160m Footbridge - 2 Cables

-DESIGN CALCULATIONS - 160m BRIDGE-
Page 1 of Chapter 6
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE 160 METRE LONG

FOOTBRIDGE
THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THIS FOOTBRIDGE IS BASED ON

LITERATURE OBTAINED FROM THE MANUAL 'SURVEY, DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIAL SUSPENSION BRIDGES FOR REMOTE
AREAS' - SUSPENSION BRIDGE PROJECT, NEPAL. ALL FORMULAE
USED IN THE CALCULATIONS ARE OBTAINED FROM THIS MANUAL
UNLESS SPECIFIC REFERENCE IS GIVEN. THE DERIVATION OF THE
FORMULAE ARE CONSIDERED BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS
EXERCISE AND WILL NOT BE DONE. REFERENCE SHOULD
THEREFORE BE MADE TO THIS DESIGN MANUAL.
6.1 Preliminary Design Information

Span length, L = 160m
Main cable Inclination:-
At full load case the main cable inclination at the supports is given by the
following limits:-
a2(max) = 30o
a2(min) = 20o
a2(Desirable) = 27o
Dead Load Sag, dd;-

Max. dead load sag, ddmax o 0.135L = 0.135(160) = 21.60
Min. dead load sag, ddmin o 0.09L = 0.09(160) =14.40
Choose preliminary dead load sag of 15.00 metres
Tower Height:
Choosing a minimum hanger height of 1.2 metres at the lowest point of the
cables,
Maximum Tower height = ddmax + 1.2 = 21.6 + 1.2 = 22.80
Minimum Tower height = ddmin + 1.2 = 14.4 +1.2 = 15.6
Choose preliminary height of Tower, hT = 20.00 metres
Page 2 of Chapter 6
6.2 DETAILED DESIGN OF 160M SUSPENSION BRIDGE
6.2.1 Main Cable Structure

Span = 160m
Tower height, hT = 20.00 metres (provisional)
Dead load sag, dd = 15.0 metres (provisional)
Choose an initial cable of nominal diameter 32mm with the following
properties (this is the maximum size which can be fabricated locally)
Maximum breaking tension in each cable = 694.7KN

Maximum breaking tension in two cables, Tmax = 2 x 694.7
= 1389.4KN
Adopting a Factor of Safety on cable breaking of 3.0,
Therefore maximum allowable cable tension, Tperm = 1389.4/3.0
= 463.1KN
Using the available 32mm diameter cable. The cable construction is
6x7(7/1) i.e 6 ropes with 7 strands with 7No. wires in each strand.
The strength of ach individual wire = 1600MPa

The diameter of each wire is 3.45mm.
The cross-sectional area of one wire is therefore:- PI x D2/4
= 3.14 x 0.003452/4
= 0.000009343m2
Total cable cross sectional area of the one cable becomes
= 7 x 7 x 0.000009343
= 0.0004578,
and the cross-sectional area of two cables becomes:-
Am = 2 x 0.0004578
= 0.000916m2
Mass of one cable is given as 4.177kg/m
Therefore self weight of one cable, = 0.041KN/m
and self-weight of two cables = 2 x 0.041
= 0.082
The cable supplier gave the Young's Modulus of cable, E = 157MPa
Linear expansion coefficient of the cable = 1.2 x 10-5/m
6.2.2 Windguy Structure

Maximum Wind speed of the range of 45m/s is assumed. This wind converts
to a wind load w = 1KN/m
Assume vertex of windguy is at centre of span i.e v = L/2 = 80.0 metres
Sag of windguy in plan at midspan should lie between L/8 and L/10
i.e bw = 160/8 = 20.0 or 160/10 = 16.0 metres
Take an average of bw = 18.0 metres, provisionally
Page 3 of Chapter 6
Approximate windguy cable tension:-

T = wL2/(8bw){1 + (2bw/v)2}1/2
= 1.0 x 1602/(8*18){1 + (2x18/80)2}1/2
= 194.9KN
With a minimum Factor of safety on cable breaking on 3.0,

the minimum cable breaking tension = 3 x 194.9
= 584.7KN
Therefore adopt one windguy cable with a diameter of 32mm.
Breaking tension of cable = 694.7KN
Young's Modulus of cable = 157MPa
6.2.3 Backstay Distances

Backstay angle a1 = 26.6o
The backstay distances are a subject of the site conditions. The backstay
distance is the distance from the tower axis to the intersection of the anchor
cable with the natural ground. For this design case, it is assumed that the
approach ramp has a maximum elevation of one metre above natural
ground.
The total height from ground level to cable seating level is therefore = 21.0
metres, with hT = 20.0 metres
Backstay distance to ground level - anchor cable intersection

= 21/(tan26.6)
= 42.00 metres provisionally
6.2.4 Freeboard Checks

Freeboard requirements will be checked on site pending the site tache
survey and elevation calculations. The preliminary bridge geometry can be
fixed with survey data and hydrological calculations. The flood study may be
carried out from the Mannings and Critical flow formulae as given in
literature or from any other approved methods.
6.2.5 Loading
(i) Cable hoisting, Dead load of cable alone, w = 0.082KN/m
(ii) Dead Loads
Main cables (2No.) = 0.082KN/m
Mild steel chequer plate deck = 0.445KN/m
Walkway support (cross bracing) = 0.270KN/m
Hand rails (2No.x13mm diameter) = 0.017KN/m
Wiremesh on walkway sides = 0.060KN/m
Mild steel 16mm dia. suspenders = 0.597KN/m
Wind guy cable (2No.x32mm diameter) = 0.082KN/m
Wind ties (13mm diameter) = 0.063KN/m
Diagonal stabilisers (2 x32mm) = 0.082KN/m
Total Dead Load = 1.698KN/m
Page 4 of Chapter 6
The design literature recommends a live load given by:-

p = (3 + 50/L) KN/m2
= 3 + 50/160
= 3.313KN/m2
For a bridge with a deck width of 1.2 metres, this converts to a uniformly
distributed load of 3.313 x 1.2 = 3.976KN/m
Assume that the average mass of one person is 85kg

Therefore the average weight of a person 85 x 9.81
= 0.833KN
The design live load therefore converts to a human occupancy of:-
= 3.976/0.833
= 4.77 people/metre
(i.e 763.6 people on the bridge).
This is too high a number of people to be on the bridge at any one time,
therefore limit the bridge occupancy to say one person per every two
metres.
The live load therefore becomes = 0.833/2

= 0417KN/m
(iv) Full (Service) Load
The load at full service = 1.698 + 0.417

= 2.115KN/m
6.2.6 Sag Calculations on Cable Erection

The length of the cables at dead load is given by:-
Ld = L{1 + 8/3(dd/L)2}
= 160{ 1 +8/3(15/160)2}
= 163.750m
Tension in cable at dead load only:-
Td = wdL2/(8dd){1 + 16(dd/L)2}1/2
= 1.698(160)2/(8x15.0){1 + 16(15/160)2}1/2
= 386.9KN
Horizontal load at this dead load:-
Hd = wdL2/(8dd)
= 1.698(160)2/(8x15)
= 362.2KN
Now, a = 16dd/L{5 - 24(dd/L)2}1/2
= 16(15/160){5 - 24(15/160)2}1/2
= 3.283
Page 5 of Chapter 6
and b = 15 - 8(dd/L)2{5 - 36(dd/L)2}

= 15 - 8(15/160)2{5 - 36(15/160)2}
= 14.671
Front stay angle at this sag, a2 = tan-1(4.2dd/160)
= tan-1(4.2x15/160)
= 21.5o
For a Load Case 1 with load w1, the change in main cable length is given
by:-
DS1 = (2H1+T1)Ld(w1-wd)/(3EAmw1)
where,
H1 and T1 are the horizontal loads and tensions in cable due to load w1
Am is the cross sectional area of the main cables
Therefore,
Dd1 = 15/3.283{(2H1+T1)163.750(w1-1.698)/(3x157x106x0.000916)w1}
= 1.7341x10-3(2H1+T1)(w1-1.698)/w1
At cable hoisting, w1 = cable load only
= 0.082KN/m
Therefore at cable erection,
Dd1 = 1.7341x10-3/0.082(2Hc+Tc)(0.082-1.698)
= -0.03418(2Hc+Tc)
Now, Hc = wcL2/(8dc)
and sag under cable load only is;-
dc o 0.98dd
= 0.98(15)
= 14.7m
Therefore, Hc = 0.082(160)2/(8x14.7)
= 17.8KN
and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160)2}1/2
= 17.8{1 + 16(14.7/160)2}1/2
= 19.0KN
Therefore at cable erection,
Dd1 = -0.03417(2Hc+Tc)
= - 0.03417(2x17.8 + 19.0)
= - 1.866
New dc = dd + Dd1
= 15 - 1.866
= 13.134
Now Ddc = Old dc - new dc
= 14.70 - 13.134
=1.566
> 0.005
Use new dc = 13.134
Hc = 0.082(160)2/(8x13.134)
= 20.0KN
Page 6 of Chapter 6
and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160)2}1/2

= 20.0{1 + 16(13.134/160)2}1/2
= 21.1KN
Dd1 = -0.03417(2x20.0 + 21.1)
= -2.086
New dc = dd + Dd1
= 15 - 2.086
= 12.914
= 13.134 - 12.914
= 0.221
> 0.005
Use new dc = 12.914
Hc = 0.082(160)2/(8x12.914)
= 20.3KN
2 1/2
and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160) }
= 20.3{1 + 16(12.914/160)2}1/2
= 21.4KN
Dd1 = -0.03417(2x20.3+ 21.4)
= - 2.117
New dc = dd + Dd1
= 15 - 2.117
= 12.883
= 12.914 - 12.883
= 0.031
> 0.005
Use new dc = 12.883
Hc = 0.082(160)2/(8x12.883)
= 20.4KN
and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160)2}1/2
= 20.4{1 + 16(12.883/160)2}1/2
= 21.4KN
Dd1 = -0.03417(2x20.4+ 21.4)
= - 2.125
New dc = dd + Dd1
= 15 - 2.125
= 12.875
= 12.883 - 12.875
= -0.008
> 0.005
Use new dc = 12.875
Hc = 0.082(160)2/(8x12.875)
= 20.4KN
Page 7 of Chapter 6
and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160)2}1/2

= 20.4{1 + 16(12.875/160)2}1/2
= 21.4KN
Dd1 = -0.03417(2x20.4+ 21.4)
= - 2.126
New dc = dd + Dd1
= 15 - 2.126
= 12.874
= 12.875 - 12.874
= 0.001
< 0.005 Stop iteration
Therefore Sag at Cable erection, dc = 12.875 metres
Maximum tension in cables at cable hoisting:-
Tmax = 0.082(160)2/(8x12.875){1 + 16(12.875/160)2}1/2
= 21.4KN
Factor of Safety against cable breaking = 1389.4/21.4
= 64.9 >> 3.0 Ok
6.2.7 Sag Calculation at Full Load (Service Case)

Full service load = 2.115KN/m
Therefore at full load,
Dd1 = 1.7341x10-3(2Hu+Tu)(2.115 - 1.698)/2.115
= 3.4188x10-4(2Hu+Tu)
Now, Hu = wuL2/(8du)
and sag under full load only is;-
du o 1.05dd
= 1.05(15)
= 15.75m
Therefore, Hu = 2.115(160)2/(8x15.75)
= 429.7KN
and Tu = Hu{1 + 16(du/160)2}1/2
= 429.7{1 + 16(15.75/160)2}1/2
= 462.1KN
Therefore at full load,
Dd1 = 3.4188x10-4(2Hu+Tu)
= 3.4188x10-4(2x429.7+ 462.1)
= 0.452
New du = dd + Dd1
= 15 + 0.452
= 15.452
Now Ddu = Old du - new du
= 15.750- 15.452
= 0.298
> 0.005
Page 8 of Chapter 6
Use new du = 15.452

Hu = 2.115(160)2/(8x15.452)
= 468.3KN
and Tu = 468.3(1+(15.452/160)2}1/2
= 470.5KN
Dd1 = 3.4188x10-4(2x468.3 + 470.5)
= 0.481
New du = dd + Dd1
= 15 + 0.481 = 15.481
= 15.452- 15.481
= -0.029 > 0.005
Use new du = 15.481
Hu = 2.115(160)2/(8x15.481)
= 437.2KN
and Tu = 437.2(1+(15.481/160)2}1/2
= 439.2KN
Dd1 = 3.4188x10-4(2x437.2 + 439.2)
= 0.449
New du = dd + Dd1
= 15 + 0.449 = 15.449
= 15.481- 15.449
= 0.032 > 0.005
Use new du = 15.449
Hu = 2.115(160)2/(8x15.449)
= 438.1KN
and Tu = 438.1(1+(15.449/160)2}1/2
= 440.1KN
Dd1 = 3.4188x10-4(2x438.1 + 440.1)
= 0.450
New du = dd + Dd1
= 15 + 0.450 = 15.450
= 15.449- 15.450
= - 0.001 < 0.005 Stop iteration
Therefore Sag at Full Load, du = 15.450 metres
Maximum tension in cables at Full Load:-
Tmax = 2.115(160)2{1 + 16(15.450/160)2}1/2/(8x15.450)
= 469.6KN
Factor of Safety against cable breaking = 1398.4/469.6
= 3.0
Page 9 of Chapter 6
With a hanger height of 1.2 at midspan and a maximum sag of 15.450, the
height of the towers becomes:-
hT = 15.450 + 1.2 = 16.650
say, hT = 16.65 metres with a sag of 15.45metres
6.2.8 Main Cable Final Design
Main cable inclination over saddles:-
a2 = tan-1(4du/L)
= tan-1(4x15.45/160)
a2 = 21.1o
Keeping the backstay angle at 26.6o, the horizontal distance from tower to
intersection of ground and cable is:-
DL = (16.65 + 1.0)/tan26.6
= 33.25metres
DL= 33.25 L=160
du = 15.45
hL=16.65
6.2.8.1 Analysis of Cables

Cable Geometry
DL L DR
hL hR
1.2
hT
Page 10 of Chapter 6
6.2.8.2 Variation of Tension with Sag In Cables

Kemp (1991) in the Engineer's Year Book presented an analysis of the sag
and tension in cables and gave the following relationship between sag and
tension.
Maximum Tension in the cable at load w is given by:-
T = 1/2wL{1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
where, d is the maximum sag in the cables
L is span length of cable between supports
w is the uniformly distributed load on the bridge, and
T is the tension in the cable at supports
For a symmetrical bridge with supports at the same level, the maximum sag
occurs at the centre of the span at L/2
For each load case, the variation of tension, T with sag, d can be plotted.
Load Case 1 (Cable erection)
With a span, L of 160 metres and a load w = 0.082KN/m the tension
equation reduces to:-
T = 1/2x0.082x160{1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
i.e T = 6.56{ 1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
Load Case 2 (deck erection)
Uniform load, w = 1.698, therefore equation reduces to:-
T = 1/2x1.698x160{1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
i.e T = 135.84{ 1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
Load Case 3 (Full load Case)
Uniform load, w = 2.115, therefore equation reduces to:-
T = 1/2x2.115x160{1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
i.e T = 169.2{ 1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
The values of d and T for each of these load cases are tabulated in Table
6.2.8 below. The tabulated values are plotted to give tension curves.
6.2.8.3 Tension in Catenary Section Of Cable

Ignoring Friction
If the friction generated by the cable movement over the saddle is ignored,
the forces at one of the pier supports can be represented as below:-
H1 H2
a2
a1
V T2
T1
The forces can be resolved in the horizontal direction to give:-

H1 = T1 cos a1
and H2 = T2 cos a2
For equilibrium at the support, H1 = H2
Giving, T1 cos a1 = T2 cos a2
T1 is the maximum allowable tension in the cables = 463.1KN
Fixing the inclination of the cable at the outer end (anchor side) at 1:2 gives-
Tan a1 = 0.5,
Thus a1 = 26.6o
From geometry, Tan a2 = 4d/L
Therefore tension in catenary section of cable,
T2 = T1cosa1/cosa2
= 463.1cos26.6/cos21.1
T2 = 443.8KN
Considering Friction
If generated friction is considered, the force geometry at the supports
becomes as below:-
F
H1 H2
a2
a1
V
T2
T1
Resolving the forces in the horizontal direction, gives:-

T1 cos a1 = T2 cos a2 + F
The frictional force, F is related to the vertical force, V and the coefficient of
friction, u
i.e F = u V
= u (T1 sin a1 + T2 sin a2)
Therefore,
T1 cos a1 = T2 cos a2 +u(T1sin a1 + T2 sin a2)
giving, T2 cos a2 + u T2sin a2 = T1cos a1 - u T1sin a1
Hence, T2 = T1(cos a1 - u sin a1)/(cos a2 + u sin a2)
Assuming coefficient of friction, u = 0.15
and T1 = 463.1KN per two cables
Then, T2 = 463.1(cos 26.6 - 0.15sin26.6)/(cos 21.1 + 0.15sin 21.1)
= 388.0KN
This is the maximum allowable tension in the catenary section of the two
cables between the supports including friction
6.2.8.4 Bridge Capacity with Two (2No.) Local 32mm Cables
The dead load on the cables due to cable and deck self weight,
w = 1.698KN/m
Using two cables,
Maximum allowable tension in catenary section of the cables = 388.0KN
The total sag in the cables at service load = 15.450 metres
The tension in the cables due to deflection and load is given by:-
T = 1/2wL{ 1 + L2/(16d2)}1/2
With an allowable tension of 388.0KN and deflection of 15.450 metres and
span of 160 metres, the corresponding load is:-
388.0 = 1/2w(160) {1 + 1602/(16x15.4502)}1/2

From which, w = 1.747KN/m
Therefore, live load component of total bridge load capacity,
= 1.747 - 1.698
= 0.049KN/m
Assume that the average mass of one person = 85kg
This converts to a load = 85 x 9.81
= 833.85N
= 0.834KN
With an allowable live load of 0.049KN/m, this converts to a pedestrian load
of 0.049/0.834 people/metre
= 0.06 people per metre
For 160m span the total number of people on the bridge,
= 0.06x160
= 9.5
say 10 people.
Assumed human live load on the bridge was one person per two metres
translating to a load of 0.417KN/m taking the average mass of one person =
85kg (0.834KN). The bridge cables have a lesser live load capacity than
this assumed human occupancy. Three options exist with this load
configuration:-
Either:-
(i) choose a cable with a higher capacity (in this case the next size is the
40mm nominal diameter cable which is not available locally and is therefore
expensive to use. Reject this option.
(ii) Decrease the allowable live load carrying capacity i.e human occupancy
of the bridge to the safe 10 people on the bridge. However, the bridge is too
long and to limit the number of people on the bridge to such a low figure
may be a problem.
(iii) Increase the live load capacity to say 30 people on the bridge at any
time and increase the sag in the cables to increase the tension in the
cables, this will increase the height of the bridge towers but may be a
necessary option.
The third option is chosen for this design.
Keeping the live load at thirty people at any one time, total service load
becomes = 30 x 0.833/160
= 0.156KN/m and total load at service becomes
w = 1.698 + 0.146
= 1.844KN/m
Adopting the maximum tension possible in the cables of 388.0KN, the

corresponding sag is calculated as:-
388.0 = 1/2x1.844x160{ 1 + 1602/(16d2)}1/2

from which d = 16.443 metres
say d = 16.40 metres
Therefore new tower height, hT = 16.40 + 1.20

= 17.60 metres
New frontstay angle a2 becomes = tan-1(4.2x16.4/160)

= 23.3o
At deck erection stage, sag in cables is given by:-

388.0 = 1/2x1.698x160{1 + 1602/(16d2)}1/2
from which, d = 13.22m
and DL = (17.4+1.0)/tan26.6
= 36.744
say, = 36.75m
Notes:-
(a) The total number of people allowable on the 160m bridge with two locally
available 32mm diameter cables and a cable breaking factor of safety of 3.0
is thirty (30No.)
(b) A load restriction sign has to be erected at the bridge approaches to

read ''Maximum number of people allowed on the bridge at any one time =
30''
6.2.8.4 Temperature Effects On Cables

Consider the most severe loading Load case 3 (Cable + Deck + Live load)
with the cables being loaded at 0oC
As established before, Maximum tension in cable, Tmax = 388.0KN
Corresponding sag in cables, d = 16.40metres
From catenary equation, the length of cable is given by:-
S = L + 8d2/3L
Differentiating the equation, dS/dd = 16d/3L
Therefore, dd = (3L/16d)dS
Assuming that the cables are fixed, then
dS = dT(S/EA),
where, A is cable cross sectional area
T is tension in cable
S is cable length
and, E is cable Young's Modulus
For a small ratio of d/L, say < 5%,
T is approximately equal to Tmax (the sag is very small such that the cable is
almost horizontal), thus S is almost equal to L (within 2%).
The above equation then becomes, dS = dTmax(L/EA)

Substituting in the equation for dd, gives:_
dd = (3L/15d)x dTmaxL/EA
= K x dTmax/d,
where, K = 3L2/16EA
Therefore, dTmax/dd = d/K
And integration the equation, d2/2K + C = Tmax
Now, K = 3x1602/(16x157x106x0.000916)
= 0.03338
Thus, T = d2/(2x0.0338) + C
= d2/0.0668+ C
= 14.98d2 + C
At 0oC, T = 388.0KN and d = 16.40metres
therefore, C = T - 14.89d2
= 388.0 - 14.89x16.402
= -3641.1
The equation for the elastic line at 0oC becomes:-

T = 14.98d2 - 3641.1
The cable length at this temperature, S0 = L + 8d2/3L
= 160 + 8(16.40)2/(3x160)
= 164.483m
Assuming a construction temperature of -10oC,
Length of cable at this temperature, S-10 = S0(1 + a d T)
where, S-10 is the length of cable at -10oC
S0 is length of cable at 0oC
a is the cable coefficient of linear expansion
and dT is the change in temperature
giving, S-10 = 164.483(1 + 1.2x10-5x-10)
= 164.463m
From the catenary equation, S = L + 8d2/3L,
d2 = {S - L}3L/8
= {164.463 - 160.00}x3x160/8
giving, d = 16.363m
Tension in cable at this temperature, becomes
T = 169.2(1 + 1600/16.3632)1/2
= 446.9KN
Therefore, C = 446.9 - 14.98(16.363)2
C = -3564.0
The elastic equation for the cable at this temperature becomes:-
T = 14.98d2 -3564.0
Assuming a construction temperature of 25oC,
Length of cable at this temperature, S25 = S0(1 + ad T)
giving, S25 = 164.483(1 + 1.2x10-5x25)
= 164.530m
d2 = {S - L}3L/8
= {164.530- 160.0}x3x160/8
giving, d = 16.487m
T = 169.2(1 + 1600/16.4872)1/2
= 444.0KN
Therefore, C = 444.0 - 14.98(16.487)2
C = - 3627.9
T = 14.98d2 -3627.9
giving, S40 = 164.483(1 + 1.2x10-5x40)
= 164.570m

d2 = {S - L}3L/8
= {164.570 - 160.0}x3x160/8
giving, d = 16.560m
T = 169.2(1 + 1600/16.5602)1/2
= 442.3KN
Therefore, C = 442.3 - 14.98(16.560)2
C = -3665.7
T = 14.98d2 - 3665.7
Length of cable at this temperature, S55 = S0(1 + a d T)
giving, S55 = 164.483(1 + 1.2x10-5x55)
= 164.591m
d2 = {S - L}3L/8
= {164.591 - 160.0}x3x160/8
giving, d = 16.598m
T = 169.2(1 + 1600/16.5982)1/2
= 441.5KN
Therefore, C = 441.5 - 14.98(16.598)2
C = - 3685.4
T = 14.98d2 - 3685.4
giving, S70 = 164.483(1 + 1.2x10-5x70)
= 164.621m
d2 = {S - L}3L/8
= {164.621 - 160.0}x3x160/8
giving, d =16.652m
T = 169.2(1 + 1600/16.6522)1/2
= 440.3KN
Therefore, C = 440.3 - 14.98(16.652)2
C = -3713.5
T = 14.98d2 - 3713.5
The values of tension versus sag for each construction temperature are
plotted on the same graph as the tension versus sag for the load cases. The
intersection of say the 25oC line with the T3(KN) curve gives the minimum
sag allowable in the cables at that construction temperature and allowable
tension. From the graphs, it is expected that for construction at around
25oC, the minimum sag at cable hoisting case is about 15.6m and at full
load about 16.5 metres.
6.2.8.5 Check Bridge Calculations with Wind Load
6.2.8.5.1 Information summary

Span L = 160 metres
Tower height, hT = 17.6 metres
Backstay cable inclination, a1 = 26.6o
Main cables:- Number = 2
Diameter = 32mm
Area, Am = 0.000916m2
Young's Modulus, E = 157MPa
Cable sag at dead load (hoisting stage) = 13.220m
Cable sag at full load (service stage) = 16.40m
Dead load at deck hoisting stage, wd = 1.698KN/m
Full load at service stage, wu = 1.844KN/m
Wind load at erection stage, w = 1.0KN/m
Wind load at Service stage = 1/3 KN/m
Breaking tension in one cable = 694.7KN
Length of main cables at deck erection stage:-
Smo = L{ 1 + 8/3(dd/L)2}
= 160{1 + 8/3(13.22/160)2}
= 162.913m
Length of main cables at Full Load (LCA B)
Su = 160{1 + 8/3(16.40/160)2}
= 164.483m
Wind load at cable reaction, wa = 0.232 + 0.0075hT
= 0.232 + 0.0075(17.6)
= 0.364KN/m
Wind load at full service, wb = 1/3wa = 0.121KN/m
Y1
TOWER AXIS
du
1.2
wb
a3
Let x = horizontal displacement of bridge walkway centre under wind load

At Cable Hoisting Stage (Load Case A)
x1 o 0.015L = 0.015(160)
= 2.40m
and sag, d1 o 1.002dd = 1.002(13.22)
= 13.246
At Full Load (Load Case B)
x1 o 0.0025L = 0.0025(160)
= 0.40 metres
and sag, d1 o 1.001(du) = 1.001(16.40)
= 16.416
Define constants: - Cmo = 64EAm/(3L3Smo)
AT Hoisting (LCA A) , Cmo = 64x157x106x0.000916/(3x1603x162.913)

= 0.0046
At Full Service (LCA B), Cmo = 64x157x106x0.000916/(3x1603x164.483)
= 0.0046
6.2.8.5.2 At Deck Hoisting Stage (LOAD CASE A)
Y1 = angle of inclination of plane of main cables to the tower vertical axis
and Y1 = sin-1{x/(d1+1.2)}
a3 = tan-1x/{(hT -cosY1(d1+1.2)}
= tan-1x/{(17.6-cosY1(d1+1.2)}
and, c1 = {hT - cosY1(d1+1.2)}/cosa3
= {17.6 - cosY1(d1+1.2)}/cosY1
Load on main cables, wu = Cmo.d1(d12-dd2) + d1.wd/dd
= 0.0046d1(d12-13.222) + d1(1.698)/13.22
wu = 0.0046d1(d12 - 174.768) + 0.1284d1
and Dd = d1 - dd = d1 - 13.22
Dwm = wu - wd = wu - 1.698
Change in load, Dw = wucosY1 - wd

= wu cosY1 - 1.698
New d1 = dd + Dd(Dwm -Dw)/Dwm
= 13.22 + Dd(Dwm - Dw)/Dwm
and new displacement, x1 = x.wa/(wu.sinY1)
= 0.364x/(wu.sinY1)
The iterations are tabulated in Table 6.2.8.5.2 below
d1 = 12.055 and x1 = 2.850
6.2.8.5.3 At Service Stage (LOAD CASE B)
Load on main cables, wu = Cmo.d1(d12-dd2) + d1.wu/du
= 0.0046d1(d12-16.402) + d1(1.844)/16.40
= 0.0046d1(d12 - 268.96) + 0.112d1
and Dd = d1 - 16.40
Dwm = wu - 1.844
Change in load, Dw = wu cosY1 - 1.844
New d1 = du + Dd(Dwm -Dw)/Dwm
= 16.40 + Dd(Dwm - Dw)/Dwm
and new displacement, x1 = x.wb/(wu.sinY1)
= 0.121x/(wu.sinY1)
The iterations are tabulated in Table 6.2.8.5.2 below
d1 = 13.243 and x1 = 1.083
6.2.8.5.4 Summary Of Results
LCA A LCA B
Load on main cables under wind load (KN/m) 1.722 1.837
Cable inclination to tower vertical axis, Y1 (deg.) 12.07 4.29
Walkway inclination from tower base a3 (deg.) 40.91 87.90
Sag in main cables (m) 12.055 16.400
Lateral Walkway displacement (m) 3.560 0.05
6.2.8.6 Loads on Tower Top

LOAD CASE A
Total vertical load, VT = 1/2 waLcosY1{1 + Ltana2/(4d1cosY1)}

= 1/2x1.698x160cos(12.07){1+160tan(23.3)/(4x12.055cos(12.07))}
VT = 327.0KN
Horizontal load, Hw = 1/2waLsinY1

= 1/2x1.698x160sin12.07
= 28.4KN
LOAD CASE B
Total vertical load,

VT = 1/2x1.844x160cos(4.29){1+160tan(23.3)/(4x16.40cos(4.29))}
VT = 302.1KN
Horizontal load, Hw = 1/2x1.844x160sin(4.29)
= 11.0KN
6.2.8.7 Reactions at Tower Base
LOAD CASE A
Vertical load on tower leg base on the windguy side:-
P1 = VT/2 + GT - HwhT/c - 1.025wahT2/c
where GT = Dead load of tower leg
= 1/2(1.0 +0.4)17.6x1.0x25 = 308.0KN
and c = centre to centre distance of tower legs = 2.2 m
Therefore, P1 = 327.0/2 + 308.0 - 28.4(17.6)/2.2 - 1.025(0.364)17.62/2.2
= 163.5 + 308.0 - 227.2 - 52.5
= 191.8KN
Vertical load on tower leg base on the windguy farside:-
P2 = VT/2 + GT + HwhT/c + 1.025wahT2/c
Therefore, P2 = 163.5 + 308.0 + 227.2 + 52.5
= 751.2KN
Horizontal load at tower base, PH = Hw + 2.05wahT
= 28.4 + (2.05x0.364x17.6)
= 41.5KN
LOAD CASE B
Therefore, P1 = 302.1/2 + 308.0 - 11.0(17.6)/2.2 - 1.025(0.121)17.62/2.2

= 151.1 + 308.0 - 88.0 - 17.5
= 353.6 KN
Therefore, P2 = 151.1 + 308.0 + 88.0 + 17.5

= 564.6KN
Horizontal load at tower base,
PH = 11.0 + (2.05x0.121x17.6)
= 15.4KN
6.2.9 Design of Towers

6.2.9.1 Summary of Loads
Centre to centre of tower legs = 2.2m
Load LCA A LCA B
P1 191.8 353.6
P2 751.2 564.6
PH 41.5 15.4
At Full Load, Tension in main cables at tower top, T2 = 388.0KN and
frontstay angle a2 = 23.3o
Horizontal load at tower top due to wind load, Hw = 28.4KN
Maximum Tension in Backstay cables T1 = 1389.4KN,
Backstay angle a1 = 26.6o
At tower saddle the effective horizontal force is the friction in direction of the
cables.
Friction, F = u(T1sina1 + T2sina2)
= 0.15(1389.4sin(26.6) + 388.0sin(23.3))
= 116.3KN
Total horizontal load at tower saddle, H = F + Hw
= 116.3 + 28.4
= 144.7KN
Moment at tower base due to the horizontal loads at saddle,
Mu = H x hT
= 144.7x17.6
Mu = 2547.4KNm
Moment on each tower leg = 1/2 x2547.4
Mu = 1273.7KNM
Ultimate vertical load on the most loaded tower leg:-
Nu = P2
= 751.2KN
b
d
h
d'
With Y32 bars and Y14 links and cover to reinforcement of 40mm
d' = 40 + 16.3 + 37.66/2
= 75.1mm
Therefore d = h - d'
= 1000 - 75.1
= 924.9mm
Now d/h = 924.9/1000
= 0.92
Now Nu/(bhfcu) = 751.2x 103/(1000x1000x25)
= 0.029
and Mu/(bh fcu) = 1273.7 x 106/(1000x10002x25)
2
= 0.051
From design charts for d/h = 0.92 and steel grade fy = 460MPa
r1/fcu = 2.5x10-4, from which
r1 = 0.00625
Now r1 = As/bh,
therefore As = r1bh
= 0.00625 x 1000 x 1000
= 6250mm2
Provide 20Y20 bars
i.e 12Y20 in back face and 8Y16 elsewhere (As = 6300mm2)
Shear Check At Tower Base
Ultimate horizontal load = 144.7KN
Therefore shear stress, u = H/bd
= 144.7x103/(1000x924)
u = 0.16MPa
Percentage steel, p = 100As/bd
= 100(6300)/(1000x924)
= 0.68 < 4% Ok
For grade C25 concrete and p = 0.68% ultimate stress in concrete uc =
0.55> u Therefore OK
Now depth factor for d = 924 is es = 0.87
Therefore esuc = 0.87(0.55)
= 0.48 > u
Provide nominal links
Asv > 0.4b
sv 0.87fyv
Asv/sv = 0.4x1000/(0.87x460) x 103/m
= 1000mm2/m
Provide Y14 - 150 links throughout
At Tower mid height, Nu = 751.2 - 308.0/2 = 597.2KN

Therefore, Nu/(bhfcu) = 597.2x103/(1000x700x25)
= 0.032
and moment Mu = 1/2x 1273.7 = 636.9KNM
Then Mu/(h2bfcu) = 636.9x106/(7002x1000x25)
= 0.051
New d = 700 - 75
= 625
and d/h = 625/700
= 0.89
Therefore, r1/fcu = 2.5x10-4
r1 = 0.00625
and As = 0.00625x700x1000
= 4375mm2
Provide 15Y20 bars
PROVIDE 10Y20 BACK FACE AND 5Y20 ELSEWHERE
6.2.10 Design of Tower Foundations

6.2.10.1 Foundation Layout
P1 P2
B
c =2.2
P
B/2 PH
H=2.5
R R
ex ey L'/2
B'/2 L
6.2.10.2 Loads On Foundation

(i) Loads from superstructure
Vertical reactions: P1 = 353.6KN
P2 = 564.6KN
Horizontal load, PH = 15.4KN at ultimate state
(ii) Wind Load
Assume the height of footing above ground does not offer much wind
resistance, therefore no wind load
(iii) Earth pressure
The earth pressures on both sides of a buried footing cancel each other out
if footing is at rest.
(iv) Backfill On Top of Footing
The backfill on top of the footing is not guaranteed, therefore ignore this
load. In cases where backfill exits the net effect is stabilising on the
foundations Therefore this assumption is conservative on the design.
Assume initial footing dimensions:- B = 3.0m
L = 4.0m
and H = 2.5m
Take moments about the centre of the footing base and considering
overturning moments as positive. The footing axes are such that x is along
bridge centreline and y is perpendicular to bridge axis
LCA Load Lever(x) Lever(y) Moment(x) Moment(y)
A P1= 191.8 0 1.1 0 211.0

P2= 751.2 0 1.1 0 826.3
PH= 41.5 0 3.5 0 145.3
B P1= 353.6 0 1.1 0 389.0
P2= 564.6 0 1.1 0 621.1
PH = 15.4 0 3.5 0 53.9
TOTAL LCA A 0 1182.6
LCA B 0 1063.9
Self weight of footing Ng = BLHrc

= 3.0x4.0x2.5x25
= 750.0KN
Total vertical load, Rv = 750.0 + 191.8 + 751.2 = 1693.0 LCA A
Rv = 750.0 + 353.6 + 564.6 = 1668.2 LCA B
Location OF Resultant
The eccentricity of the resultant load from the footing centre in the x and y
directions is given by:- ex = Mx/Rv
and ey = My/Rv
In all cases Mx = 0 therefore ex = 0 i.e the resultant load is acting along the
bridge axis (centreline)
LCA A ey = 1182.6/1693.0
= 0.699m
LCA B ey = 1063.9/1668.2
= 0.638
Now B'/2 = B/2 - ex = B/2 in this case
= 1.50
and L' = L - 2ey
= 4.0 - 2ey
LCA A: L' = 4.0 - 2(0.699) = 2.602
LCA B: L' = 4.0- 2(0.638) = 2.724
B'/2 = 1.5 and B/3 = 1.0 < B'/2 Ok
For stability of footing against overturning, L'/2 > L/3
LCA A L' /2 = 2.602/2 = 1.301
LCA B L' /2 = 2.724/2 = 1.362
L/3 = 1.5 < all L' Therefore Ok
6.2.10.3 Ground Bearing Pressures

Load Case A
(B'/2)/B = 1.5/3.0 = 0.5 and (L'/2)/L = 1.301/4.0 = 0.33
From design charts z-factor = 1.22
Ultimate ground bearing pressure,
pmax = z.Rv/(B'L')
= 1.22 x 1693.0/(3.0x2.602)
=264.8KPa
Load Case B
(B'/2)/B = 1.5/3.0 = 0.5 and (L'/2)/L = 1.362/4.0 = 0.34
From design charts z-factor = 1.23
Ultimate ground bearing pressure,
pmax = 1.23x1668.2/(3.0x2.724)
= 251.1KPa
The ground bearing pressures are relatively high and will be less than
permissible ground pressures on poor soils. The DCP penetration should be
less than 8mm/blow at the founding levels.
6.2.10.4 Sliding Check

Maximum horizontal load = 144.7KN
For a soil friction angle of 32o, the passive earth pressure coefficient is Kp =
3.54 for horizontal ground surface and horizontal earth pressure on wall.
Sliding of the footing is resisted by the passive earth pressure which is

given by:-
Ep = 1/2KprsH2L
= 1/2x3.54x18x1.52x4.0
= 286.7KN
For LCA B, F.O. Safety against sliding = 286.7/144.7
= 2.0 > 1.5 ok
Adopt a footing with dimensions
B = 3.0
L = 4.0
AND H = 2.5 with 1.0 metres above ground
6.2.10.5 Ground Shear Failure Check

The Ultimate Ground strength is given by:-
pu = B{(rt + q)Nq + 1/2B r Nr + c.Nc}
where, c = the soil cohesion
t = depth of excavation
r = the soil density
and Nq, Nr and Nc are bearing capacity factors which depend on angle of
friction, in this case, Nq = 22 and Nr = 27
It is assumed that the soil is not cohesive therefore the term with c falls off,
and the ground pressure becomes:-
pu = B{(rt + q)Nq + 1/2BrNr}
The length of influence is given as L' = 5.0B for a friction angle of 32o
Therefore, L' = 5 x 3.0 = 15.0 metres
The bearing capacity factors are corrected for different parameters as
below:-
LCA A B' = 1.5 L' = 2.602 Therefore B'/L' = 0.17

LCA B B' = 1.5 L' = 2.724 Therefore B'/L' = 0.18
Shape factor:- sq = 1.0, sr = 1.0
Embedment depth, t /B' = 1.5/2.5 = 0.60

Depth factor, dq = 1.15, dr = 1.0
The load is assumed to be perpendicular to the wall

Load Inclination factors, iq = 1.0, ir = 1.0
The base foundation is horizontal

Base inclination factors, b'q = 1.0, b'r = 1.0
It is assumed that the inclination of the base is the same as the terrain
Baseline inclination factors, gq = gr = 1
Assuming that there is no water in the excavations and no surcharge
Therefore, Force
Pu = 4.0x2.724{(rt)22x1.10x1.15x1x1+ 1/2x3x12x27x1.0x1.0x1.0}
= 10.896{(rt)25.3 + 486.0}
= 10.896{(2.5 x 12 )35.1 + 403.4}
= 15868.9KN
Factor of safety against ground shear = 15868.9 /1668.2
= 9.5 > 2.0 Ok
6.2.11 Design of Main Cable Foundations

6.2.11.1 Summary of Design Data
Number of main cables, nm = 2No.

Tension in main cables, Tmax = 388.0KN
Main cable inclination, a2 = 23.3o
Tower leg centres c = 2.2 metres
Ground levels almost horizontal around anchors
Assume:- friction angle of subsoil y1 = 35o
Density of subsoil r1 = 20Km/m3
friction angle of backfill y1 = 32o
density of backfill r2 = 18KN/m3
No ground water in excavations
Permissible ground bearing pressure, pperm = 300KPa
For rock, assume:- Rock at depth of 0.5 metres
Angle of sliding friction, ys = 40o
Fix initial foundation dimensions such that:-
Foundation width, B = 3.00 along cable axis
Foundation length, L = 4.00 perpendicular to cable axis
Foundation height, H = 2.00 buried with 1.0 metres earth on top
6.2.11.2 Foundation on Good Soil (Sands and Gravels)
B/2
Tmax
0.5
H a1
R
0.4H
F
B'/2
B
The moments are calculated about the front toe, F with restoring moments
being taken as positive.
Weight of footing, Ng = BLHrc
= 3x4x2.0x25
= 600KN
Moment about F, Mg = 600 x 1.5
= 900KNm
Active earth pressure coefficient,
Ka = cos2Y/{1+ (sin(Y+d)sinY/cosd)1/2}2
where, d = wall friction angle = 2/3Y
Therefore Ka = cos235/{1 + (sin(35+23.3)sin35/cos23.3)1/2}2
= 0.22
Therefore horizontal component of active earth pressure,

Eah =1/2Kar2H2L
= 1/2 x 0.22 x 18 x (2.0+1.0)24.0
= 71.3KN
Also, vertical component of active earth pressure,
Eav = Eah tand
= 71.3 tan (23.3)
=30.7KN
Assuming the back stay cables are at maximum tension, therefore tension in
cables, T = 1389.4KN. However, it is assumed that the footings will pull out
first before the cables break such that the factored working tension in the
cables is used for analysing the footings, in which case T = 1389.4/3.0 =
463.1KN
Horizontal component of this tension, Th = T cosa1
= 463.1cos 26.6
= 414.1KN
Vertical component of tension, Tv = T sina1
= 463.1sin 26.6
= 207.4KN
Resultant forces are:-
Vertical, Rv = Ng + Eav - Tv
= 600.0 + 30.7 - 207.4
= 423.3KN
Horizontal, Rh = Eah + Th
= 71.3 + 414.1
= 485.4KN
Taking moments about F,
MF = Mg + Eav.B - Eah.1/3(H+1.0) - Tv(0) - Th(0.4H)
= 900.0 + 38.4(3) - 89.1(1/3)3.0 - 207.4(0) - 414.1(0.4)2.0
= 594.8KNm
Inclination of the result to vertical dR = tan-1 (RH/RV)
= tan-1(485.4/423.3)
= 48.9o
Location of resultant:- B'/2 = MF/{RV}
= 594.8/{423.3}
= 1.405m
Now, B/4 = 3.0/4 = 0.75 < B'/2 Therefore Ok
Check Safety Factor Against Sliding
Maximum horizontal load = 485.4KN
For a soil friction angle of 32o, the passive earth pressure coefficient is Kp =
3.54 for horizontal ground surface and horizontal earth pressure on wall.
Sliding of the footing is resisted by the passive earth pressure which is

given by:-
Ep = 1/2KprsH2L
= 1/2x3.54x18x2.52x4.0
= 796.5KN
For LCA B,
Factor of Safety against sliding = 796.5/485.4
= 1.64 > 1.5 ok
Adopt a footing with dimensions
B = 3.0
L = 4.0
AND H = 2.0 at a depth of 0.5 metres below ground to top of
footing
Check Factor of Safety Against Toppling
Factor of Safety against toppling, FT = M+/M-
= 1015.2/420.4
= 2.41 > 1.5 OK
Ground Shear Failure Check
The Ultimate Ground Shear Resistance is given by:-
pu = B{(rt + q)Nq + 1/2B r Nr}
where, t = depth of excavation
and Nq and Nr are bearing capacity factors which depend on angle of
friction, in this case, Nq = 33.3 and Nr = 40.7
Therefore, L' = 5.8 x 4.0 = 23.2 metres
below:-
LCA A B' = 2x1.405 = 2.810 L' = 23.2 Therefore B'/L' = 0.12
he base foundation is horizontal
Therefore, Force
Pu = 2.810x4{(18x4)33.3x1.14x1x1x1+ 1/2x3x18x40.7x0.93x1.0x1.0}
= 42208.9KN
Factor of safety against ground shear = pu/RV
= 42208.9/423.3
= 99.7 > 2.0 Ok
6.2.11.3 Foundation on Poor Soils (Soft and Expansive Clays)

The main problems of foundations on poor soils are low bearing strength
which might lead to ground failure under heavy loads and low ground
consolidation which result in ground settlement under imposed loads.
The settlement of the ground under imposed loads leads to differential

distortions in the superstructures as well as loss of support of the
substructures leading to premature structural failures.
The adverse ground effects are eliminated at construction stage by either

chemical and or mechanical methods. The chemical methods involve
stabilisation the natural ground with chemicals which artificially improve the
strength of the subsoil. The mechanical methods involve improvement of the
ground consolidation by compaction. The mechanical compaction eliminates
the after construction settlement of the ground such that the ground will be
stable by end of construction.
For the foundations of the footbridges, it is recommended to adopt a

combination of both chemical and mechanical ground improvement. The
method involves excavating a further 600mm below the required founding
level. The exposed ground is manually or mechanically vibrated to the
satisfaction of the engineer. The excavation is then backfilled to the
required founding level by backfilling with at least two percent (2%) cement
stabilised good gravel. The backfill layers are to be placed not more than
200mm thick each. Each layer should be compacted to at least 95%Mod
AASHTO. The concrete footings will then be cast on top of the compacted
cement stabilised gravel layer. A load dispersal of forty five degrees through
the backfill layer is assumed for sizing the extra excavation dimensions to
accommodate the backfill.
A schematic layout of the foundation treatment is shown below.
FOOTING
FOUNDING LEVEL
600mm MIN
B + 1.2 MIN 2% CEMENT STABILISED

GRAVEL COMPACTED
TO 95% HCE MINIMUM
6.2.11.4 Foundation on Rock
The analysis for rock is very much depended on the site conditions and is a
function of the geological investigation results. The design for structures on
rock is therefore a special design which has to be carried out independently.
In general however, the following apply
It is proposed to supply at least 1No.Y25 bar for every 1.5m2 of footing.

Anchorage reinforcement (Y25 bars) is given by
Number of bars ar the back, = BL/(2x1.5)

= 3x4/(3.0)
= 4No.
Number of bars in front = 2 x No. in back

=2x4
= 8 No.
Total number of anchorage bars, minimum = 12No. x Y25 or 30No. Y16
6.2.11 Design of Cable Hangers
6.2.11.1 Longitudinal Layout of Hangers
L/2 = 80
1.6
dd = 16.40
s
hT = 17.6
1.2
n=1
x 0
Adopt first hanger at bridge centre line (n = 1) with a height of 1.2 metres.
The spacing between successive hangers is fixed at 0.8 metres. Clear
distance between tower foundations = 160 - 3.0 = 157 metres.
With a total of nmax hanger pairs, then number of hanger spaces
= 0.8(nmax-1)
From which, 0.8(nmax-1) = 157/2
Therefore, nmax = 99 pairs
The height of hanger number n is given by:- hn = 4dd.xn2/L2 + 1.20
where, xn = 0.8(n-1) and n is measured from midspan outwards in both
directions
Therefore, hn = 4x16.40.xn2/1602 + 1.20
= 0.002563xn2 + 1.200
The hanger heights and positions are calculated and tabulated in Table
6.2.11 below
6.2.12 Design of Stabilising Cables

A total of eight (8No.) stabilising cables will be provided. The cables will be
supported at the lower ends at the first vertical hangers. The cables will be
fixed to the main cables between the vertical hangers and will be of size
13mm.
d1 d2
Let the second cable be fixed at an angle of a = 40o
Let the nearest hanger height to the point where the second stabilising
cable is anchored to main cables be h, then if nearest hanger in number n,
Height of cable h = 0.002563{0.8(n-1)}2 + 1.2
= 0.00164(n-1)2 + 1.20
Horizontal distance of this cable from midspan, xn = 0.8(n-1)

Therefore distance from first hanger cable
= 80 - 1.6 - 0.8(n-1)
= 79.2 - 0.8n.
From geometry of stabilising cables, the vertical height,
h = (79.2 -0.8n) tan40
= 66.46 - 0.67n
Therefore 66.46 - 0.67n = 0.00164(n-1)2 + 1.2
66.46 - 0.67n = 0.00164n2 - 0.00328n + 1.20164
0.00164n2 + 0.666724n -65.2584 = 0
n2 + 406.54n - 39791.7 = 0
From which n = 81.5
i.e fix the second cable between the 81st and 82nd cables from centre (x =
64.4 from midspan)
The horizontal distance of this cable position from the first hanger position is
given by:-
(d1 + d2) = 79.2 - 0.8(n)

= 79.2 - 0.8(81.5)
= 14.0m
Hanger height at this position, h = 0.00164(n-1)2 + 1.20
= 0.00164(81.5-1)2 + 1.20
= 11.828m
Therefore second cable angle of inclination, a = tan-1(11.828/14.0)
a = 40.2o
35o < a <45o Therefore ok
From the stabilising cable geometry, d1 o d2

From which d1 o 7.0m
The distance from first hanger position is given by:-

7.0 = 79.2 - 0.8(n)
From which, n = 90.3 i.e fix the first cable between hanger numbers 90 and
91
For spans > 140 metres, additional ''diagonal stabilisers'' are provided in
addition to the stabilising cables. These diagonal stabilisers provide
additional resistance to longitudinal bridge oscillations which might be
adverse especially under non uniform pedestrian and wind loading.
The diagonal stabilising cables are fixed by providing the first cable at
midspan and then sloping towards the towers.
The first space is fixed at 2.8 each side
then 10 x 2.4m spacing = 24.0 metres
then 10 x 3.6 metres outwards = 36.0metres
then 3 x 4.8 metres = 14.4 metres
6.2.13 Design of Windguy System

6.2.13.1 Layout in Plan of Windguy Structure
L/2 = 80
BRIDGE
AXIS xj
x
1.2 yj
BR CRO
s
CR
T
aR
v
DR
6.2.13.2 Summary of Design Information

Span, L = 160 metres
Elevation:- To be determined after topographical survey
Distance r = v = L/2 = 80 metres
Spacing of windties in plan s = 4.8 metres
Distance from bridge axis to centre of connection of the windties at deck
edge, k = 0.6 metres
6.2.13.3 Design of Cable System

It is assumed that the bridge is symmetrical about the midspan, therefore
the vertex of the wind cable parabola is at v = L/2 = 80.0 metres
The windguy cable sag at midspan, bw = 18.0 metres (between L/8 and L/10)
Tension in the windguy cable due to wind load is given by:-

Hw = wL2/8bw
= 1.0 x 1602/(8x18)
= 177.8KN
TR = TL = Hw{1 + (2bw/v)2}1/2
= 177.8{ 1 + (2x18/80)2}1/2
= 194.9KN
Number of windguy cables each side nw = 1No.
Diameter of windguy cables, = 32mm
Permissible tension in cables, T perm = 231.6KN with a factor of safety of 3.0
on breaking
Factor of safety against breaking, = Tbreak/Tmax
= 694.7/194.9
= 3.6 > 3.0 Ok
The windguy cables are placed symmetrically both upstream and down
stream
The clear span of the bride from towers 80 - 1.6m

= 78.4m
With a wind tie at centre line and a spacing of 4.8 metres between windties,
the number of spaces = 78.4/4.8 = 16.33 spaces. Therefore number of ties
is 17 each side of midspan.
The distance to first windtie, BR = L/2 - s(n-1)
= 80 - 4.8(17-1)
= 3.2 metres
The angle of inclination between windguy cable at anchorage and bridge

axis is assumed to remain constant up to the first windguy and is given by:-
aR = tan-1{2bw(v-BR)/v2}
= tan-1{2x18x(80-3.20)/802}
= 23.36o
Distance from the windguy cable to the bridge axis along the tower top is
given by:-
2 2
CRO = bw(v-BR) /v + tanaR(BR) + 2.20
= 18(80 - 3.2)2/802 + 3.2tan(23.36) + 2.20
= 20.17m
The distance from tower axis to centreline of windguy foundation along the
bridge axis is determined from site conditions. In this case a distance of DR
= 5.0 metres is assumed
The distance from windguy cable foundation to bridge axis measured is
given by:-
CR = bw(v-BR)2/v2 + tanaR(BR+ DR) + 2.20
= 18(80 - 3.2)2/802 + (3.2 + 5.0)tan(23.36) + 2.20
= 22.33 metres
6.2.13.4 Wind Cable Lengths

Layout Of Cables in Plan
v = L/2
BRIDGE AXIS
0.6 x
2.2
y E C
wind ties DW
windguy cable
a
s B D
3
Side Elevation Layout of Cables
z
r = v = L/2
1
walkway
Dh
x
2 b
The cable system is defined by three parts. Parabola 1 defines the walkway
section in side elevation. In this case the bridge was not provided with a
precamber thus the line is horizontal. Parabola 2 defines the windguy
cables in the vertical (side) elevation. Parabola 3 defines the windguy
cables in the horizontal plane.
Parabola 3
The parabola in the horizontal plane is given by the equation:-
y = a3.x2 + c3
when x = 0, y = 2.20 - 0.6 = 1.6
from which, c3 = 1.6
From geometry, a3 = bw/v2
= 18/802
= 0.002813
Dh is the vertical distance between the windguy cable and the windtie
connecting bolt at the midspan of the walkway. This distance is given as:-
Dh = Yp tanY
where, Yp = horizontal distance between windguy cable and windtie
connecting bolt at walkway midspan,
and Y = is the angle between the horizontal and the plane of the windtie at
the wind cable. The definitions are shown below.
cross beam
plane of windguy cable
windguy footing Dh
bridge axis
Y
k = 0.6
Yp
Let the windguy cable footing be at 0.5 metres below ground level.
Therefore difference in elevation between the windguy cable footing and
the tower foundation top is given as:-
DH = 0.5 + 1.0 = 1.5m
It is further assumed that the windguy footings are at the same elevation on
both banks and that the offset distance, D of the footings along the bridge
axis is the same and D = 5.0m
The angle of inclination is therefore given by:-
tanY = DH(L+2D)/{(C - k)(L+2D)}
= 1.5(160+10)/{(22.33-0.6)(160 + 10)}
= 0.07
Therefore, Dh = 1.6(0.07) = 0.112m
Parabola 2
The parabola in the vertical plane is defined by:-
z = a2x2 + c2
and x = 0, z = 0 from which c2 = 0
and a2 is given by:- a2 =( -DH + Dh)/(r+D)2
= (-1.5 + 0.112)/(80 + 5)2
= -0.0001921
Windtie Lengths
The distance from centre of windguy to centre of windtie bolt i, is given by:-
ci = {Dhi2 + yi2}1/2
and the Length along the windguy cable between the ith and (i+1)th windties
is given by:-
Dwi = d{a32(d+2xi)2 + 1}1/2/(cosbi)
= 4.8{0.000008(4.8 + 2xi)2 + 1}1/2/(cosbi)
and the distance from centre span to windtie, i is given by:-
xi = v-B-(i-1)d = 80 - 3.2 - (i-1)4.8
= 81.6 - 4.8i
with i being measured from the supports inwards towards midspan
The maximum number of windties, imax = (L -2B)/d + 1

= (160 - 2x3.2)/4.8 + 1
= 33
and yi = a3.xi2 + c3
= 0.002813.xi2 + 1.6
For the windtie number i, Dhi = Dh - a2.xi2
= 0.112 + 0.0001921xi2
and the inclination angle of the windtie given by:-
bi = tan-1(2a2xi)
= tan-1(-0.0003842xi)
The values of i, xi, bi, ci and Dwi are calculated and tabulated in the Table
6.2.13.4 below.
The angle between the horizontal and the windguy cable plane at the cable
foundation is given by:-
b = tan-1{2a2(B-r)}
= tan-1{2x(-0.0001921)(3.2-80)}
b = 1.7o
The length between the first windguy cable and the windguy cable
foundation is given by:-
E = (B+D)/(cosa.cosb)
= (3.2 + 5)/(cos23.36xcos1.7)
E = 8.936m
Total Lengths of Cables
Total Length of 32mm diameter windguy cables is given by:-
Lw = SDwi + 2E + overlapping length
= 337.689 + 2(8.936) + 1.700
= 357.26m
Total Length of 13mm diameter windtie cables is given by:-
Lw = S(ci + overlapping length)
= 497.801 + 33(0.6)
= 517.61m
Length of Hand Rail Cables
The hand rail cables will be fixed at height of 1.2 metres above the walkway
and will be parallel to the walkway. The wire mesh will be supported at the
bottom by means of a fixation cable running parallel and attached to the
walkway. The fixation cables will also be of nominal diameter 13mm. Total
length of walkway is:-
L = 160 - 2(1.5) = 157 metres
Therefore length of 13mm hand rail cables = 4 x 157.0
= 628m
Area of side wiremesh is given by:-
A = 1.2x157x2
= 376.8m2
6.2.13.5 Design of Windguy Cable Foundations
6.2.13.5.1 Summary of Design Data

Number of main cables, nw = 2No.
Tension in cables, Tmax = 194.9KN
Ground levels almost horizontal around anchors
Assume:- friction angle of subsoil y1 = 35o
Density of subsoil r1 = 20Km/m3
friction angle of backfill y1 = 32o
density of backfill r2 = 18KN/m3
No ground water in excavations
For rock, assume:- Rock at depth of 0.5 metres
Angle of sliding friction, ys = 40o
Fix initial foundation dimensions such that:-
Foundation width, B = 3.00 along bridge axis
Foundation length, L = 3.50 perpendicular to bridge axis
Foundation height, H = 2.00
6.2.13.5.2 Foundation on Good Soil (Firm Sands and Gravels)
B/2 Tmax
1.0
H a1
R
0.4H
F
B'/2
B
The moments are calculated about the front toe, F with restoring moments
being taken as positive.
= 3x3.5x2x25
= 525KN
= 787.5KNm
Active earth pressure coefficient,
Ka = cos2Y/{1+ (sin(Y+d)sinY/cosd)1/2}2
where, d = wall friction angle = 2/3Y
Therefore Ka = cos235/{1 + (sin(35+23.3)sin35/cos23.3)1/2}2
= 0.22
Therefore horizontal component of active earth pressure,

Eah =1/2Kar2H2L
= 1/2 x 0.22 x 18 x (2.0+1.0)23.5
= 62.4KN
Eav = Eah tand
= 62.4 tan (23.3)
=26.9KN
Assuming the cables are at maximum tension, therefore tension in cables, T

= 694.7KN. However, it is assumed that the footings will pull out first before
the cables break such that the factored working tension in the cables is
used for analysing the footings, in which case T = 694.7/3 = 231.6KN
Horizontal component of this tension, Th = T cosa1

= 231.6cos 23.3
= 212.7KN
Vertical component of tension, Tv = T sina1
= 231.6 sin 23.3
= 91.6KN
Resultant forces are:-
= 525 + 26.9 - 91.6
= 460.3KN
= 62.4 + 212.7
= 275.1KN
= 787.5 + 26.9(3) - 62.4(1/3)3.0 - 91.6(0) -212.7(0.4)2.0
= 635.6KNm
= tan-1(275.1/460.3)
= 30.9o
= 635.6/{460.3}
= 1.381m
Now, B/4 = 3/4 = 0.75< B'/2 Therefore Ok
Fs = tanY1/tandR
= tan35/tan(29.3)
= 1.25 < 1.5 Not OK
Check Factor of Safety Against Toppling

FT = M+/M-
= 868.2/232.6
= 3.7 > 1.5 OK
Increase Factor of Safety Against sliding by increasing the dimensions of
the footing to:-
B = 3.00
L = 4.00
H = 3.00
= 3x3x4.0x25
= 900KN
= 1350KNm
New horizontal component of active earth pressure,
Eah =1/2 x 0.22 x 18 x (3.0+1.0)24.0
= 126.7KN
Eav =126.7 tan (23.3)
=54.6KN
Resultant forces become:-
= 900 + 54.6 - 91.6
= 863.0KN
= 126.7 + 212.7
= 339.4KN
= 1350 + 54.6(3) -126.7(1/3)4.0 - 91.5(0) - 212.7(0.4)3
= 1089.6KNm
= tan-1(863.0/339.4)
= 68.6o
= 1513.8/{424.2}
= 3.569m
Now, B/4 = 3/4 = 0.75 < B'/2 Therefore Ok
Fs = tanY1/tandR
= tan35/tan(20.0)
= 1.92> 1.5 OK
Ground Shear Failure Check

Assuming that the soil is not cohesive, the Ultimate Ground Shear
Resistance is given by:-
pu = B{(rt + q)Nq + 1/2B r Nr}
where, t = depth of excavation
and Nq and Nr are bearing capacity factors which depend on angle of
friction, in this case, Nq = 33.3 and Nr = 40.7
Therefore, L' = 5.8 x 3.0 = 17.4 metres
below:-
LCA A B' = 3.569 L' = 17.4 Therefore B'/L' = 0.21


The base foundation is horizontal

Therefore,
Pu = 4x3.569{(18x4)33.3x1.13x1x1x0.91+ 1/2x3x18x40.7x0.92x1.0x1.0}
= 49629.7KN
Factor of safety against ground shear = pu/RV
= 49629.7/863.0
= 57.5> 2.0 Ok
Check Ground Bearing Capacity

Vertical load, Rv = 863.0KN
Width of influence, B' = 3.569
B'/2 = 1.785
e' = B/2 - B'/2 = 1.5 - 1.785 = -0.285
Now e' < B/6, Maximum ground pressure is given by:-
pmax = Rv{1 + 6e'/B}/(BL)
= 878.3{1 - 6(0.285)/6}/(3x4)
= -8.7KPa < pperm (300KPa)
6.2.13.5.3 Foundations on Poor Soils and on Rock
SEE DESIGN OF MAIN CABLE FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 6.2.11

160m Footbridge - 2 Cables

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-DESIGN CALCULATIONS - 160m BRIDGE-

6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE 160 METRE LONG

THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THIS FOOTBRIDGE IS BASED ON

6.1 Preliminary Design Information

Dead Load Sag, dd;-

6.2 DETAILED DESIGN OF 160M SUSPENSION BRIDGE

6.2.1 Main Cable Structure

Maximum breaking tension in each cable = 694.7KN

The strength of ach individual wire = 1600MPa

6.2.2 Windguy Structure

Approximate windguy cable tension:-

With a minimum Factor of safety on cable breaking on 3.0,

6.2.3 Backstay Distances

Backstay distance to ground level - anchor cable intersection

6.2.4 Freeboard Checks

The design literature recommends a live load given by:-

Assume that the average mass of one person is 85kg

The live load therefore becomes = 0.833/2

(iv) Full (Service) Load

The load at full service = 1.698 + 0.417

6.2.6 Sag Calculations on Cable Erection

and b = 15 - 8(dd/L)2{5 - 36(dd/L)2}

and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160)2}1/2

and Tc = Hc{1 + 16(dc/160)2}1/2

6.2.7 Sag Calculation at Full Load (Service Case)

Use new du = 15.452

6.2.8.1 Analysis of Cables

6.2.8.2 Variation of Tension with Sag In Cables

6.2.8.3 Tension in Catenary Section Of Cable

The forces can be resolved in the horizontal direction to give:-

Resolving the forces in the horizontal direction, gives:-

388.0 = 1/2w(160) {1 + 1602/(16x15.4502)}1/2

Adopting the maximum tension possible in the cables of 388.0KN, the

388.0 = 1/2x1.844x160{ 1 + 1602/(16d2)}1/2

Therefore new tower height, hT = 16.40 + 1.20

New frontstay angle a2 becomes = tan-1(4.2x16.4/160)

At deck erection stage, sag in cables is given by:-

(b) A load restriction sign has to be erected at the bridge approaches to

6.2.8.4 Temperature Effects On Cables

The above equation then becomes, dS = dTmax(L/EA)

The equation for the elastic line at 0oC becomes:-

From the catenary equation, S = L + 8d2/3L,

6.2.8.5.1 Information summary

Let x = horizontal displacement of bridge walkway centre under wind load

AT Hoisting (LCA A) , Cmo = 64x157x106x0.000916/(3x1603x162.913)

Change in load, Dw = wucosY1 - wd

6.2.8.5.4 Summary Of Results

6.2.8.6 Loads on Tower Top

Total vertical load, VT = 1/2 waLcosY1{1 + Ltana2/(4d1cosY1)}

Horizontal load, Hw = 1/2waLsinY1

Total vertical load,

Therefore, P1 = 302.1/2 + 308.0 - 11.0(17.6)/2.2 - 1.025(0.121)17.62/2.2

Therefore, P2 = 151.1 + 308.0 + 88.0 + 17.5

6.2.9 Design of Towers

Provide Y14 - 150 links throughout

At Tower mid height, Nu = 751.2 - 308.0/2 = 597.2KN

6.2.10 Design of Tower Foundations

6.2.10.2 Loads On Foundation

LCA Load Lever(x) Lever(y) Moment(x) Moment(y)

A P1= 191.8 0 1.1 0 211.0

Self weight of footing Ng = BLHrc

6.2.10.3 Ground Bearing Pressures