ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my chemistry teacher Mr. Prabin
Thapa as well as our principal Mrs.
Who gave me a golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the topic :-
PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOL
Which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many
new thing.
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly,
I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped ,e in a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.

Aditya Raj Gurung

Class:- XII A
 C E RT I F ICA T E

This is to certify that this project has been

made by Aditya Raj Gurung of class XII
On the topic :-
“PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SOL”
as prescribed By Mr.” Prabin Thapa”,
PET-Chemistry
During the academic year 2021-2022 as
Per the guidelines issued by Central Board of
Secondary Education- CBSE
and have been competed it successfully.

MR. Prabin Thapa

(PET-Chemistry) External Examiner
 Index

1. Introduction
2. Colloidal sol and types of colloidal
Sol
3Methods of purification of colooidal
Sol
3. Dialysis
4. Rate of dialysis
5. Ultrafiltration
6. Ultra centrifugation
7. Other methods to purify different
types of collidal Sol
8. Bibliography
 Colloidal Solution:
Those solutions in which the size of the solute
particle is 10^-5 to
10^-7 and the size of the solvent particle is 10^-
7 to 10^-8 it is an heterogeneous mixture in
which the size of the solute particle are not seen
by microscope or naked eyes is called colloidal
solution.

Classification of colloidal Sol:-

On the basis of dispersion medium colloids are

of two types-
1)lyophilic colloids.
2)lyophobic colloids.
1)lyophilic colloids:

Those colloids which easily form colloidal

solution in contact dispersion medium is called
lyophilic colloids.
The lyophilic colloids are stable they can’t
precipitate easily or coagulated by adding many
electrolytes.
For Example:- Gum, protein,starch etc.

2)lyophobic colloids:

Those colloids which cannot easily form

colloidal solution in contact in contact with
dispersion medium is called lyophobic colloids.
For Example: Colloidal solution of metals and
their sulphate are the best example of lyophobic
colloids.

Purification of colloidal Solution:

The colloidal solution usually contain impurities
especially electrolytes which can be destabilize
the solution.These impurities must be
eliminated to make the colloidal solution stable.

Methods used for purification of

colloidal solution:
1)Dialysis
2)Ultra filtration
3)Ultra centrifugation

1)Dialysis :
The process of separating the particles of
colloids from those of crystalloids by means of
diffusion through a suitable membrane is called
Dialysis.It is a process similar to Osmosis.

It’s principle is base upon the fact that colloidal

particles cannot pass through the Parchment
membrane while the ions of the electrolyte can
pass through it. The colloidal solution is taken
in bag made of parchment. This bag is
suspended in fresh water. The impurities slowly
diffuse out of the bag leaving behind pure
colloidal solution. The distilled water is changed
frequently to avoid accumulation of the
crystalloids otherwise they may start diffusing
back into bag. Dialysis can be used for
removing HCL from ferric hydroxide sol.

The rate of dialysis:

Dialysis is not a quick process; the rate of
dialysis depends upon the speed of the unequal
digression rates between the crystalloids in
particle size. The rate of dialysis can be changed
through heating, or
If the crystalloids are charged,then applying an
electric field, called electrodialysis.
Electrodialysis is the type of dialysis in which
electrodes are placed on the other sides of the
membrane. In this way, positive ions can pass
through one side of this membrane with the
negatively charged ions can pass through the
other side of the membrane. This causes
acceleration in the process of dialysis.

Application of Dialysis:
The most common application of dialysis is for
the removal of unwanted small molecules such
as salts, reducing agents, or dyes from larger
macro molecules such as proteins,DNA, or poly
saccharides. Dialysis is also commonly used for
buffer exchange and drug binding studies.It is
the process of removing excess water, solutes
and toxins from the blood in people whose
kidneys can no longer perform these functions
naturally.This is referred to as renal
replacement therapyor hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a method in which kidney
failure is treated with the process of dialysis. In
hemodialysis blood is removed, purified
through dialysis, and returned to the
bloodstream. In kidney failure, there is a
retention of salts and water , urea and
metabolic acids. The patient is then connected
to a dialysis machine, which is also called a
hemodialyzer. The blood flows through small
channels made of semipermeable membranes.
The dissolved substances like urea and salts
pass through a sterile solution. Compounds like
sugar and amino acids are added to the sterile
solution. The dialysis solution is on the other
side of the membranes. The molecules diffuse
from a higher concentration area. The
concentration of molecules added to be removed
from the blood are zero in dialysis fluid.

The process of hemodialysis helps many

patients who have kidney failure because a
person who suffers from a kidney failure are at
great risk, because someone who has complete
kidney failure will need a kidney transplant
within two weeks, or else he/she will face death.

Between that time the person finds a suitable

kidney to be transplanted, the hemodialyzer
comes into great help in facing the fight against
death.

2)Ultra Filtration:
It is the process of removing the impurities from
the colloid's solution by passing it through
graded filter paper.
Here colloids are separated from crystalloids
with the help of ultra filter papers, which are
obtained by treating simple filter paper with
gelatin or collide ion so,that the pores become
less or narrow in size through which only
crystallized particles can pass.
In ultra filtration, the ultra filter is supported
over a wire mesh and the impure soil is poured
over it.
The impurity particles(electrolytes) pass
through the ultra filter while the larger colloidal
particles are retained.
The process is very slow.However,the rate of
this process can be increased by applying
pressure on solution side or by using a suction
pump on the filtrate side.
By using a series a graded ultra filters,
impurities of different size can easily be
removed and it is even possible to separate
colloidal particles of different size from one
another.
Applications of ultra filtration:
1) Filtration of effluent from paper pulp mill
2) Cheese manufacture,see ultra filtered milk
3) Removal of some bacteria's from milk
4) Process and waste water treatment
5) Enzyme recovery
6) Fruit juice concentration and clarification
7) Dialysis and other blood treatments
8) Desalting and solvent-exchange of proteins
9) Laboratory grade manufacturing
10) Radiocarbon dating of bone collagen
11) In purifying water

3)Ultra-Centrifugation:
Ultra-centrifugation involves the separation of
colloidal particles from the impurities given by
centrifugal force.
The impure soil is taken in a tube and the tube
is placed in an ultra centrifuge.This tube is
rotated at
high speeds.
On account of this, the colloidal particles settle
down at the bottom of the test tube and the
impurities remain in the solution.
This solution is termed as centrifuge.The settled
colloidal particles are removed from the tube
and
mixed with an appropriate dispenser medium.
Thus the pure soil is obtained.
 Other ways to Purify
Different Types of Colloidal
Solution:
1)AIR:
Indoor plants used in purifying air:
1)English Ivy:
Hedera Helix
Beautiful as a ground cover or a
houseplant.English Ivy is a classically elegant
choice that is also excellent for removing
harmful chemicals found in the home.It can
grow in full shade to full sun, can be trained
into shapes, and with proper care, it is likely to
survive for several years.
2)Bamboo palm:

Since the Bamboo plant, or reed palm, prefers

part sun or shade.It makes a great houseplant
with added benefit of aiding in the removal of
harmful elements such as benzene and
formaldehyde.
3)Chinese Evergreen:
Aglaonema Modestum
The Chinese evergreen is an easy-care plant
that thrives in low to medium light.It generally
grows
To one or two feet.Though it helps to maintain
healthy air quality in the home,it is important to
note that the Chinese evergreen contains air
irritant that can be toxic to pets.
4)Gerbera Daisy:
Gerbera Jamesonii
When placed indoors, this popular annual is
useful in removing benzene and providing
mood-enhancing beauty to the home. However,
keep
In mind that Gerbera daisy does best in warm
temperatures,at 75 degrees F or higher.
BLOOD:

1)Lemon Juice:
Lemon juice can help to clear your blood and
digestive tract that may interfere with your
health.Lemon juice is acidic in nature and can
alter your pH level and is useful in removing
toxins from
The blood.
1)Broccoli:
Broccoli is said to be one of the best natural
blood purifiers that helps remove toxins from
your body.This veggie comes loaded with
calcium,vitamin-c,omega 3-fatty acids,dietary
fibre,potassium,manganese,phosphorous and
glucosinolates.Regular consumption of broccoli
ensures loading up on antioxidants that help
detoxify blood and boost the immunity
system.Toss it in your salads and include it in
your everyday delicacies.
2)Fresh Fruits:

Fruits like apples,plums,pears, and guavas have

pectin fibre that is useful in cleansing blood.
They not only bind with excess fats in your
blood but also with heavy metals and other
harmful chemicals or waste and remove them
efficiently.
Moreover,the lycopene glutathione found in
tomatoes is useful for eliminating waste and
chemicals.Don’t forget to add a bunch of berries
like strawberries,blackberries and cranberries
to your diet that helps keep your liver health in
check.

BIBLIOGRAPH
Y:
Sources from which inforamtion are taken:
1) Ncert Chemistry Class XII

2) Chemistry Lab Manual

3) Wikipedia

4) Google