session 2022-23

chemistry investigatory project on

SETTING OF CEMENT

Submitted to: submitted by :

lata thakur Nikhil kumar Solanki
class and sec: XII A roll no. :12
 Certificate

this is to certify that this project has been made by Nikhil Solanki of
class XII A on the topic “Colloidal Solution and its purification” as
prescribed by Mrs. Lata Thakur (chemistry teacher) during the
academic year 2022-2023 as per the guidelines issued by Central
Board of Secondary Education - CBSE and have been completed it
successfully.

Mrs. Lata Thakur External Examiner

Acknowledgment
 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Chemistry teacher Mrs. Lata Thakur ma’am as well as our
principal Mrs who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Colloidal Solution and its purification which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really
thankful to them
Secondly
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

NIKHIL KUMAR SOLANKI

XII-A

INDEX
Sr title pg no .
no.
1 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
2 INTRODUCTION
3 THEORY
➢ EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
➢ CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
USING CEMENT
➢ PORTLAND CEMENT
➢ EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF
CEMENT MORTAR
4 APPARATUS REQUIRED
5 PROCEDURE
6 OBSERVATION
7 CONCLUSION
8 PRECAUTIONS
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Aim

To study the setting of mixture of cement with sand and fly

ash with respect to time and strength
 Colloida l solution
Those solution in which the size of the solute particle is 10 to 10 and
the size of the solvent particle is 10 to 10 it is an heterogeneous
mixture in which the size of the solute particle are not seen by
microscope or naked eyes is called colloidal solution

Classification Of Colloidal Solution

on the basis of dispersion medium colloids are of two types
1)Lyophillic colloids
2)lyophobic colloids

1)Lyophillic colloids
the colloids which easily form colloidal solution in contact of
dispersion medium is called lyophilic colloids
the lyophilic colloids are stable they cant be easily pericipetize of
coagulated by adding many electrolytes
for example - gum, protein, starch, etc.

2)lyophobic cooloids
Those colloid which cannot easily form colloidal solution in contact
with dispersion medium is called lyophilic colloids
For Example - colloidal solution of metals and their sulphates are
the best example of lyophobic colloids.

PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION

The colloidal sol usually contain impurities especially electrolytes
which can destabilize the sol. These impurities must be eliminated
to make the colloidal solution stable.

Methods used for purification of colloidal sol

1)Dialysis
2)Ultrafiltration
3)Ultracentrifugation

1)Dialysis
The process of separating the particles of colloids from those of
crystalloids by means of diffusion through a suitable membrane is
called dialysis. Dialysis is a process that is like osmosis. Osmosis is
the process in which there is a diffusion of a solvent through a
semipermeable membrane.

A bag made of a suitable membrane is filled with the impure

colloidal solution. This bag is dipped in a container filled with
freshwater which keeps flowing or entering and leaving the
container continuously.
The concentration of impurities like crystalloids and electrolytes is
high in the sol contained in the bag than in the fresh water. So,
diffusion occurs in which the impurities start moving out of the bag
by passing through the membrane. The dispersed phase (colloidal
particles) remains in the sol as they cannot pass through the
membrane due to their large size.

The water keeps changing due to its continuous flow so the

concentration of impurities does not increase and always remains
low in the water than in the sol and thus diffusion continues until
pure colloidal sol is left in the bag. For example, blood, which is a
negatively charged colloidal sol, is also purified by dialysis when the
kidneys are not working.

The rate of dialysis

Dialysis is not a quick process, the rate of dialysis depends on the

speed of the unequal diffussion rates between the crystalloids and
the colloids and the differences in the particle size. The rate of
dialysis can be changed through heating or if the crstalloids are
charges then appluying an electric field caller electrosialysis .
Electrodialysis is the type sof dialysis in which electrodes are placed
on the sides of the membrane. In this way electrodes are placed on
the sides of the membrane . In this way, positve ions can pass
through one side of this menbrane while the negetively charged
ions can pass through the other side of the membrane . This causes
acceleration in the process of dialysis

Applycation of dialysis
The most common application of dialysis is for the removal of
unwanted small molecules such as salts, reducing agents,
or dyes from larger macromolecules such or polysaccharides.
Dialysis is also commonly used for buffer exchange and drug binding
studies as proteins, DNA,

It is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from

the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these
fonctions naturally. This is referred to as renal replaceme therapyor
Hemodialysis
 .

Hemodialysis is a method in which kidney failure is treated with the

process of dialysis. In hemodialysis, blood is removed, purified
through dialysis, and returned to the bloodstream. In kidney failure,
there is a retention of salts and water, urea, and metabolic acids.
The patient is then connected to a dialysis machine, which is also
called a hemodialyzer. The blood flows through small channels
made of semipermeable membranes. The dissolved substances like
urea and salts pass through a sterile solution. Compounds like sugar
and amino acids are added to the sterile solution. The dialysis
solution is on the other side of the membranes, and the molecules
flow through the membranes. The molecules diffuse from a higher
concentration to low concentration area. The concentrations of
molecules needed to be removed from the blood are zero in the
dialysis fluid

The process of hemodialysis helps many patients who have kidney

failure because a person who suffers from kidney failure are at great
risk, because someone who has complete kidney failure will need a
kidney transplant within two weeks, or else he/she will face
Death. Between the time that the person finds a suitable kidney to
be transplanted , the hemodialysis comes into great help in facing
the fight against death
2)Ultra-Filtration
It is the process of removing the impurities from the colloids
solution by passing it through graded filter papers called ultra
filterpaper
Here colloids are separated from crystalloids with the help of ultra
filter papers. Which are obtained by treating simple filter paper with
gelatin or collodion so, that the pores become less or narrow in size
through which only crystalloid particles can pass. In ultrafiltration,
the ultrafilter is supported over a wire mesh and the impure sol is
poured over it. The impurity particles (electrolytes) pass through
the ultrafilter while the larger colloidal particles are retained.
By using a series of graded ultrafilters, impurities of different size
can easily be removedand it is even possibleto separate colloidal
particles of different size from one another

Application Of Ulta-Filtration
➔ Filtration of effluent from paper pulp mill Cheese
manufacture, sce ultrafiltered milk
➔ Removal of some bacterias from milk
➔ Process and waste water treatment
➔ Enzyme recovery
➔ Fruit juice concentration and clarification Dialysis and
other blood treatments
➔ Desalting and solvent-exchange of proteins
➔ Laboratory grade manufacturing
➔ Radiocarbon dating of bone collagen In purify ing water
3)Ultra-Centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation involves the separation of colloidal particles
from the impurities by centrifugal force. The impure sol is taken in a
tube and the tube is placed in an ultra centrifuge. The tube is
rotated at high speeds.
On account of this, the colloidal particles settle down at the bottom
of the tube and the impurities remain in the solution. This solution
is termed as centrifugate. The settled colloidal particles are
removed from the tube and are mixed with an appropriate
dispersing medium. Thus, the pure sol is obtained
OTHER WAYS TO PURIFY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLLOIDAL
SOLUTION
Air:
Indoor plants used in purifying air

1)English Ivy
(Hedera Helix)

Beautiful as a groundcover or a houseplant, English ivy is a

classically elegant choice that is also excellent for removing harmful
chemicals found in the home. It can grow in full shode to full Sun,
can be trained into shapes, and with proper care, it is likely to
survive for several years
2)Bamboo palm
Since the bamboo palm, or reed palm, prefers part sun or shade, it
makes a great houseplant with the added benefit of aiding in the
removal of harmful elements such as benzene and formaldehyde.

3)CHINESE EVERGREEN
(Aglaonema Modestum)

The Chinese evergreen is an easy-care plant that thrives in low to

medium light. It generally grows to one or two feet. Though it helps
to healthy air quaility in the home.
 it is important to note that the chinese evergreen contains an
irritant that can be toxic to pets.

4)Gerbera Daisy
(Gerbera Jamesonil)
When placed indoors, this popular annual is useful in removing
benzene and providing mood-enhancing beauty to the home.
However, keep in mind that the gerbera daisy does best in warm
temperatures, at 75 degrees F or higher.
Blood
1. Lemon juice
Lemon juice can help to clear your blood and digestive tract that
may interfere with your health. Lemon juice is acidic in nature and
can alter your pll level and is useful in removing toxins from the
blood.

2. Broccoli
Broccoli is said to be one of the best natural blood purifiers that
helps remove toxins from the body. This veggie comes loaded with
calcium, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fibre, potassium,
manganese, phosphorus and glucosinolates Regular consumption of
broccoh ensures loading up on antioxidants that help detoxify blood
and boost the immunity system Toss it in your salads and include it
in your everyday delicacies: Here's how you can include more
broccoli in your diet.

3. Fresh Fruits
Fruits like apples, plums, pears and guavas have pectin fiber that is
useful in cleansing blood. They not only bind with excess fats in your
blood but also with heavy metals and other harmful chemicals or
waste and remove them efficiently Moreover, the lycopene
glutathione found in tomatoes is useful for eliminating waste and
chemicals Don't forget to add a bunch of berries like strawberries,
black bemes and cranberries to your diet that help keep your liver
health it check
Bibliography
Sources from which information has been taken

NCERT Chemistry-XII

Evergreen Chemistry Labmanual

www.Google.com

Wikipedia

ABC Chemistry book Class XII