PAINT AND

PIGMENTS
By: John Rey Tan
WHAT IS
PAINT?
• A liquid solution of
pigment and solvent
use to coat different
kinds of surfaces of
materials.
• Protection and
prolonging the life of
materials.
• Increase
attractiveness.
HISTORY
• Origin of paints date back to prehistoric times
when inhabitants of earth recorded their
activities by coloring the walls of caves
• Noah used pitch to coat the ark
• Genesis 6:14, Make thee an ark of gopher
wood; brooms shalt thou make in the ark, and
shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.
HISTORY
• Egyptians developed the art of
painting and by 1500 BC they
already have a large variety of color.
• Greeks developed lead white paint,
which was the most popular white
paint in use until titanium dioxide
replaced it in the nineteenth
century.
HISTORY
• Sherwin-Williams sold the first
pre-mixed wall paints in 1867. By
the mid-nineteenth-century,
watercolors were also available for
sale to the public.
Paint constituents
• Pigments

• Binders

• Solvents/thinner

• Additives
PIGMENT
• Pigments are finely
ground particles that
are dispensed into
paint and provide
color and hiding
properties.
• Prime pigments
provide color and are
the main source of
hiding capability.
• Pigment extenders or
fillers reduce the cost
of paint and increase
its durability. Provide
bulk at relatively low
cost.
BINDERS
• Provide a binding effect that holds the
pigments together to create a dry film
on the surface.

• It ensures adhesion to the substrate.

• acrylic polymers

• alkyd polymers

• epoxy polymers
 • Solvents, or liquids, are the vehicle for allowing paint
to get from the can to the surfaces and these types of
SOLVENTS/THINNER liquids differ depending on the type of paint.
 • additives are used in paints to create additional
ADDITIVES performance properties
PAINT
FORMULATION
• Proper paint formulation center around the specific
requirements of the particular application.

• Individual requirements are met by proper choice of

pigments , extenders and vehicles by the paint
formulator

• Modern paint formulators use the concept of

pigment volume concentration (PVC)
PAINT FORMULATION
• PVC controls the factors such as gloss, reflectance, rheological properties,
washability and durability.

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑉𝐶 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡
flat paints 50-75%
semigloss paints 35-45%
gloss paints 25-35%
exterior house paints 28-36%
metal primers 25-40%
wood primers 35-40%
MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES
 Sand-grinding mill Three-roll mill

MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES
PIGMENTS
WHITE PIGMENT

• White Lead

• Lithopone

• Titanium Dioxide
WHITE LEAD
• The oldest and formerly most
important white pigment is white
lead but is no longer permitted
because it is toxic.
LITHOPONE
• Lithopone – is a mixed zinc sulfide-
barium sulfate pigment that contains
about 30% zinc sulfide

• Barium sulfide solution is prepared by

reducing barite ore (BaSO4) with carbon
leaching the resulting mass

• BaSO4 + 4C → BaS + 4CO

• Scrap zinc or concentrated zinc ores are

dissolved in sulfuric acid, and the solution
purified as shown. The solution are
reacted, and a heavy mixed precipitate
results which is 28 - 30% zinc sulfide and
72 - 70% barium sulfate

• ZnSO4 + BaS → ZnS + BaSO4

LITHOPONE
• The precipitate is not suitable for a pigment until it is filtered, dried,
crushed, heated to a high temperature and quenched cold water.
TITANIUM
DIOXIDE
• The most popular white
pigment

• Two crystalline forms,

anatase and rutile

• Anatese can be
converted to rutile by
heating to 700 - 950°C

• Also used in paper

industry and plastic

• The two important

methods in producing
TiO2 are the sulfate and
chloride process
SULFATE PROCESS
• The sulfate process uses the cheaper ilmenite as a raw material

• The sulfate process used batch ore digestion in which concentrated sulfuric
acid is reacted with ilmenite

• This reaction is very violent and causes the entrainment of sulfur oxides and
H2SO4 in large amounts of water vapor; they are subsequently emitted to
the atmosphere in far larger quantities than are allowed by clean air
standards.

TiO2(ore) + H2SO4 → TiO(SO4) + FeSO4•H2O

TiOSO4 + H2O → TiO2 • xH2O

TiO2 • xH2O → heat 800 to 1000 °C → TiO2

SULFATE PROCESS
CHLORIDE
PROCESS
• Utilizes the treatment of
rutile with chlorine gas and
coke to produce titanium
tetrachloride

• Titanium tetrachloride is
distilled to remove
impurities and then reacted
with oxygen in a flame at
about 1500°C to produce
chlorine and very fine
titanium dioxide
BLACK PIGMENTS
• The only major black pigment are the carbon blacks and they come in
various shades.

• Commonly produced from charring organics materials like wood or bone.

• Carbon blacks are very opaque and have excellent durability, resistant to all
types of chemicals, and lightfastness.

• They also should not be used in contact with steel and iron in primer
coatings because they cause metal corrosion.
BLUE
PIGMENTS
• Ultramarine blue

• Phthalocyanine blues

• Ferrocyanide blues
ULTRAMARINE BLUE
• A complex sodium aluminum silicate and sulfide made synthetically.
• Should not be used in iron or lead pigments
• Widely used in cotton and linen fabric to neutralize yellowish tone
PHTHALOCYANINE BLUES
• Marketed in the United States since 1936
• Useful for nitrocellulose lacquers in low concentrations as a pigment
• Highly resistant to alkalies, acids and color change.
• Prepared by reacting phthalic anhydride with copper salt with or
without ammonia.
FERROCYANIDE BLUES
• Known as Prussian blue, Chinese blue, Milori blue, bronze blue,
antwerp blue, and Turnbull’s blue.
• Made by the precipitation of ferrous sulfate solutions with sodium
ferrocyanide, giving a white ferrous ferrocyanide,
• Which is then oxidized to ferric ferrocyanide, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, or to
Fe(NH4) [Fe(CN)6]
• Possess very high tinting strength and good color performance
 • Red Lead
RED PIGMENTS • Ferric Oxide
RED LEAD
• Finds extensive use as a primary coat for structural steel because it has
corrosion-inhibiting properties.

• Manufactured by the regular process of oxidizing lead to litharge in air and

further oxidizing litharge to red lead
FERRIC OXIDE
• It has wide range of natural red oxide pigments

• Because of its durability it is used in barn and freight-car paints

• Synthetic pigment is made by heating iron sulfate.

• Venetian red – has calcium sulfate content

• Indian red – ferric oxide content 80-95%

 • Ocher
YELLOW • Chrome yellow
PIGMENTS • Zinc yellow
OCHER
• A natural occurring pigment consisting of clay colored with 10-30% ferric
oxide
CHROME YELLOW
• Has a wide variety of shades

• Most popular yellow pigment

• Produced by mixing a solution of lead nitrate or acetate with a solution of

sodium dichromate

• Pb(NO₃)₂ + Na2Cr2O7 → 2NaNO3 + PbCrO4

ZINC YELLOW
• Poor tinting but is used because of excellent corrosion-inhibiting effect in
both mixed paints and as a priming coat for steel and aluminum.

• A complex of the approximate composition 4ZnO • K2O • 4CrO3 • 3H2O

 • Phthalocyanine green

GREEN • Chromium oxide green

PIGMENTS • Guignet’s green

• Chrome green
PHTHALOCYANINE GREEN
• A complex copper compound and has excellent opacity, light fastness and
chemical resistance

• Suitable for both solvent and water-based paints

CHROMIUM OXIDE GREEN
• One of the oldest green pigments

• High cost and lack of brilliance and opacity

• Made by calcining either sodium or potassium dichromate with sulfur

reverberator furnace

Na2Cr2O7 + S → Cr2O3 + Na2SO4

GUIGNET’S GREEN
• A hydrated chromic oxide Cr2O(OH)4

• The brightest permanent green available

• Prepared by roasting a mixture of sodium dichromate and boric acid at a

dull red heat for several hours.
CHROME GREEN
• A mixture of coprecipitation of chrome yellow and Prussian blue.

• Unless carefully ground or coprecipitated the two colors may separate when
mixed in a paint
TONERS AND • Insoluble organic dyes that may be used as pigments

LAKES • Lakes made by precipitation of organic colors/dyes

 • Metallic powders, finely powdered metals and alloys
MISCELLANEOUS • Aluminum flaked powders made by steel ball milling

PIGMENTS • Powdered zinc, used in primers, in paints for

galvanized iron and finish coats
THE END