di
visor 6,
300 val
ue on t he
=4.3651 deci
mal)
St
ateB 38,
300 6.
0794 6 6

StateC 46,000 7.
3016 7 7
StateD 76,700 12.
1746 12 12
Total 189,000 ≈30 29 30

Hami
l
ton’
sMet
hodsat
isf
iest
hequot
arul
e.

QuotaRule
TheQuotaRulesay
st hatthefi
nalnumberofrepr
esentat
ivesastat
eget sshoul
dbewi thi
noneoft hat
st
ate’
squot
a;
Si
ncewearedeali
ngwit
hwholenumbersforourfi
nalanswer
s,thatmeansthateachstat
eshould
eit
hergouptot
henextwholenumberabov
eitsquot
a,ordownt ot
henextwholenumberbelowit
squota.

2. APPORTI ONMENT: JEFFERSON’ SMETHOD

Jeff
er son’smet hoddi ffersf rom Hami lton’smet hodonhow t or esolvet hesi t
uati
onwhent hel ower
quotaori niti
al quot aisl essthant heact ual seat sav ail
able.
1. Det erminehow manypeopl eeachr epresent ati
veshoul dr epresent.Dot hisbydiv i
dingthet otal
popul ati
onofal lthest atesbyt het otalnumberofr epresentatives.Thi sansweri scal ledt he
standar ddi visorordi visor.
2. Di videeachst ate’spopul ationbyt hedi visort odet erminehowmanyr epresentat
ivesitshouldhav e.
Recor dt hisanswert osev eral decimal places.Thi sansweri scal l
edt hequot a.
3. Cutof fallthedeci malpar tsofal lquot as( butdon’ tforgetwhatt hedeci mal swere).Thesear et he
l
owerquot asori niti
alappor t
ionment .Addupt hesewhol enumber s.Thi sanswerwi llalway sbe
l
esst hanorequal t
ot het otalnumberofr epr esentati
ves.
4. I fthet otalf rom St ep3wasl esst hant het otalnumberofr epresent ati
ves,reducet hedivi
sorand
recalculatet hequot aandal location.Cont inuedoi ngt hisuntil
thet otalinStep3i sequal t
ot het otal
numberofr epresent ativ
es.Thedi v i
sorweendupusi ngiscal l
edt hemodi fi
eddivi
sororadj usted
divisor.
Exampl
e:
Acol legeof ferstutor i
ngi nMat h,Engl i
sh, Chemi stry,andBiology .Thenumberofst udentsenr oll
ed

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 i
neachsubj ectislistedbel
ow.I ft
hecol l
egecanonl yaf
fordtohi
re21tut
ors,det
ermi
nehowmanyt
utor
s
shouldbeassignedt oeachsubjectusingJeff
erson’
smethod.
Enrol
lment Quot a I
nit
ial Fi
nal
Math 360 8.
494 8
Engli
sh 315 7.
433 7
Chemi st
ry 135 3.
185 3
Biol
ogy 80 1.
888 1
Total 890 19
890
Standar
ddivisor: =42. 3810
21
Modifi
eddivi
sor:
Enrol
lment Quot a I
nit
ial Fi
nal
Math 360 9 9 9
Engli
sh 315 7.
875 7 7
Chemi st
ry 135 3.
375 3 3
Biol
ogy 80 2 2 2
Total 890 21 21
890
Standar
ddivisor: =42. 3810
21
Modifi
eddivi
sor:Since42wi l
lsti
llyi
eld19,wewi l
ltr
ytouse40

3. APPORTI ONMENT: WEBSTER’SMETHOD

DanielWebster(1782-1852)proposedamet hodsimil
artoJeff
erson’sMethodin1832.Itwasadopted
bytheU. S.Congressin1842,butreplacedbyHamilt
on’smethodin1852.I twasthenadopt
edagainin
1901.Thedi fferenceisthatWebst erroundsthequotastot henear estwholenumberr at
herthan
droppingthedeci malpart
s.Ifthatdoesn’tpr
oducethedesir
edr esul
tsatt hebegi
nni
ng,hesays,li
ke
Jeffer
son,toadjustthediv
isorunti
li
tdoes.

1. Determi nehow manypeopl eeachr epr esentati

veshoul dr epresent.Dot hisbydi vidi
ngt hetotal
popul ati
onofal lthest at esbyt het ot alnumberofr epresent at
ives.Thi sansweri scal l
edthe
standar ddivi
sor .
2. Divi
deeachst ate’spopul ationbyt hedivisort odeter
mi nehowmanyr epresentativ
esi tshouldhave.
Recor dthisanswert osev eraldeci malpl aces.Thisansweri scal ledthequot a.
3. Roundal lthequot ast othenear estwhol enumber( butdon’ tforgetwhatt hedeci mal swere).Add
thev alues,whi chcanbecal ledthei nit
ial all
ocati
onori niti
al appor t
ionment .
4. Ifthet otalfrom St ep3i sl esst hant het ot
alnumberofr epresentativ
es,r educet hedi v
isorand
recalculatethequot aandal l
ocat i
on.I ft hetotalfr
om st ep3i slargerthant hetotalnumberof
representatives,incr easet hedi vi
sorandr ecalcul
atethequot aandal l
ocation.Continuedoi ngthis
untilthetotalinSt ep3i sequalt ot hetot alnumberofr epresent ati
ves.Thedi visorweendupusi ng
i
scal ledthemodi f
ieddi vi
sororadj usteddi vi
sor.

Example:
Thenumberofsal espeopl
eassignedt owor kdur
ingashifti
sappor
ti
onedbasedontheaver
age
numberofcust omer
sdur i
ngthatshif
t.Appor t
ion15salespeopl
eusi
ngWebster
’smethodgi
venthe
inf
ormati
onbel ow.
Customers Quot a Ini
ti
al Fi
nal
145
Mor ning 145 89.3333 2
=1.623
Midday 270 3.022 3
Afternoon 425 4.757 5
Evening 500 5.597 6
Total 1,
340 16

1,340
St
andarddi
vi
sor= =89.3333
15
Moderndi
vi
sor:
Customer
s Quota I
nit
ial Fi
nal
145
Morning 145 =1.
611 2
90
Midday 270 3 3
Af
ternoon 425 4.
722 5

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 Eveni
ng 500 5.
556 6
Total 1,
340 16

1,
340
St
andarddi
vi
sor= =89.
3333
15
Moderndi
vi
sor:
90

Cust
omer
s Quota I
nit
ial Fi
nal
145
Mor
ning 145 =1.
576 2 2
92
Midday 270 2.
935 3 3
After
noon 425 4.
620 5 5
Evening 500 5.
435 5 5
Total 1,
340 15 15

1,
340
St
andarddi
vi
sor= =89.
3333
15
Moderndi
vi
sor:
92

LikeJeff
erson’smet hod,Webst er
’smethodcarr
iesabiasinfav orofstateswit
hlargepopul
ati
ons,
butroundingthequot astot henearestwholenumbergreatl
yreducesthisbias.
Also,l
ikeJef fer
son’smet hod,Webst er
’smethoddoesnotal way sf ol
low t
hequot arul
e,butit
fol
l
owst hequot arule,butitfol
lowst hequotarul
emuchmor eoftenthanJef f
erson’smethoddoes.
In1980,t womat hemat i
cians,PeytonYoungandMi keBalinski,provedwhatwenow cal lthe
Bal
inski-
YoungI mpossi bi
l
ityTheorem.

4. APPORTI ONMENT: HUNTI NGTON- HILLMETHOD

I
n1920, nonewappor ti
onmentwasdone, becauseCongr esscoul dn’tagr eeont hemethodt obeused.
Theyappoi nted a commi tt
ee ofmat hemat i
ci ans t oi nvestigat e an appor tionmentmet hod.They
recommendedt heHunt ington- HillMet hod.Howev er ,theycont inuedt ouseWebst er’
smet hodi n1931.
Afterasecondr epor trecommendi ngHunt ington- Hi l
l,itwasadopt edi n1941andi sthecur rentmet hod
ofappor tionmentusedi nCongr ess.
TheHunt ington- HillMet hodi ssi milart oWebst er ’smet hod,butat tempt st omi nimizet heper cent
diff
erencesofhowmanypeopl eeachr epresent ati
v ewi llrepresent .
1. Det ermi nehow manypeopl eeachr epresent ativeshoul dr epresent .Dot hisbydiv idi
ngt het ot al
popul at
ionofal lthest at esbyt het otalnumberofr epr esent atives.Thi sansweri scal l
edt he
standar ddiv i
sor .
2. Di videeachst ate’spopul ationbyt hedi visort odet ermi nehowmanyr epresentati
vesi tshoul dhav e.
Recor dthisanswert osev eral deci mal places.Thi sansweri scal l
edt hequot a.
3. Cutof fthedeci mal partoft hequot at oobt ai nt hel owerquot a,whi chwe’ llcaln.Comput
l e n(n+1) ,
whi chi sthegeomet ricmeanoft hel owerquot aandonev aluehi gher .
4. I fthequot aisl argert hant hegeomet r
icmean, roundupt hequot a.Ifthequot aissmal lerthant he
geomet r
icmean,r ounddownt hequot a.Addupt her esul t
ingwhol enumber stogett hei nitial
all
ocat i
on.
5. I fthet otalf rom St ep4i sl esst hant het ot alnumberofr epresent ativ
es,r educet hedi visorand
recal culatet hequot aandal locat i
on.I ft het ot alf r
om St ep4i sl argerthant hetot alnumberof
represent at i
v es,incr easet hedi v
isorandr ecal culat ethequot aandal l
ocation.Continuedoi ngt hi s
untilt het otali nSt ep4i sequalt ot henumberofr epresent at i
ves.Thedi v i
sorweendupusi ngi s
calledt hemodi fieddi vi
sororadj ust eddi v i
sor .

Example:
Acol l
egeoffer
stutor
inginMat h,Engl
i
sh,Chemist
ry,andBiology
.Thenumberofst udent
senr
oll
ed
i
neachsubj ecti
sli
stedbelow.Thecol legecanonlyaff
ordtohire22tutors.Usi
ngHunti
ngton-Hi
ll
’
smethod,
deter
minetheapporti
onmentoft hetutors.
Lower Geomet r
ic I ni
ti
al
Enroll
ment Quot a
Quota Mean All
ocat
ion
380 11
Math 380 =10.717 10 10.
488
35.4545
Engli
sh 240 6.769 6 6.
481 7
Chemi st
ry 105 2.962 2 2.
449 3
Biol
ogy 55 1.551 1 1.
414 2
Total 780 23

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 780
St
andardi
vi
sor: =35.
4545 Geomet
rcMean:n(
i n+1)
22
Modi
fi
eddivi
sor
:

Lower Ini
ti
al
Geometr
ic
Enr
oll
ment Quot
a Quota Al
l
ocati
on
Mean
(n)
380 10
Mat
h 380 =10.
270 10 10.
488
37
Engli
sh 240 6.
486 6 6.
481 7
Chemistr
y 105 2.
838 2 2.
449 3
Biol
ogy 55 1.
486 1 1.
414 2
Total 780 22

780
St
andardi
vi
sor: =35.
4545 Geomet
rcMean:n(
i n+1)
22
Modi
fi
eddivi
sor
: 37

2.
2Int
roduct
iont
oVot
ing

Sometimesv ot
ingi smor einvol
vedthanj ustelect
ingwhoev ergetst hemostv otes.Ther
ear eseveral
methodsfordetermini
ngawi nner.Acertai
nmet hodforselect
ingawi nnermaybemor eappr
opri
atebased
uponthetypeofel ect
ion.Forexample,themethodofel ecti
ngaPr esidentf
air
lymi ghtbediff
erentt
hana
groupoffr
iendsfai
rlydeci
dingwhatmov i
et owatch.
Let’
sconsi
deranexampl etoseewhyi ssuescanar i
sewhensel ect
ingwinnerofelecti
ons.

Exampl
e:
Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngr
esul
tsf
rom St
udentBodyPr
esi
dent
.

Candi
dat
e A B C D E
Number of 1st Pl
ace 80 98 94 76 102
Votes

Not
icet
her
ear
eat
otal
of
80+98+94+76+102=450v ot
es
Eshoul
dwi
nri
ght
?Not
icenocandi
dat
ehasamaj
ori
tyormor
ethan50%

Nowl
et’
sassumet
hev
oter
srankedt
hecandi
dat
esf
rom t r1stchoi
hei cet
hrought r5thchoi
hei ce.

Votes 80 98 94 76 102
1stchoi
ce A B C D E
2ndchoi
ce B A B B B
3rdchoi
ce C C D C A
4thchoi
ce D D A A D
5thchoi
ce E E E E C

Noti
ceexceptf ort
he102whov ot
edforE,mostvoter
sr eal
lyseem t
odi
sl i
kethecandi
datebecausethe
candi
dateisranked5thbyev
ery
oneelse.Al
so,ev
ery
onet hatdi
dn’tv
oteB1st,r
ankedB2nd,Bisnotdi
sli
ked
byanyone.ShouldBwi n?

Thi
sleadst
oani
nter
est
ingdi
scussi
onaboutv
oti
ngt
heor
yandv
oti
ngmet
hods.

VOTI
NGTHEORY: PLURALITYMETHOD
Obj
ect
ives:
 Def inet
heplurali
tyvot
ingmet hod.
 Det ermi
newi nnersofelect
ionsusi
ngt
hepl
ural
i
tymet
hod.

I
nthi
smet
hod,
thechoi
cewi
tht
hemostf
ir
st-
pref
erencev
otesi
sdecl
aredt
hewi
nner
.Ti
esar
epossi
ble,
and

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 wouldhavetobesett
ledthroughsomesor tofrun-
offv
ote.
Thismethodissometimesmi st
akenlycall
edthemajori
tymet
hod,or“
majori
tyr
ules”
,butiti
snotnecessar
y
forachoicetohavegainedamaj ori
tyofv ot
estowin.Amajori
tyi
sover50%.I
tispossibleforawi
nnerto
haveaplural
i
tywit
houthavingamaj ori
ty.

Example:
Asur v
eyaskst orankwhichWestcoastst
atepeopl
ewoul
dpr
efert
oli
ve.Ther
esul
tsar
ebel
ow.
Usingt
heplural
itymethod,sel
ectt
hewinner
.
C=Cali
forni
a,O=Or egon,W=Washingt
on

Number of 75 94 51 12 43 25
Voters
1stChoi
ce C C O O W W
2ndChoice O W W C C O
3rdChoi
ce W O C W O C

C:
75+94=169
O:
51+12=63
W:
43+25=68

Tot
alVotes:
300
Cal
if
orni
aisthewi
nner
.
169
≈56.3%
300

Whati
swr
ongwi
thpl
ural
i
ty?

Ift
herearethreeormor echoi
ces,i
tispossibl
et hatachoi cecouldlosebutwhencompar edi
naone-
to-
one
comparisoncouldbeprefer
redovert
heplurali
tywi nner.Thisvi
olat
esaFairnessCri
teri
on.
Thefair
nesscr i
ter
iaar
estatementst
hatseem liket heyshouldbetrueinafairel
ect
ion.

CONDORCETCRI
TERI
ON

I
ftherei
sachoi
cethatispr
efer
redineveryone-t
o-onecomparisonwithotherchoi
ces,t
hatchoi
ceshoul
d
bethewi
nner
.Wecallt
hiswi
nnertheCondorcetWinnerorCondorcetCandi
date.

Asmal lgroupofcollegestudent srankthebestdestinati

onforSpr
ingBreak.
S=SanDi ego,L=LakeHav asu,R=RockyPoint
Det
ermi netheCondor cetWi nner.(Thedataareallgi
v eni
nthetabl
ebelow.)
1. Det er
mi nethecompet ingpar ti
es.
2. Scratchout /mar kwit
hr edt hepartynoti
nv ol
ved.
3. Findt hesum andt henumberofv oter
st hathav ethefi
rstmenti
onedpar
tyast
hei
rpr
efer
redchoi
ce
ratherthant heopposingpar ty.
4. Ther emai ni
ngnumberofv oterswil
lbegiventotheopposingpart
y.

NumberofVot er
s 4 4 2 5 2
1stchoice S S L R R
2ndchoice L R R S L
3rdchoice R L S L S
SvsL
13to4
NumberofVot ers 4 4 2 5 2
1stchoi
ce S S L R R
2ndchoi
ce L R R S L
3rdchoi
ce R L S L S
SvsR
8t
o9
NumberofVot ers 4 4 2 5 2
1stchoi
ce S S L R R
2ndchoi
ce L R R S L
3rdchoi
ce R L S L S
LvsR

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 6t
o11
RockyPoi
nti
stheCondor
cetWi
nner
.

VOTI
NGTHEORY: BORDACOUNTMETHOD
Obj
ect
ives:
 Def ineBordaCount.
 Det erminewinner
sofel
ect
ionsusi
ngt
heBor
dacountmet
hod.

Bor
dacounti
sv oti
ngmet hodnamedaf t
erJean-Char
lesdeBorda,whodevelopedthesyst
em i
n1770.
I
nthismet
hod,pointsareassignedtocandidat
esbasedont hei
rranki
ng.
 1poi ntforlast
 2poi ntsforsecond-to-
lastchoi
ceandsoon.
Thepoi
ntval
uesforallball
otsaretotal
ed,andthecandidat
ewiththel
argestpointt
otal
isthewi
nner
.

Example:
Acampi
ngisdeci
dingwheretogoonthei
rnextt
ri
p.Thepr
efer
encet
abl
eisshownbel
ow
A=Arches,G=Gr
andCanyon,Y=Yosemit
e,Z=Zion

NumberofVot
ers 12 5 4 9 6 10
1stchoi
ce Y G Z A A Z
2ndchoi
ce Z Y A Y Z G
3rdchoi
ce G A G G Y A
4thchoi
ce A Z Y Z G Y

Forthewi
nnerundert
heBor
dacountmet
hod.
Sincethereare4choi
ces
1stpl
aceget s4poi
nts
2ndplacegets3point
s
3rdpl
aceget s2poi
nts
4thpl
aceget s1poi
nt

NumberofVot
ers 12 5 4 9 6 10
1st choi
ce ( 4 Y G Z A A Z
point
s) 12×4 5×4 4×4 9×4 6×4 10×4
=48 =20 =16 =36 =24 =40
2nd choice (3 Z Y A Y Z G
point
s) 12×3 5×3 4×3 9×3 6×3 10×3
=36 =15 =12 =27 =18 =30
3rd choi
ce ( 2 G A G G Y A
point
s) 12×2 5×2 4×2=8 9×2 6×2 10×2
=24 =10 =18 =12 =20
4th choi
ce ( 1 A Z Y Z G Y
point
) 12×1 5×1=5 4×1=4 9×1=9 6×1=6 10×1
=12 =10

A=Ar
ches,G=Gr andCanyon,
Y=Yosemi
te,
Z=Zi
on
Pointtotal
s:
Arches:36+24+12+10+20+12=114
GrandCany on:
20+30+24+8+18+6=106
Yosemi t
e:48+15+27+12+4+10=116
Zi
on: 16+40+36+18+5+9=124

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 UnderBor
dacountmet
hod,
Zioni
sthewi
nner
.

Whatiswrongwi thBor dacount?

Onepotenti
alflawofbor dacountisacandidat
ecoul
drecei
veamaj
ori
tyoft
hef
ir
st-
choi
cev
otesandst
il
l
l
osetheelect
ion.
Considert
hef oll
owi ngprefer
enceschedul
e:
NumberofVot ers 9 2 8 1
1stchoice A A B C
2ndchoice B C C B
3rdchoice C B A A

TotalVot
es:
20
9+2 11
A: = =55%(
maj
ori
ty)
20 20
8
B: =40%
20
1
C: =5%
20

Awoul
dwi
nbyamaj
ori
ty.

Nowl
et’
str
ytof
indthewinnerusi
ngtheBordacount
.
NumberofVot ers 9 2 8 1
1st choi ce ( 3 A A B C
points) 27 6 24 3
2nd choi ce ( 2 B C C B
points) 18 4 16 2
3rdchoice(
1point C B A A
9 2 8 1

Total
Poi
nts
A:27+6+8+1=42
B:24+18+2+2=46
C:3+4+16+9=32
BwouldwinbyBor
dacount
.

Thi
sbr
ingsupanot
herf
air
nesscr
it
eri
on.

MAJORI
TYCRITERI
ON
I
fachoi
cehasamajor
it
yoff
ir
st-
placev
otes,
thatchoi
ceshoul
dbet
hewi
nner
.

Bordacounti ssomet imesdescr ibedasaconsensus- basedvot

ingsy stem,sinceitcansometi
mes
chooseamor ebroadlyaccept ableopt i
onov eronewi t
hmaj orit
ysuppor
t.Thi sisadi f
ferentappr
oachthan
plurali
tyandinstantr
unof fv
ot i
ngt hatfocusonf i
rst
-choicevotes.Bor
dacountconsi dersev er
yvot
er’
senti
re
rankingtodeterminet heout come.
Becauseoft hisconsensusbehav i
or,Bordacount ,orsomev ariat
ionofi t,commonlyusedi n
selecti
ngspor tsawar ds.Var iati
onsar eusedt odet erminetheMostVal uablePlayerinbaseball
,torank
teamsi nNCCASpor ts, andtoawar dtheHeismant r
ophy .

2.3 Wei ghtedVot

ingSyst
ems
Weightedvot
inggi
vessomev otersdi
ffer
entamountsofinfluenceorwei ghtconcerningt
heoutcomeofan
election.Thisi
softencommonpr acti
cewheni tcomestocorpor ateshareholdermeetingswhensharehol
ders’
votingwei ghti
sbaseduponhowmanyshar estheyown.
Themor esharessomeoneowns,t hemor eweightoftheirv ote.Thecondi t
ionsthatmustbemetf ora
winnermi ghtbeasimplemajor
it
y,butther
ecouldalsobedi
fferentrequirementstoselectawinner
.

Vocabularyyf orWei ghtedVoting

Eachindividualorent i
tycast
ingav otei
scall
edapl ayerintheel ect
ion.They’
reoftennot
atedasP1,P2,
P3,…,
PN whereNi st hetotal numberofv ot
er s.
Eachplayeri sgivenawei ght
, whichusuall
yrepresentshowmanyv otestheyget.
Thequot aistheminimum wei ghtneededf orthev ot
et opassorwei ghtneededfort
heproposalt
o
beapprov ed.Awei ght
edv ot
ingsy stem wi
l
loftenber epresentedinashor t
handform:

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 [
q:w1,
w2,
w3,
…,wN]
I
nthi
sfor
m,qi
sthequot
a,w1i
sthewei
ghtf
orpl
ay w2i
er1, sthewei
ghtf
orpl
ayer2,
andsoon.

Example:
Wri
teapossi
bleweightedvoti
ngsy st
em forthefol
lowingsi
tuat
ion.
Acompanyhas5shar ehol
ders.Theshar ehol
dershol
dt hefol
lowingownershi
pst
akeinthecompany:30%,
25%,20%,15%,&10%.Theyar etry
ingt odecideiftheyshouldinvestinanew pr
oductli
netogrow the
company.Thecompanyby-l
awsst at
et hatamaj or
it
yoft heownership(moret
han50%)hastoapprovethe
deci
sion.

[51:
30,25,
20, 10]
15,
Wecant
hinkof1v
otef
oreach1%ofowner
ship.

I
nor
dert
ohav
eameani
ngf
ulwei
ght
edv
oti
ngsy
stem,
li
mit
sont
hequot
amustexi
st.

LI
MITSONTHEQUOTA
1
Thequot
amustbemorethan t hetotal
numberofvot
es.
2
Thequot
acan’
tbel
argert
hant
hetotalnumberofv
otes.

WEIGHTEDVOTINGTERMS: DICTATOR
Aplayerwi
llbedict
atori
fthei
rweightisequalt
oorgreat
erthanthequot
a.Thedict
atorcanal
so
bl
ockanypr
oposalf
rom passi
ng;t
heotherplay
erscannotr
eachquot
awi t
houtt
hedict
ator
.

Exampl
e:
[20:
21,6,3]
Play
er1i
sadi ct
ator
.

WEIGHTEDVOTINGTERMS:VETOPOWER
Aplay
erhasvet
opoweri
fthei
rsuppor
tisnecessar
yfort
hequotatober
eached.I
tispossi
blef
ormor
ethan
onepl
ayert
ohavevet
opower,orf
ornoplayert
ohavevetopower
.

Howt
ofi
ndouti
fapl
ayerhasv
etopower
:

Cov
erupeachplayeroneatat ime.
1. Ift
het ot
aloft heremainingplayer
’svotesAREenoughtoPASSthemoti
on,thenthepl
ayert
hati
s
cover
edupDOESNOThav evet
opower .
2. Ift
hetotaloftheremainingplayer’
svotesisNOTenoughtoPASSthemot
ion,thent
hepl
ayert
hati
s
cover
edupDOESHAVEAVETOPOWER.

Example:
[
30:19,15,11] [
11:
9, 8,8]
Pl
ayer1hasv et
opower. Noplayerhasv
etopower
.
CheckP1:[30:
19,15,11]
P2+P3
15+11=26( 26islesst
han30(
quot
a))
P1=Vet oPower

CheckP2:[
30:
19,
15,11]
P1+P3
19+11=30( 30i
sequal30(
quot
a))
P2=NoVetoPower

CheckP3:[
30:
19,
15,11]
P1+P2
19+15=34( 26i
sgreat
ert
han30(
quot
a))
P3=NoVetoPower

WEIGHTEDVOTINGTERMS: DUMMY
Apl
ayerisadummyi ft
hei
rvoteisneveressent
ial
foragr
oupt
oreachquota.
Whentherei
sadict
ator
,al
lotherpl
ayershavenopowerandar
econsi
deredDummi
es.

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 Exampl
e:
[
16:
12, 2]
10,
Pl
ayer3i
sadummypl
ayer
.

Example:
Consi dert hewei ghtedvot
ingsy em [
st 18:
8,8,
8,2]
.
Howmanypl ay ersar ethere?
Ther
ear e4pl ay ers.
Whatisthet otal number( weight
)ofvotes?
Thetot
al votesar e26.
Whatisthequot a?
Thequotai s18.
I
denti
fythedi ctator s.
Ther
ear enodi ct ators.
I
denti
fyanypl ay erswi thvetopower.
Noplayershav ev etopower .
I
denti
fyanydummypl ayers.
Ther
ear enodummypl ayers.

TRYTHI
S!Exer
ciseSet8
APPORTI
ONMENT

I
dent
if
ythecor
rectansweri
nthegi
venpr
obl
em.

I
. HAMI
LTONMETHOD

Ateacherwishest
odist
ri
but
ed10ident
icalpiecesofcandyamong4students,
basedonhowmanypagesofabook
t
heyreadlastmonth,
usi
ngHamil
ton’
smet hod.Thetablebel
owli
stst
hetotal
numberofpagesr
eadbyeachst
udent
.

Chi
l
d Pages

Al
an 580

Ant
oni
o 230

Al
ex 180

Lucas 130

Chi
l
d Pages Quot
a I
nit
ial Fi
nal

Al
an 580 5.
1786 5 5

Ant
oni
o 230 2.
0536 2 2

Al
ex 180 1.
6071 1+1 2

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 Lucas 130 1.
1607 1 1

Tot
al 1120 10 9 10

Answert
hefol
lowingquesti
ons.Roundt o3deci
mal
places.
Whatist
hediv
isor?112
Whatist
hequotaforAntoni
o?2.054
Whatist
hequotaforAlex?1.
607
Whatist
hei
niti
alapporti
onmentforLucas?1
Whatist
hei
niti
alapporti
onmentforAlan?5

I
I. JEFFERSON’
SMETHOD

Thelegi
slat
ureinastatehas57seat
s.Appor
ti
ontheseseat
stot
hesi
xcount
ri
esbel
owusi
ngJef
fer
son’
smet
hod.
County Popul
ati
on Quot a I ni
ti
al Final

Adams 283,
000 13.941 13 13

Gr
ant 153,
000 7.
537 7 7

Col
ton 108,
000 5.
320 5 5

Dav
is 346,
000 17.
044 17 17

Hay
es 223,
000 10.
985 10 10

McKi
nley 116,
000 5.
714 5 5

Tot
al 1,
229,
000 57 57

Count
y Popul
ati
on

Adams 283,
000

Gr
ant 153,
000

Col
ton 108,
000

Dav
is 346,
000

Hay
es 223,
000

McKi
nley 116,
000

Tot
al 1,
229,
000

Answert
hefol
lowingquestions.Roundto3deci
mal
places.
Whatist
hemodifi
eddivisor?20,300
Whatist
hequotaforDav i
s?17.044
Whatist
hequotaforMcKi nley
?5.714
Whatist
hefi
nalapport
ionmentf orColt
on?5
Whatist
hei
niti
alapport
ionmentf orAdams?13

I
II
. WEBSTER’
SMETHOD

Thel
egi
slat
urei
nast
atehas44seat
s.Appor
ti
ont
heseseat
stof
ivecount
iesusi
ngWebst
er’
smet
hod.

Count
y Popul
ati
on

Adams 365,
000

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
Gr
ant 491,
000

Col
ton 253,
000

Dav
is 189,
000

Hay
es 284,
000

Tot
al 1,
582,
000

Count
y Popul
ati
on Quot
a I
nit
ial Fi
nal

Adams 365,
000 10.
152 10 10

Gr
ant 491,
000 13.
656 14 14

Col
ton 253,
000 7.
037 7 7

Dav
is 189,
000 5.
257 5 5

Hay
es 284,
000 7.
899 8 8

Tot
al 1,
582,
000 44 44

Answert
hefol
lowingquesti
ons.Roundto3deci
mal
places.
Whatist
hediv
isor?35,
954.546
Whatist
hequotaforDavis?5.
257
Whatist
hequotaforGrant?13.
656
Whatist
hefi
nalapport
ionmentforColt
on?7
Whatist
hei
niti
alapport
ionmentforAdams?10

I
V. HUNTI
NGTON-
HILLMETHOD

Acount
yschool
boar
ddi
vi
dingt
eacher
sbet
weeni
tsf
iveschool
s.Thecount
ycanhi
re175t
eacher
s.

Hi
ghSchool St
udent

Owen 875

East 1150

Li
ncol
n 1200

Laur
el 725

Dal
e 925

Tot
al 4875

Hi
ghSchool St
udent St
andar
dQuot
as LowerQuot
a Geomet
ri
cMean I
nit
ial
All
ocat
ion

Owen 875 31.

532 31 31.
496 32

East 1150 41.

441 41 41.
497 41

Li
ncol
n 1200 43.
243 43 43.
497 43

Laur
el 725 26.
126 26 26.
495 26

Dal
e 925 33.
333 33 33.
496 33

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD
 Tot
al 4875 175

Answert
hefoll
owingquesti
ons.Roundt o3deci malpl
aces.
Whatist
hemodi f
ieddi
visor
?( Cl
ue:Adjustnottothenextwhol
enumber
sbutt
hedeci
mal
poi
nts)27.
750
Whatist
hel
owerquot aforLincol
n?43
Whatist
hel
owerquot aforLaurel
?26
Whatist
hestandardquotaforOwen?31. 532
Whatist
hestandardquotaforDale?33.333
Whatist
hestandardquotaforEast?41.441
Whatist
hegeomet r
icmeanf orLaurel
?26. 495
Whatist
hegeomet r
icmeanf orOwen?31. 496
HowmanyteachersareassignedinEast?41
HowmanyteachersareassignedinLincoln?43

VOTI
NG

I
. BORDACOUNTMETHOD

AHumani
ti
escl
assi
saskedwhichartexhi
bitt
heywouldl
iketoatt
end.Thechoicesar
eSal
vadorDal
i
(D)
,M.
C.Escher
(
E),
orNor
manRockwel
l(R)
.UseBordacounttodeter
minethewinni
ngexhibi
t.

#ofVot
es 6 9 7 8

1stChoi
ce D D R R

2ndChoi
ce R E E D

3rdChoi
ce E R D E

Answerthefoll
owingquesti
ons.Givet
hecompl
etenameoft
hecandi
dat
eincapi
tal
let
ter
s.
WhoistheBor dacountwinner?SALVADORDALI
Whohast heleastvot
es?M. C.ESCHER

WEI
GHTEDVOTI
NG

I
. Answert hef oll
owingquest i
ons.Wri
tethenumberonl
y.
Considert
hewei ghtedv oti
ngsy stem [
16:18,5,
3,3,1]
Howmanypl ayersarethere?5
Whatisthetotalnumber( weight)ofvotes?30
Whatisthequot a?16
Whichplayeristhedictator?1
Whichplayer/shasorhav evetopower ?1
Whichplayersaredummypl ayer
s?
2,4&5
3,4&5
5
2,3,4,&5

MATHEMATI
CSI
NTHEMODERNWORLD