目錄

3 關於 Glossika

7 本書介紹

8 Chapter 1: IPA 國際音標一覽表

22 Chapter 2: 英文母音和子音的單字發音訓練

74 Chapter 3: 常用英文短句發音訓練

91 Chapter 4: 字尾加 -ed 的發音

92 Chapter 5: 掌握英文的聲調

95 Chapter 6: Can 的發音

97 Chapter 7: To 的發音

98 Chapter 8: 英文字母的發音

99 Chapter 9: 英文冠詞

100 Chapter 10: 三個音節的單字怎麼發音

102 Glossika 免費學習資源

下載 MP3 音檔

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關於 Glossika
Glossika 是由語言學專家和語言學習好手所組成的團隊，致力於用沉浸式的訓練方法改變大
家學語言的方式，用最短的時間達成外語口說流利目標。

我們可以用學唱一首新歌的方式來理解語言學習。當你今天要學唱一首新歌時，你首先會做
的一定是把那首歌找來聽個純熟，聽了幾次你就能開口哼唱了，而不會先找五線譜來理解裡
面的每一個音符。

學語言也是一樣的，你必須先「熟悉」那個語言的聲音與說話方式，再進一步理解文法、背
更艱難的單字或者找外語家教老師。利用文法和厲害的單字不斷精進你已經熟悉的外語，而
不是埋頭理解文法、單字而忽略了語言當中最重要的溝通環節。

若你不是音樂人，當你還不知道某首歌的旋律時，你即使記了五線譜當中各式音樂符號的位
置，也不會幫助你順利在 KTV 唱歌的。

Glossika 是你「熟悉」外語不可或缺的工具，我們提供滿滿的外語音檔訓練，若你也在尋
找這樣的工具，立即註冊開始免費試用吧！

作者：Michael Campbell
ISBN: 978-986-88238-7-7
-
有任何問題或建議嗎？
來信 support@glossika.com 與我們聯繫！

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 本書介紹
這本書集結了英文學習者在英文發音上常忽略的細節。這本書適合給有以下需求的學習者：

　　　１. 希望打好英文發音的基礎

　　　２. 讓自己的英文發音更好聽

　　　３. 更聽得懂英文母語人士講話的細節

　　　４. 做 Glossika 英文口說練習前的暖身

我們在這本書當中利用「IPA 國際音標」來標示發音，不採用一般學習者熟悉的 KK 音標的原因是 IPA 國際音標

更能完整呈現真實的發音。以中文的經典例子來比喻，KK 音標能標記書面的「就這樣」，但只有 IPA 能標示我

們講中文時的發音「就醬」。

什麼是 IPA ？

IPA 是語言學家所使用的學術工具，用來記錄全世界各種語言的口
語發音。你不需要看懂 IPA 國際音標，只需要透過大量聆聽母語人
士的聲音去掌握外語即可。

在網路上你可以找到各式各樣的 IPA 學習資源。

Glossika 也有一個 IPA 發音 Youtube 頻道：
https://www.youtube.com/c/GlossikaPhonics

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 Chapter 1
英語表面發音 IPA 國際音標表
IPA 國際音標一覽表
子音 (Consonants)

雙脣 唇齒 齒音 齦音 齦後 硬顎 軟顎 聲門

塞音 pʰ p⁼ b p̪ f⁼ t̼ d̼ t̪ʰ t̪⁼ d̪ tʰ t⁼ d t̠ d̠ cʰ c⁼ ɟ kʰ k⁼ ɡ ʔ

擦音 fv θð sz ʃ ʒ s̠ z̠ çʝ

塞擦音 ʦʰ ʦ⁼ ʣ ʧʰ ʧ⁼ ʤ hɦ

鼻音 m ɱ n̼ n ɾ̃ ɲ ŋ

近/邊/閃 w ɾɹl jʎ ɫ

這種音標是比較窄的同位異音寫法 (allophonic transcription)，無論是對

語言學家或學習者來說都很有幫助。第一，能看出美國人到底在講什麼音；
第二，能發現單字的發音在前後語如何改變 (也就是「連音導致的變化」)。
最大的差別在於出現的唇齒及硬顎音符很多：

1. 氣音，使用小[ʰ]：pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʰ, cʰ, kʰ, ʦʰ, ʧʰ

2. 非氣音，使用[⁼]：p⁼, f⁼, t̪⁼, t⁼, c⁼, k⁼, ʦ⁼, ʧ⁼
3. 不發出音 (音節尾)：p ̚ b � t̪ ̚t ̚ d � k � ɡ ̚
4. TH 音有增加：t̪ʰ, t̪⁼, d̪ 是為了記錄美國人真正發音的位置
5. TR/DR 音有自己音標：cʰ, c⁼, ɟ
6. 增加中間聲音：唇齒音[ɱ n̼ t̼ d̼ ]、齦後音[t̠ d̠ s̠ z̠]、硬顎音[ç ʝ ɲ ʎ]、斷音[ʔ]
、閃音[ɾ ɾ̃]、音節尾[ɫ]、濁音[ɦ]
7. 清音變濁音：s̬ t̬
8. 濁音變輕音：ɹ̥ l ̥ ɫ̥ m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ l ̥ b̥ v̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥ ʒ̊ d̪̊ ʤ̊

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母音 (Vowels)

前 中 後

高 iʲ ɪ ʊ uʷ
eʲ ə oʷ
ɛ ʌ ɑ
低 æ a

最大的差別如下：

1. 每個母音有長短的差異：[ɛ ɛː]
2. 美國後低音[ɔ]比較開口，全部代替使用[ɑ ɑː]
3. 比較準確記錄美國人嘴唇： [iʲ eʲ uʷ oʷ]
4. ㄦ化音[ɚɝ]全部分開成分：[ɛʴ ɛːʴ] [əʴ əːʴ] [iʴ iːʴ] [eʲʴ eːʲʴ] [uːʷʴ] [oʴ oːʴ]
[ɑʴ ɑːʴ] [aːʷʴ/æːʷʴ]
5. 鼻音：[ĩ ɪ ̃ ʊ̃ ũ ẽ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɑ̃ æ̃ ]

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 母音 Vowels
IPA 解 釋 例 字
a / aː 短/長的「ah/啊」音 wash, swan
ã / ãː 短/長的鼻化「ah/啊」音，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 swan, was
aʲ / aːʲ 短/長的 Long I white, wine
aʷ / aːʷ 短/長的「噢」音 out, dow
aːʷʴ 這是ㄦ化的「噢」音，可以唸成兩個音節 hour
ɑ / ɑː 這是美國人短/長的 Short O lot, law
ɑ̃ː 這是美國人長的鼻化 Short O，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 onward
ɑʴ / ɑːʴ 這是短/長ㄦ化的 Short O (拼法用 A) art, are
æ / æː 這是短/長的 Short A at, bad
æ̃ ː 這是ㄦ化的 Short A，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 man was
其實不會單獨出現為後面會接開口的半元音，看下一
e / eː
個
eʲ / eːʲ 這是短/長的 Long A (注意後面的開口半元音) late, way
eːʲʴ 這是ㄦ化的 Long A hair
ɛ / ɛː 這是短/長的 Short E bet, bed
ɛː̃ 這是鼻化的 Short E，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 when we
ɛːʴ 這是ㄦ化的 Short E bear
ə / əː 這是英文母音中的輕音，最中間的母音
ə̃ː 這是鼻化的輕母音，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 when can we
worth/word,
birth/bird,
əʴ / əːʴ 這是短/長的ㄦ化輕母音
jerk/verb,
hurt/burn

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iʲ / iːʲ 這是短/長的 Long E eat, see
iːʲʴ 這是ㄦ化的 Long E，可唸成兩個音節 hear, seer
ɪ / ɪː 這是短/長的 Short I with, bid
ɪː̃ 這是鼻化的 Short I，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 inward, in what
o / oː 不會單獨出現，因後面會接合口的半元音，看 oʷ / oːʷ
õː 鼻化的 Long O own way, only
oʴ / oːʴ 短/長ㄦ化的 Long O short, or
oʲ / oːʲ 短/長的 Long O 加開口合成母音 choice, oil
oːʲʴ ㄦ化 Long O 加開口合成母音，可唸成兩個音節 lawyer
oʷ / oːʷ 短/長的 Long O boat, low
uʷ / uːʷ 短/長的 Long U boot, who
uːʷʴ ㄦ化的 Long U，可唸成兩個音節 fewer
ʌ / ʌː 短/長的 Short U up, some
ʌ̃ː 鼻化的 Short U，後面接 w 開頭的字造成 unwind
ʊ / ʊː 短/長的 OO look, would

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 子音 Consonants
IPA 解 釋 例 字
p P 這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音呢？
pʰ P 加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節 please, report
p⁼ P 的變音，失去氣音了 happy, speak,
p̚ P 的變音，不發出音 stop, except
p͡ P 跟其他的子音同時發音 up before, happen
p̪ P 的變音，發音在牙齒上，就跟[f⁼]一樣
p̪͡ 這個變音的 P 跟[f⁼]會同時發音 up front
b P 的妹妹，有濁音，不需要分氣音 bin, about
b� B 的變音，不發出音 grab, object
b� B 跟其他的子音同時發音 should be
b̥ 這是 B 失去濁音變成清音 traffic's being
b̥͡ 這個失去濁音的 B 跟其他子音同時發音 good place
f 這個 F 是擦音，所以會有點氣音
f⁼ F 失去氣音 care for it
v 這是 F 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音 very
v̥ 這個 V 失去濁音變成清音 have time
θ 這是原來 TH 的擦音，但表面的發音會變成塞音[t̪]
t̪ TH 的塞音，但這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音？
t̪ʰ TH 的塞音加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節
t̪⁼ TH 的變音，失去氣音了
t̪ ̚ TH 的變音，不發出音
t̪͡ TH 跟其他的子音同時發音
ð 這是原來 TH 的擦音，表面的發音會變成塞音[d̪ ] weather, father

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d̪ 這是 TH 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
d̪ ͡ 這個濁音的 TH 跟其他子音同時發音
d̪̊ 這個 TH 失去濁音變成清音
d̪̊ ͡ 這是清音的 TH 跟其他的子音同時發音
t 這個 T 這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音？
tʰ 這是 T 加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節
t⁼ T 的變音，失去氣音了
t̚ T 的變音，不發出音
t͡ T 跟其他的子音同時發音
t̬ T 的變音，有濁音，等於 D
t̼ T 的變音，發音在嘴唇上，後面接 F
t̠ T 的變音，發音比較後面，接近 TR
t̠͡ 這是後面的 T 跟其他的子音(R)同時發音: t̠͡ɹ̥ = c
d 這是 T 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
d� D 的變音，不發出音
d� D 跟其他的子音同時發音
d̥ D 失去濁音變成清音
d̥ ͡ 這個清音的 D 跟其他的子音同時發音
d̠ D 的變音，發音比較後面，接近 DR
d̠ ͡ 這是後面的 D 跟其他的子音(R)同時發音: d̠ ͡ɹ = ɟ
d̼ D 的變音，發音在嘴唇上，後面接 V
d̼ ͡ 這是嘴唇的 D 跟其他的子音(V)同時發音
c 這個 TR 這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音呢？
cʰ TR 加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節
c⁼ TR 變音，失去氣音了
c͡ TR 跟其他的子音同時發音

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 ɟ 這是 TR 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
ɟ͡ 這個 DR 跟其他的子音同時發音
k 這個 K 這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音？
kʰ K 加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節
k⁼ K 變音，失去氣音了
k� K 的變音，不發出音
k� K 跟其他的子音同時發音
ɡ G 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
ɡ̚ G 的變音，不發出音
ɡ͡ G 跟其他的子音同時發音
ɡ̊ G 失去濁音變成清音
ɡ̊ ͡ 這個清音的 G 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʔ 這是斷音
ˀ 這是合成斷音，搭配其他子音
ʔ͡ 這個斷音跟其他的子音同時發音
s 這是 S，有擦音，不需分氣音
s͡ 這個 S 跟其他的子音同時發音
s̠ 這個 S 往後發音接近捲舌音
s̠͡ 這個往後的 S 跟其他的子音同時發音
s̬ 這是 S 的變音，有濁音，等於 Z
s̬͡ 這個濁音的 S 跟其他的子音同時發音
z 這是 S 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
z͡ 這個 Z 跟其他的子音同時發音
z̥ 這是 Z 失去濁音變成清音
z̥͡ 這個清音的 Z 跟其他的子音同時發音
z̠ 這個 Z 往後發音接近捲舌音

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z̠͡ 這個往後的 Z 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʃ 這是 SH，有擦音，不需分氣音
ʃ͡ SH 跟其他的子音同時發音
ç S 跟 SH 出現在一起有新的聲音出現
ʒ 這是 SH 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
ʒ͡ 這個 ZH 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʒ̊ 這是 ZH 失去濁音變成清音
ʒ̊ ͡ 這個清音的 ZH 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʝ Z 跟 J 或 Y 出現在一起時產生這個音
ʧ 這個 CH 這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音？
ʧʰ CH 加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節
ʧ⁼ CH 變音，失去氣音了
ʧ͡ CH 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʤ 這是 CH 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
ʤ͡ 這個 J 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʤ̊ 這個 J 失去濁音變成清音
ʦ 這個 TS 這樣寫不夠清楚，該怎麼發音？
ʦʰ TS 加氣音，出現在開頭或重音節
ʦ⁼ TS 變音，失去氣音了
ʦ͡ TS 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʣ 這是 TS 的妹妹，有濁音，不需分氣音
ʣ͡ 這個 DZ 跟其他的子音同時發音
h 這是 H，有擦音
ʰ 氣音搭配其他子音，出現在開頭子音或重音節的開頭子音
ɦ 氣音的變音，有濁音，弱到聽不到，你可能覺得 H 不見了
ʱ 氣音的變音搭配其他子音，有濁音，弱到聽不到，你可能覺得 H 不見了

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m 這是雙唇的 M，有濁音
m͡ 這個 M 跟其他的子音同時發音
m̩ M 的變音，自己變成一個音節
m̩ ͡ 這個音節的 M 跟其他的子音同時發音
m̥ 這是 M 失去濁音變成清音
m̥ ͡ 這個清音的 M 跟其他的子音同時發音
ɱ 這是牙齒的 M，有濁音，等於[n̼ ]
ɱ͡ 這個牙齒的 M 跟其他的子音同時發音
ɱ̍ 這是牙齒的 M 的變音，自己變成一個音節
ɱ̍ ͡ 這個牙齒的音節的 M 跟其他的子音同時發音
n 這是 N，有濁音
ⁿ 鼻音
n͡ N 跟其他的子音同時發音
n̥ N 失去濁音變成清音
n̥ ͡ 這個清音的 N 跟其他的子音同時發音
n̩ N 的變音，自己變成一個音節
n̩ ͡ 這個音節的 N 跟其他的子音同時發音
n̼ 這是牙齒的 N，等於[ɱ]
n̼ ͡ 這是牙齒的音節的 N 跟其他子音同時發音
n̼̍ 這是牙齒的 N 的變音，自己變成一個音節
n̼̍ ͡ 這個牙齒的 N 跟其他的子音同時發音
ɲ 這是 N 的顎化音，等於[nʲ]
nʲ 這是 N 的顎化音，等於[ɲ]
ŋ 這是喉嚨的 N 等於 NG，有濁音，不需分氣音
ŋ̊ 這是 NG 失去濁音變成清音
ŋ̍ 這是 NG 的變音，自己變成一個音節

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ŋ̍ ͡ 這個音節的 NG 跟其他子音同時發音
ɾ 閃音，有濁音，不需分氣音
ɾʱ 閃音加氣音，出現在字尾有 T 與開頭子音是 H
ɾ͡ 閃音跟其他子音同時發音
ɾ̃ 鼻音的閃音
ɹ 這是 R，有濁音，不需分氣音
ʴ 音節尾的 R 搭配母音
ɹ͡ 這個 R 跟其他子音同時發音
ɹ̩ R 的變音，自己變成一個音節
ɹ̥ R 失去濁音變成清音
l 這是 L，有濁音，不需分氣音
l� 這個 L 跟其他的子音同時發音
l̩ L 的變音，自己變成一個音節
l̥ L 失去濁音變成清音
ɫ L 的變音，在喉嚨發音
ɫ͡ 這個喉嚨的 L 跟其他的子音同時發音
ɫ̥ 這是喉嚨的 L 失去濁音變成清音
ɫ̩ 這是 L 的變音，自己變成一個音節
ɫ͡ ̩ 這個音節的喉嚨的 L 跟其他的子音同時發音
ʎ 這是 L 的顎化音，等於[lʲ]
lʲ 這是 L 的顎化音，等於[ʎ]
w 這是 W，半元音
ʷ 這是母音後合口音
ʍ 這是[ʰw]，英文古代的 WH 發音，一些方言仍然有此發音
j 這是 Y，半元音
ʲ 這是母音後開口音，或子音後的顎化音

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與 KK 音標比較

KK 音標和 IPA 國際音標有不少類似的音，原因是 Kenyon & Knott (K.K.)在

1944 年第一次出版字典時，用的音標系統就是參考 IPA 國際音標的 (IPA 國際
音標首次發行於 1886 年)，但是他們使用「寬式音標」系統。IPA 國際音標系
統從 19 世紀開始就不斷地修改與擴大，最近一次修改是在 2008 年；本書用
的是窄式音標系統，能寫出全世界 6909 種語言的口語發音。

舉例來說，常常有人問要如何用 KK 音標寫出「better」的發音；這個字
念出來有閃音，而非單純的 T，所以 KK 音標是不支援「better」的口語發音
的！常聽到很多人用 T 去念 better，其實是會讓母語人士誤解或是聽不懂。
拼法雖然有 T 在那個位子上，但是我們的拼法已經經歷好幾百年，並不代表
現代的說法。

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 音標群參考

清音 (無聲音子音)
pʰ, p⁼, p,̚ p͡ , p̪, p̪͡ , b̥, b̥͡ , f, f⁼, v̥, θ, t̪, t̪ʰ, t̪⁼, t̪ ̚, t̪͡ , d̪̊ , d̪̊ ͡ , t, tʰ, t⁼, t ̚, t͡ , t̼, t̠, t̠͡ , d̥ , d̥ ͡ , c, cʰ,
c⁼, c͡ , k, kʰ, k⁼, k,� k� , ɡ̊ , ɡ̊ ͡ , ʔ, ˀ, ʔ͡ , s, s͡ , z̥, z̥͡ , ʃ, ʃ͡ , ʒ̊ , ʒ̊ ͡ , ʧ, ʧʰ, ʧ⁼, ʧ͡ , ʦ, ʦʰ, ʦ⁼, ʦ͡ , h, ʰ,
m̥ , m̥ ͡ , n̥ , n̥ ͡ , ŋ̊ , ɹ̥, l ̥, ɫ̥, ʍ

濁音 (有聲音子音)
b, b,� b� , v, ð, d̪ , d̪ ͡ , t̬, d, d,� d� , d̠ , d̠ ͡ , d̼ , d̼ ͡ , ɟ, ɟ͡ , ɡ, ɡ,̚ ɡ͡ , s̬, s̬͡ , z, z͡ , ʒ, ʒ͡ , ʤ, ʤ͡ , ʣ, ʣ͡ , ɦ,
ʱ, m, m͡ , m̩ , m̩ ͡ , ɱ, ɱ͡ , ɱ̍ , ɱ̍ ͡ , n, ⁿ, n͡ , n̩ , n̩ ͡ , n̼ , n̼ ͡ , ɲ, nʲ, ŋ, ŋ̍ , ŋ̍ ͡ , ɾ, ɾʱ, ɾ͡ , ɹ, ʴ, ɹ͡ , ɹ̩, l, l� , l ̩,
ɫ, ɫ͡ , ɫ̩, ɫ͡ ̩ , ʎ, lʲ, w, ʷ, j, ʲ

氣音 (送氣)
pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʰ, cʰ, kʰ, ʧʰ, ʦʰ

非氣音 (不送氣)
p⁼, f⁼, t̪⁼, t⁼, c⁼, k⁼, ʧ⁼, ʦ⁼

不發出音
p,̚ t̪ ̚, t ̚, k,� b,� d,� ɡ ̚

跟下一個子音同時發音
p͡ , p̪͡ , b̥͡ , t̪͡ , d̪̊ ͡ , t͡ , t̠͡ , d̥ ͡ , c͡ , k� , g̊͡ , ʔ͡ , s͡ , z̥͡ , ʃ͡ , ʒ̊ ͡ , ʧ͡ , ʦ͡ , m̥ ͡ , n̥ ͡ , b� , d̪ ͡ , d� , d̠ ͡ , d̼ ͡ , ɟ͡ , ɡ͡ , s̬͡ ,
z͡ , ʒ͡ , ʤ͡ , ʣ͡ , m͡ , m̩ ͡ , ɱ͡ , ɱ̍ ͡ , n͡ , n̩ ͡ , n̼ ͡ , ŋ̍ ͡ , ɾ͡ , l� , ɫ͡ , ɫ͡ ̩

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牙齒上的發音 (因為受旁邊的音影響)
p̪, t̪, d̪

嘴唇上的發音 (因為受旁邊的音影響)
t̼, d̼ , n̼

失去濁音變清音
b̥, v̥, d̪̊ , d̥ , ɡ̊ , z̥, ʒ̊ , m̥ , n̥, ŋ̊ , ɹ̥, l ̥, ɫ̥,

失去清音變濁音
t̬, s̬

自己可以當音節
m̩ , ɱ̍ , n̩ , ŋ̍ , ɹ̩, l ̩, ɫ̩

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 有一些音因為拼法或字根不同而有不同寫法，我們把基礎的音改成實際
講出來的表面發音：

p̪ = f⁼
b̥ = p⁼ 或 p ̚
f⁼ = p̪
v̥ = f
d̪̊ = t̪⁼ 或 t̪ ̚
t̬ = d
t̼ = f⁼
d̥ = t⁼ 或 t ̚
d̼ = v
c = t̠͡ɹ̥
ɟ = d̠ ͡ɹ
ɡ̊ = k⁼ 或 k �
s̬ = z
z̥ = s
ʒ̊ = ʃ
n̼ = ɱ
n̼̍ = ɱ̍
ʧ = t ̚ʃ 或 t͡ʃ
ʦ = t ̚s 或 t͡s
ʤ = dʒ� 或 d�ʒ
ʣ = dz� 或 d�z

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 Chapter 2

英文母音和子音的單字發音訓練

[aː]
[a] 短 [aː] 長
拼法 wa, dwa, swa, twa, qua, squa
[a] waft, wash, watch, swap, swash, swat, quash, squash, squat,
[aː] wad, swan, quad, squad, squall, water, father

[aːʲ]
[aʲ] 短 [aːʲ] 長
拼法 i_e, igh, ie, ind, y, ye
[aʲ] ice, mice, nice, price, thrice, twice, bike, hike, like, pike, spike, strike, pipe,
ripe, wipe, gripe, snipe, stripe, bite, kite, mite, quite, white, write, height,
sleight, fight, light, might, night, right, sight, tight, bright, flight, fright, knight,
slight, pint
[aːʲ] jibe, bribe, tribe, scribe, hide, ride, side, wide, bride, glide, pride, slide, mile,
Nile, smile, while, dime, lime, time, crime, dine, fine, nine, vine, wine, shine,
shrine, spine, whine, ire, fire, hire, tire, wire, guise, rise, wise, writhe, Blythe,
dive, five, hive, live, drive, by, my, cry, dry, fly, thyme, rhyme, die, lie, pie, tie,
high, nigh, sigh, thigh, find, kind, mind, wind, by, guy, my, why, dry, fly, fry, shy,
sly, spy, sty, thy, bye, dye, eye, lye

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 [ãː]
[ã] 短 [ãː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
wine with [wãːʲⁿ wɪt̪]
on line one [ɑːⁿ lãːʲⁿ wʌːn]
line was [lãːʲⁿ wʌːz]

[aːʷ]
[aʷ] 短 [aːʷ] 長
拼法 ou, ow, ought
( 英國：[aʊ]，澳洲：[æɔ] )

[aʷ] drought, joust, ounce, ouch, bounce, pounce, bounty, count, fount, mount,
county, house, mouse, louse, spout, doubt, pout, scout, sprout, mouth, south,
shout, trout
[aːʷ] bound, found, mound, round, ground, foul, hound, pound, sound, hour, flour,
our, sour, bow, cow, how, now, brow, howl, growl, prowl, scrowl, crown, down,
town, brown, clown, drown

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23
 [aːʷʴ]
[aːʷʴ] 長
拼法 our, ower
[aːʷʴ] cower, hour, power, sour, tower, flower, plower, prower, scour

[ɑː]
[ɔ] 短 [ɔː] 長
[ɑ] 短 [ɑː] 長
拼法 o 加子音，all, alk, alm, alm, alt, au,
ought, aw, oa
( 美國人發音比較開口[ɑː]，英國人發音比較合口[ɔː] )

[ɑ] pop, pot, pock, top, tot, tock, mop, lot, rock, cop, cot, cock, sop, rot, sock,
boss, moss, jock, jot, chock, chop, shock, shot, notch, posh, chomp, romp,
moth, loft, soft, opt, cost, box, block, blot, clock, flop, plot, slosh, sloth,
smock, stock, stop, trot, drop, broth, crop, cross, frost, balk, talk, walk, alt,
malt, salt, caught, naught, taught, fraught, fault, vault, haunch, launch,
paunch, staunch, aunt, daunt, haunt, taunt, bought, fought, ought, sought,
brought, thought
[ɑː] job, rob, cod, pod, dog, jog, dodge, Tom, on, con, bomb, thong, clod, flog,
plod, smog, snob, trod, strong, frog, grog, prod, prong, wrong, ball, tall, wall,
alm, balm, calm, fraud, Maud, cause, pause, clause, gauze, awn, dawn,
lawn, pawn, yawn, drawn, prawn, spawn, broad

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 [ɑ̃ː]
[ɑ̃] 短 [ɑ̃ː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
(外來語) bon voyage [bɑ̃ ɱ vʷajaːʒ]
on Willow [ɑ̃ ːⁿ wɪːɫ͡loːʷ]

[ɑːʴ]
[ɑʴ] 短 [ɑːʴ] 長
拼法 ar
[ɑʴ] farce, arch, march, barf, scarf, dark, shark
[ɑːʴ] car, star, carve, Barb, garb, starve, guard, yard, charge, large, gnarl, snarl, farm,
charm, barn, yarn

[æː]
[æ] 短 [æː] 長
拼法 a 加子音
[æ] pap, pat, pack, lap, bat, back, tap, tack, rap, fat, lack, cap, cat, cackle, nap, hat,
rack, raff, lass, mass, pass, jack, chap, chat, shack, match, cash, camp, champ,
can’t, pant, ranch, dance, chance, bath, math, thatch, fact, raft, apt, fast, tax,
calf, alp, mask, gasp, black, clam, clamp, flash, flap, glance, glass, plant, slant,

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 splash, smack, smash, snack, snatch, stack, stab, track, trash, draft, strap,
brash, crash, France, gramp, prance, wrap, wrath, scalp, scrap, scratch
[æː] cab, tab, bad, mad, nag, tag, jab, shab, badge, ham, ram, can, fan, lamb, band,
sand, bland, clam, plan, stab, drag, strand, brag, crab, grand, scam

[æ̃ː]
[æ̃ ] 短 [æ̃ ː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
can we [kʰæ̃ ːⁿ wiːʲ]
and one [æ̃ ːⁿ wʌːn]
sandwich [sæ̃ ːⁿwɪ ʧ]
man looks like [mæ̃ ːⁿ lʊk � sl ̥aʲk]

[eːʲ]
[eʲ] 短 [eːʲ] 長
拼法 a_e, ai, ay, ank, ea, eigh, aigh, ang,
ague, ey, vei
( 英國：[eɪ]，澳洲：[æɪ] )

[ʲ]要注意，連音的時候，下一個音階會從[ʲ]為開頭音：play at [pʰleːɪ ʲæʔ]。

[eʲ] face, race, grace, place, trace, lake, quake, brake, shake, snake, ape, cape,
grape, scrape, shape, base, case, vase, chase, chaste, haste, paste, taste,

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 waste, date, plate, skate, slate, state, waif, faint, paint, quaint, saint, taint,
traipse, waist, bait, gait, trait, faith, wraith, bank, rank, sank, tank, yank, blank,
drank, prank, spank, thank, break, steak, great, eight, weight, freight, straight
[eːʲ] jade, made, blade, glade, shade, trade, cage, page, rage, sage, wage, stage,
dale, hale, male, pale, stale, whale, came, game, name, same, blame, shame,
cane, lane, mane, vane, crane, plane, mange, range, change, grange, strange,
phase, phrase, bathe, lathe, scathe, gave, save, brave, shave, slave, faze, haze,
raze, blaze, craze, aid, laid, maid, paid, raid, braid, staid, ail, bail, fail, hail, jail,
mail, nail, pail, quail, rail, sail, tail, wail, snail, frail, trail, aim, maim, gain, lain,
main, pain, rain, vain, wain, brain, chain, drain, grain, plain, slain, Spain, sprain,
strain, train, raise, praise, bay, day, gay, hay, jay, lay, may, pay, ray, say, way,
clay, cray, fray, gray, play, pray, slay, spray, stay, stray, tray, bang, fang, gang,
hang, rang, sang, clang, slang, sprang, twang, Hague, vague, plague, neigh,
weigh, sleigh, hey, they, whey, veil, vein

[eːʲʴ]
[eːʲʴ] 長
拼法 are, air, ear
( 英國：[ɛə]，澳洲：[eː] )

[eːʲʴ] care, mare, rare, share, stare, square, air, fair, hair, lair, pair, chair, bear, pear,
tear, wear

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 [ɛː]
[ɛ] 短 [ɛː] 長
拼法 e 加子音：ea
[ɛ] pep, pet, peck, rep, bet, heck, step, let, neck, kep, Ket, set, deck, eff, ess, less,
mess, jet, check, chess, fetch, mesh, kempt, tempt, sent, rent, hench, fence,
pence, Beth, Seth, felt, kept, test, hex, self, help, desk, else, tense, next, bless,
flesh, step, trench, dress, strength, stress, crest, French, fresh, prep, press,
wreck, wrench, cent, scent, dealt, dreamt, leant, meant, sweat, threat,
breakfast
[ɛː] ell, bell, sell, bed, red, beg, leg, shed, shell, edge, men, ten, bend, send, blend,
pledge, sledge, smell, trend, dredge, twelve, dwell, swell, Greg, dead, head,
lead, read, bread, dread, spread, stead, thread, tread, heavy, feather, weather,
leather, sweater

[ɛː̃ ]
[ɛ̃] 短 [ɛ̃ː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
when would [wɛ̃ːⁿ wʊːd]
when will [wɛ̃ːⁿ wɪːɫ]
when was [wɛ̃ːⁿ wʌːz]

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 [ɛːʴ]
[ɛːʴ] 長
拼法 ere
[ɛːʴ] ere, where, there

[əː]
[ə] 短中央元音 [əː] 長中央元音
拼法 a, e, i, o, u (輕音)
美國人把這個母音叫做"schwa"。這個發音落在任何一個輕音節，不過有很多
單字的開頭音也會從 schwa 開始。
[ə] ability, about, abroad, abandon, abort, adrift, adult, ago, agree, ajar, alarm,
Alaska, amaze, analogy, anew, announce, apparel, apply, appoint,
approximate, around, arrange, arrive, ashamed, assert, assign, associate,
assort, assume, atomic, attack, attach, attain, attempt, attend, attract, avoid,
await, awake, award, aware, objection, oblivion, obscure, observe, obsess,
occur, of, offend, oppose, original

在口語中，有的 e- [iːʲ] 開頭單字在 the [d̪ iːʲ] 後面會變成 e- [əː] 的發音：

[əː] the ecological, the economy, the economic, the effective, the elastic, the
election, the electricity, the elite, the emergency, the emission, the equation,
the equivalent
例外：the East [d̪ iːʲist ̚ ], the English [d̪ iːʲɪ ̝ːŋglɪʃ], the evening [d̪ iːʲiːvnɪ ̝ːŋ]

33

29
 [ə̃ː]
[ə̃] 短 [ə̃ː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
can we [k⁼ə̃ⁿ wiːʲ]
can walk [k⁼ə̃ⁿ wɑk]

[əːʴ]
[əʴ] 短 [əːʴ] 長
拼法 er, ir, ur, wor, ear
[əʴ] perch, serf, jerk, clerk, twerp, verse, cert, berth, Perth, birch, smirch, quirk,
smirk, chirp, birth, shirt, skirt, first, thirst, lurch, church, surf, burp, lurk, burst,
curse, nurse, purse, hurt, work, worst, worse, worth, search, hearse, dearth,
earth
[əːʴ] her, verb, nerd, merge, germ, term, fern, stern, serve, swerve, sir, stir, bird,
third, dirge, curd, girl, swirl, firm, squirm, fur, blur, curb, blurb, purge, surge,
splurge, urge, burl, hurl, burn, turn, curve, churn, word, world, heard, earl,
pearl, earn, learn, yearn

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 [iːʲ]
[iʲ] 短 [iːʲ] 長
拼法 ee, ea, ie, ei, e_e
[ʲ]要注意，連音的時候，下一個音階會以[ʲ]為開頭音：seeing [siːʲɪ ̝ːŋ] 。
[iʲ] fleece, Greece, leech, screech, speech, beef, reef, peek, cheek, sleek, deep,
jeep, sheep, sleep, steep, feet, sheet, street, sweet, teeth, leaf, sheaf, heap,
leap, reap, cheap, beak, leak, peak, weak, bleak, creak, sneak, speak, squeak,
streak, tweak, wreak, cease, lease, crease, grease, east, beast, feast, yeast,
eat, beat, feat, heat, meat, neat, seat, cheat, cleat, pleat, treat, wheat, heath,
sheath, wreath, niece, piece, brief, chief, grief, thief, shriek, fierce, pierce,
tierce, priest, sheik
[iːʲ] bee, free, knee, tree, feed, need, greed, speed, eel, feel, peel, wheel, deem,
seem, teem, queen, seen, green, screen, beer, deer, peer, steer, seethe,
teethe, peeve, sleeve, breeze, freeze, sneeze, cede, Swede, scheme, scene,
these, Steve, we’ve, knead, lead, mead, plead, deal, heal, meal, peal, real,
seal, veal, zeal, squeal, steal, beam, ream, seam, team, cream, dream, gleam,
scream, steam, stream, bean, lean, mean, clean, glean, ease, fease, please,
tease, breathe, sheathe, wreathe, eave, cleave, heave, leave, weave, sleaze,
Grieg, liege, siege, field, shield, wield, yield, fiend, weird, pier, tier, grieve,
thieves

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 [iːʲʴ]
[iʲʴ] 短 [iːʲʴ] 長
拼法 ere, ier, ear, eir
[iʲʴ] pierce, fierce, tierce
[iːʲʴ] here, sphere, ear, dear, fear, gear, hear, near, rear, sear, tear, year, clear, shear,
smear, spear, beard, weird, pier, tier

[ɪː]
[ɪ] 短 [ɪː] 長
拼法 i 加子音 (最好兩個子音)
有字尾 ‘ing’ 出現的時候，大部分的念法會改為 [ɪ ̝ːŋ] 。
[ɪ] pip, pit, pick, lip, fit, lick, tip, tit, tick, hip, hit, nick, kip, kit, kick, rip, bit, sick,
sniff, stiff, hiss, miss, chick, ship, pitch, fish, limp, chimp, hint, mint, inch,
mince, since, thick, pict, lift, milk, tilt, fist, fix, risk, lisp, rinse, lynx, bliss,
blink, click, flick, flint, slick, smith, sniff, snip, stink, trick, trip, drift, strict,
prince, print, wrist, sprint, cinch
[ɪː] ill, fill, will, bib, rib, did, kid, big, pig, jig, Jill, chill, ridge, him, rim, in, pin,
limb, singe, tinge, thin, cling, slid, smidge, still, drill, string, twin, swim,
bring, bridge, crib, cringe, fridge, frill, grin, grill, wring, spring

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 [ɪː]̃
[ɪ ̃] 短 [ɪ ̃ː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
within walking [wɪt̪ɪ ̃ːⁿ wɑk⁼ɪ ̝ːŋ]
in which [ɪ ̃ːⁿ wɪʧ]

[oːʷ]
[oʷ] 短 [oːʷ] 長
拼法 o_e, oe, oa, olk, oll, olt, ost, oth, old,
ow, own
( 英國：[əʊ]，澳洲：[əʉ] )

[ʷ]要注意，連音的時候，下一個音階會以[ʷ]為開頭音：go out [goː ʷaʷʔ]。

[oʷ] coke, joke, poke, woke, choke, smoke, stroke, cope, hope, nope, pope, rope,
scope, slope, note, quote, rote, tote, vote, wrote, coach, loach, poach,
roach, loaf, oaf, soap, oak, soak, cloak, croak, coarse, hoarse, coax, hoax,
boast, coast, roast, toast, boat, coat, goat, moat, loath, oath, float, throat,
folk, yolk, bolt, colt, jolt, molt, volt, ghost, host, most, post, both
[oːʷ] go, no, pro, so, lobe, robe, globe, probe, code, mode, rode, strode, doe, foe,
woe, floe, vogue, rogue, brogue, hole, role, stole, whole, poll, toll, roll,
scroll, stroll, troll, dome, home, Rome, tome, chrome, bone, cone, zone,
phone, stone, hose, nose, rose, close, those, cove, clove, drove, grove, owe,
goad, load, road, toad, coal, foal, goal, shoal, foam, loam, roam, Joan, moan,

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34
 loathe, bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, mold, old, sold, told, scold, know, low,
row, blow, flow, glow, grow, show, slow, snow, stow, throw, bowl, mown,
sown, blown, flown, known, shown, thrown

[õː]
[õ] 短 [õː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
only [õːʷⁿliːʲ]

[oːʲ]
[oːʲ] 長
拼法 oi, oy
( 英國：[ɔɪ]，澳洲：[oɪ] )

[oʲ] boisterous, choice, cloister, hoist, moist

[oːʲ] oil, boil, boiled, coil, coiled, foil, foiled, soil, soiled, toil, toiled, spoil, spoiled,
soy, boy, coy, joy, joyed, toy, coin, coined, join, joined, loin, groin, noise, poise

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 [oːʴ]
[oʴ] 短 [oːʴ] 長
拼法 or, oar, our, war
[oʴ] porch, torch, cork, fork, morph, horse, fort, port, short, sport, forth, north,
court, source, course, dwarf, wharf, warp, quart, coarse, hoarse
[oːʴ] your, boar, hoar, oar, roar, soar, board, hoard

[uːʷ]
[uʷ] 短閉後元音 [uːʷ] 長閉後元音
拼法 oo, ew, ue, u_e, eu, ui, omb
母語人士會自然而然發長或短。在 l 或 r 後面，[juːʷ] 失去 [j] 變成[uːʷ]。
[ʷ]要注意，連音的時候，下一個音階會以[ʷ]為開頭音：flew off [fluː ʷɑf]。
[uʷ] hooch, mooch, pooch, smooch, goof, roof, proof, spoof, gook, kook, spook,
hoop, loop, scoop, troop, goose, loose, moose, noose, boot, loot, root,
shoot, boost, roost, booth, tooth, duke, deuce, newt, jute, lute, brute,
chute, flute, juice, sluice, fruit
[uːʷ] coo, moo, poo, too, zoo, shoo, food, mood, brood, snood, scrooge, stooge,
cool, fool, pool, tool, school, stool, boom, doom, loom, room, bloom,
groom, loon, moon, noon, soon, spoon, swoon, boor, poor, spoor, smooth,
soothe, groove, blew, brew, chew, crew, drew, flew, grew, knew, screw,
threw, lewd, shrewd, strewn, blue, clue, flue, glue, rue, true, crude, Jude,
prude, rude, flume, plume, June, prune, due, tube, dude, nude, tune, jury,
lure, dew, new, stew, Sue, do, to, who, tomb, womb, eulogy, Europe

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 [juːʷ]
[juʷ] 短閉後元音 [juːʷ] 長閉後元音
拼法 ew, ue, u_e, eu
在 l 或 r 後面，[juːʷ] 失去[j]變成[uːʷ] 。
[ʷ]要注意，連音的時候，下一個音階會以[ʷ]為開頭音：flew off [fluː ʷɑf] 。
[juʷ] puke, uke, use, cute, mute,
[juːʷ] few, phew, hue, queue, cube, huge, fugue, mule, pule, yule, fume, spume,
fury, cure, pure, sure, use, fuse, muse, music, feud, hewn, ewe, pew, view,
spew, stew

[ʌː]
[ʌ] 短半開後不圓唇元音 [ʌː] 長半開後不圓唇元音
拼法 u 加子音, 一些例外拼法用 o+m 或
o+v, oo
[ʌ] pup, putt, puck, up, tup, tut, tuck, sup, hut, suck, cup, cut, nut, duck, but,
luck, huff, puff, crutch, rush, jut, shut, jump, pump, hunt, punt, lunch,
dunce, thunk, duct, tuft, rupt, just, tux, tusk, bluff, blunt, clutch, clump,
flunk, flux, plus, slunk, splunk, snuff, stunt, truck, trust, brunch, brush,
crunch, crush, frump, grump, scrunch, touch
[ʌː] cub, rub, bud, mud, bug, rug, budge, jug, chub, chug, gum, sum, fun, run,
dumb, numb, lunge, thug, glum, plunge, slung, smudge, smug, snub, stung,
drug, drum, strum, strung, swum, wrung, scrub, sprung, come, some, dove,
love, glove, above, shove, blood, flood, mother, brother, honey, money,

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 Monday, shovel, monkey, couple, country, double, trouble, young, younger,
youngster, famous

[ʌ̃ː]
[ʌ̃] 短 [ʌ̃ː] 長
拼法 變音，出現在 _n#w/l 前
變音例子：
one-way [wʌ̃ːⁿ weːʲ]
one-one [wʌ̃ːⁿ wʌːn]
unlimited [ʌ̃ːⁿlɪːmɪɾɪd]�

[ʊː]
[ʊ] 短 [ʊː] 長
拼法 oo, ould
母語人士會自然而然發長或短。我們常把這個音叫做 double oh。
[ʊ] hoof, woof, book, cook, hook, look, nook, rook, took, brook, crook, shook,
foot, soot
[ʊː] good, hood, wood, stood, coor, moor, poor, tour, pour, could, would, should

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 [p⁼] ([p])
不送氣，清音，雙唇，塞音 與注音符號的/ㄅ/相同
英語名稱 unaspirated unvoiced bilabial plosive
拼法 p
不送氣子音在 s 後面或非重音音節出現。因為會發出聲音，所以後面都會接
母音。要分辨[p]是屬於哪一種，因此不要用不清楚的[p]；不送氣的音要加兩
橫[⁼]。
[p⁼]: apple, happen, supple, topple, computation, open, ripen, apparition, apathy

[p]̚
不送氣，清音，雙唇，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 P
英語名稱 unreleased unvoiced bilabial plosive
拼法 p
在字尾或音節尾或[t]前出現。因為不發出聲音，嘴唇不能打開。
[p ̚ ]: top, rap, stop, apt, trapped, stopped

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 [pʰ]
送氣，清音，雙唇，塞音 與注音符號的/ㄆ/相同
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated labiodental plosive
拼法 p
送氣子音只會在單字開頭或重音出現，在其他的狀況都失去氣流。
[pʰ]: peck, pot, pitch, pig, plan, plant, please, pledge, plot, plod, plus, plunge,
apparent, appoint, apart

[p͡ ]
不送氣，清音，雙唇，塞音 保留 P 的位置等下個音一起發音
英語名稱 double articulated unvoiced
labiodental plosive
拼法 p
這個音有兩個寫法： p ̚ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[p͡ ]: stop by, happen, up before, hopefully, stop bleeding

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 [p̪]
不送氣，清音，唇齒，塞音 後面接 F 受到影響
英語名稱 unaspirated unvoiced labiodental
plosive
拼法 p
[p̪]: up front (參考[f⁼])

[b]
濁音，唇齒，塞音 像台語「無」的開頭音[ㆠ]
英語名稱 voiced bilabial plosive
拼法 b
[b]: bird, buy, braid, brass, boy, Bob

[b]�
濁音，雙唇，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 B
英語名稱 unreleased voiced bilabial plosive
拼法 b
[b]:� stab, cob, nab, sob, rob

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 [b� ]
濁音，唇齒，塞音 保留 B 的位置等下個音一起發音
英語名稱 double articulated voiced bilabial
plosive
拼法 b
這個音有兩個寫法：b̚ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[b� ]: object, subject

[b̥͡ ]
不送氣，清音，唇齒，塞音 因為後面的影響失去濁音，跟下個音
一起發音
英語名稱 double articulated devoiced bilabial
plosive
拼法 b
這個音有兩個寫法： b̥͡ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[b̥͡ ]: absolutely (但是 observe 還是[b]，因為後面的 S 唸濁音[z])

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 [f] = [fʰ]
送氣，清音，唇齒，擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated labiodental
fricative
拼法 f
[f]: fat, feature, fate, father, fact, friend, finish, filter, fix

[f⁼] = [p̪]
不送氣，清音，唇齒，擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated labiodental
plosive
拼法 f
[f⁼]: for, off at

[v]
濁音，唇齒，擦音 像客家話「會」的開頭音[ㄪ]
英語名稱 voiced labiodental fricative
拼法 v
[v]: of, very, value, valid, vast, vault, vein, verge, view, visit, love, Steve, give, stove

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 [v̥]
清音，唇齒，擦音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced labiodental fricative
拼法 v
[v̥]: have four , have time , I've come, have some

[θ]
不送氣，清音，齒間，擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced interdental fricative
拼法 th
美語口語少用到的擦音，大部分的人唸為[t̪]，最有可能出現在字尾。
[θ]: math, bath, path, Strathford, death, breath, Beth, meth, Seth, dearth, earth,
couth, mouth, froth, sloth, wreath

[t⁼̪ ]
不送氣，清音，齒音，塞音 代替擦音[θ]唸為塞音
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated dental plosive
拼法 th
[t̪⁼]: thing, everything, something, anything, thousand, thank, think, thought,
both, worth, Thursday, third, thirty, thorough, both are, worth it, eighth

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 [tʰ̪ ]
送氣，清音，齒音，塞音 代替擦音[θ]唸為塞音，後面接 r 才
會有氣音
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated dental plosive
拼法 th+r
[t̪ʰ]: thrash, thread, threat, three, thrift, thrill, throat, throne, throng, throttle,
through, throw, thrush, thrust

[t]̪ ̚
不送氣，清音，齒音，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 TH
英語名稱 unreleased unvoiced unaspirated
dental plosive
拼法 th
[t̪ ̚]: with
[t̪͡ ]: with him, with that, with these, with this

[ð]
濁音，齒間，擦音
英語名稱 voiced interdental fricative
拼法 th
[ð]: feather, weather, leather, brother, mother, father

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 [d̪]
濁音，齒音，塞音
英語名稱 voiced dental plosive
拼法 th
[d̪ ]: together, there, the, other, this, that, these, those, than, then, they
[d̪ ͡ ]: ride the, improved the

[d̪̊ ]
清音，齒音，塞音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced dental plosive
拼法 th
這個音有兩個寫法： d̪̊ ͡ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[d̪̊ ͡ ]: at the, meet this , that's the, with that, miss the

[tʰ]
送氣，清音，齦音，塞音 像中文「他」的開頭音[ㄊ]
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated alveolar plosive
拼法 t
[tʰ]: take, time, turn, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen,
nineteen, attack

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 [t⁼]
不送氣，清音，齦音，塞音 像中文「的」的開頭音[ㄉ]
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated alveolar plosive
拼法 t
[t⁼]: fifty, sixty, stop, active

[t]̚
清音，齦音，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 T
英語名稱 unreleased unvoiced alveolar plosive
拼法 t
[t ̚]: art, bet, late, shirt, cut
[t͡ ]: at your , at the, not today, what day, put your

[t]̬
濁化音，齦音，塞音 與[d]相同
英語名稱 voiced alveolar plosive
拼法 t
[t̬]: gone tomorrow, going to, seventy, ninety, need to do

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 [t]̼
清音，唇齦音，塞音 收到/f/、/v/的影響，發音往前
英語名稱 unvoiced labiodental plosive
拼法 t
[t̼]: at first, out front

[t]̠
清音，齦後，塞音 受到影響，發音往後
英語名稱 unvoiced postalveolar plosive
拼法 t
這個音有兩個寫法： t̠͡ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發成
兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[t̠͡ ]: what's your

[d]
濁音，齦音，塞音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar plosive
拼法 d
一般 d 字母都很單純就是[d]的發音。

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 [d]�
濁音，齦音，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 D
英語名稱 unreleased voiced alveolar plosive
拼法 d
[d]:� red, bed, made, needed, should
[d� ]: should do, would like, would the

[d̥]
清音，齦音，塞音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 double articulated devoiced alveolar
plosive
拼法 d
這個音有兩個寫法： d̥ ͡ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[d̥ ͡ ]: good time, closed through , hundred thousand

[d̠]
濁音，齦後，塞音 受到影響，發音往後
英語名稱 voiced postalveolar plosive
拼法 d
這個音有兩個寫法： d̠ ͡ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。

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 [d̼]
濁音，唇齒音，塞音
英語名稱 voiced labiodental plosive
拼法 d
這個音有兩個寫法： d̼ ͡ +子音；需跟下個音一起發音，但是怕讀者會誤解發
成兩個不同的子音，因此我們把寫法用連接線來表示。
[d̼ ͡ ]: good for, scheduled for, advertise, advance

[cʰ]
送氣，清音，硬顎，塞音
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated palatal plosive
拼法 tr
[cʰ]: track, traffic, trail, translate, trend, tree, try, trim, truth

[c⁼]
不送氣，清音，硬顎，塞音
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated palatal plosive
拼法 tr
在一些連音的狀況下 TR 會失去送氣音。大部分都在 S 後面。
[c⁼]: strange, street, strategy, stride, string, strong

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 [ɟ]
濁音，硬顎，塞音
英語名稱 voiced palatal plosive
拼法 dr
[ɟ]: drive, draw, drain, drill, drag, drive, drum

[kʰ]
送氣，清音，軟顎，塞音
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated velar plosive
拼法 k, c, q, ch
[kʰ]: king, climb, acquire, account, quit, chorus, cholera, cholesterol, character

[k⁼]
不送氣，清音，軟顎，塞音
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated velar plosive
拼法 k, ck, ch
[k⁼]: sicken, tickle, pocket, rocket, market, making, taken, locate, acquiesce,
orchestra, aching

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 [k]�
清音，軟顎，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 K
英語名稱 unreleased unvoiced velar plosive
拼法 k, ck
[k]:� rack, track, tract, marked, shocked, locked, ache

[ɡ]
濁音，軟音，塞音 像閩南語「我」的開頭音[ㆣ]
英語名稱 voiced velar plosive
拼法 g, gu_, gh_
[ɡ]: game, greed, grid, gone, good, gun, guess, guest, guise, disguise, guard, guild,
guilty, guy, beguile, ghost, spaghetti

[ɡ]̚
濁音，軟音，塞音 不發出來(字尾)的 G
英語名稱 unreleased voiced velar plosive
拼法 g
[ɡ]:̚ lag, beg, big, dog, pug

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 [ɡ̊]
清音，軟音，塞音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced velar plosive
拼法 g

[ʔ]
清音，聲門，塞音 斷音
英語名稱 unvoiced glottal stop
拼法 t_n, tt_n, t_nt
[ʔ]: cat, can't, apartment, lately, shortly
[ʔn̩ ]: button, gotte, certain, eaten, heighten, tighten
[ʔn̩ ͡ˀ]: important, patent, accountant

[s]
清音，齦音，擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced alveolar fricative
拼法 s, ce, ci, ss
一般來說拉丁語系來的字有 CA, CO, CU 都唸[kʰ]，而 CE, CI 唸[s]。
[s]: sent, cent, scent, cinema, science, bless, rest, listen, fasten (後面兩個例子 T
變成 S 的發音)

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 [s]̬
濁化音，齦音，擦音 與[z]同音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar fricative
拼法 s
平常單獨 S 在後面或兩個母音中間會變成有聲，與[z]一樣的發音，或受到後
面濁音的影響。
[s̬]: has, is, does, goes, buys, knows, wears, tans, rams, stays, calls, loves, please,
dogs, days, comes, weighs, shoes, lads, abs, cars, fads, hugs, hills, moms, knees,
fears, fees, heads, legs, arms, bags, wives, rose, asbestos, asthma

[z]
濁音，齦音，擦音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar fricative
拼法 z, x
[z]: zebra, zero, xylophone, xenophobic

[z]̥
清音，齦音，擦音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced alveolar fricative
拼法 z
[z̥]: as soon as, please put, newsstand, traveler's checks

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 [z]̠
濁音，齦後，擦音 有人跟[ʒ]不分或唸一樣
英語名稱 voiced postalveolar fricative
拼法 z
[z̠]: is she, is your

[ʃ]
清音，齦後，擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced postalveolar fricative
拼法 sh, ti+on, ci+a/o, s+Long U, s+y, ch
[ʃ]: marshal, should, portion, action, appreciate, precious, sure, miss you, chute,
chef, Chicago, machine, charade

[ç]
清音，硬顎，擦音 有人跟[ʃ]不分或唸一樣
英語名稱 unvoiced palatal fricative
拼法 s+y
[ç]: what's your, is she, finish serving, it's roughly, what's wrong

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 [ʒ]
濁音，齦後，擦音 像客家話海陸腔「有」的開頭音[ㄖ]
英語名稱 voiced postalveolar fricative
拼法 s+y, s+u/i, zhe, ge, s+Long U
[ʒ]: vision, television, pleasure, leisure, beige, rouge, Berezhovsky, Zhivago (外來
名字)

[ʒ̊]
清音，齦後，擦音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced postalveolar fricative
拼法 s
[ʒ̊ ]: where's she

[ʝ]
濁音，硬顎，擦音
英語名稱 voiced palatal fricative
拼法 z
[ʝ]: is your, has your

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 [ʧʰ]
送氣，清音，齦後，塞擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated postalveolar
affricate
拼法 ch, c (義大利語外來字)
[ʧʰ]: change, charge, chart, chapter, chant, chalk, cello, concerto

[ʧ⁼]
不送氣，清音，齦後，塞擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated postalveolar
affricate
拼法 ch, tch
[ʧ⁼]: exchange, discharge, punching, punched, fetching, fetched, kitchen,
stretching, stretched

[ʤ]
濁音，齦後，塞擦音
英語名稱 voiced postalveolar affricate
拼法 j, ge, gi, dge
[ʤ]: judge, George, giant, gigantic, gorgeous, jealous

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 [ʤ̊]
清音，齦後，塞擦音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced postalveolar affricate
拼法 j, g
̊ it just, charge for, baggage claim, luggage cart, arrange for
[ʤ]:

[ʦʰ]
送氣，清音，齒音，塞擦音 像中文「錯」的開頭音[ㄘ]
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated alveolar affricate
拼法 ts
[ʦʰ]: what's happening, let's hope, it's hard, let's hear

[ʦ⁼]
不送氣，清音，齒音，塞擦音 像中文「做」的開頭音[ㄗ]
英語名稱 unvoiced unaspirated alveolar affricate
拼法 ts
[ʦ⁼]: minutes until, pizzeria, that's all, outside

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 [ʣ]
濁音，齒音，塞擦音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar affricate
拼法 ds
[ʣ]: McDonald's, cards, beads, roads, gods, beds, ads

[h]
清音，聲門，擦音
英語名稱 unvoiced glottal fricative
拼法 h
[h]: hat, hotel, has, have, him, her, hot (但口語的發音很多 h 會失去聲音或不見)

[ɦ]
濁音，聲門，擦音 因為前面的影響變濁音
英語名稱 voiced glottal fricative
拼法 h
[ɦ]: so we have to , we have something , what will you have

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59
 [ʱ]
送氣，濁音，聲門，擦音 因為前面的影響變濁音
英語名稱 voiced aspiration (glottal fricative)
拼法 沒有字母
[ʱ]: five hundred, about half , one hundred, but it has

[m]
濁音，雙唇音，鼻音
英語名稱 voiced bilabial nasal
拼法 m
[m]: meet, mall, marry, move, game, some, slum, gum, foam, Rome, deem

[m͡ˀ]
濁音，雙唇音，鼻音，斷音
英語名稱 double articulated voiced bilabial
nasal with glottal stop
拼法 nt+b/p/m
[m͡ˀ]: can't miss, won't be, want me, can't be, point me , moment please

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60
 [m̩]
濁音，雙唇音，鼻音，音節
英語名稱 voiced syllabic bilabial nasal
拼法 m+b/p/m
[m̩ ]: I can put, ticket and passport, I can barely, bottom

[m̩ ͡ˀ]
濁音，雙唇音，鼻音，音節，斷音
英語名稱 double articulated voiced syllabic
bilabial nasal with glottal stop
拼法 nt+b/p
[m̩ ͡ˀ]: important business

[m̥]
濁音，雙唇音，鼻音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced bilabial nasal
拼法 m/nd+b/p, s+m
[m̥ ]: refund please, smoke, smile, smell, small

64

61
 [ɱ]
濁音，唇齒音，鼻音 因為後面的影響變唇齒音
英語名稱 voiced labiodental nasal
拼法 m/n+f/v
[ɱ]: can find, time for, some food, bon voyage

[ɱ̍]
濁音，唇齒音，鼻音
英語名稱 voiced syllabic labiodental nasal
拼法 m
[ɱ̍ ]: I can find

[n]
濁音，齦音，鼻音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar nasal
拼法 n, nt (清音節)
[n]: need, annoy, den, man, men, train, can, Ken, con, blown, flown, down, town,
brown, burn, gun, alone, counter, internet, wanted, twenty, plenty, isn't it,
interview, rental, dental, invented, dismantle, Santa (-ntal/-ntle 也可以參考[ɾ̃])

65

62
 [ⁿ]
濁音，齦音，鼻音
英語名稱 double articulated vocalic nasal
拼法 n
[ⁿ]: can we, when would, when will, one way, only

[n͡ˀ]
濁音，齦音，鼻音，斷音
英語名稱 double articulated voiced alveolar
nasal with glottal stop
拼法 nt
[n͡ˀ]: appointment, front, won't, can't, moment, amount, patent

[n̥]
清音，齦音，鼻音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced alveolar nasal
拼法 n
[n̥ ]: chance

66

63
 [n̩]
濁音，齦音，鼻音，音節
英語名稱 voiced syllabic alveolar nasal
拼法 n, -on, -ain, and, -ion
[n̩ ]: season, certainly, ahead and take, I can, information, safe and sound, we can
do, reservation, immigration

[n̩ ͡ˀ]
濁音，齦音，鼻音，音節，斷音
英語名稱 double articulated voiced syllabic
alveolar nasal with glottal stop
拼法 nt
[n̩ ˀ͡ ]: important, didn't, urgent, patent

[n̼]
濁音，唇齒音，鼻音
英語名稱 voiced labiodental nasal
拼法 n
[n̼ ]: convenient, confident, confused, on fire, unfortunately, San Francisco, noon
flight, one for, information, Denver, and visas

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64
 [n̼̍ ]
濁音，唇齒音，鼻音，音節
英語名稱 voiced syllabic labiodental nasal
拼法 n
[n̼̍ ]: isn't very, location for, can find, eaten food

[ɲ]
濁音，硬顎，鼻音 與[nʲ]同意思，不同寫法
英語名稱 voiced palatal nasal
拼法 n
[ɲ]: convenient, new (部分的人這樣唸), when you, menu, on your

[ŋ]
濁音，軟顎，鼻音 像中文「英」的尾音[ㄥ]，
像客家話「銀」的開頭音[兀]
英語名稱 voiced velar nasal
拼法 ng
[ŋ]: singer, singing, bringing, song, long, gang, stang, bang, lung, flung
[ŋɡ]: finger, linger, England, English

68

65
 [ŋ͡ˀ]
濁音，軟顎，鼻音，斷音
英語名稱 double articulated voiced velar nasal
with glottal stop
拼法 ng
[ŋ͡ˀ]: second class , don't come, don't give, can't come

[ŋ̍]
濁音，軟顎，鼻音，音節
英語名稱 voiced syllabic velar nasal
拼法 ng
[ŋ̍ ]: doesn't cost ,

[ɾ]
齒音，閃音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar flap
拼法 t, d
[ɾ]: little, bitter, batter, better, butter, getting, city, meeting, rating, get out of, take
out of, utter, ladder, latter, matter, tattle, riddle, it'll, what'll, settle, hater, later,
grater, greater, steady, ready, shady, treaty, meet at, what it's, get a hold of, thirty-
five

69

66
 [ɾʱ]
送氣，齒音，閃音
英語名稱 voiced aspirated alveolar flap
拼法 t, d + h
[ɾʱ]: good hotel, sorry to have, got here, what happens, about half, it has to, put
him on

[ɾ]̃
齒音，閃音，鼻音
英語名稱 voiced nasalized alveolar flap
拼法 nt
[ɾ̃]: enter the time, one-oh-four, rent a car, rental

[ɹ]
濁音，齒音，近音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar approximate
拼法 r, wr
[ɹ]: read, write, roll, wring

70

67
 [ʴ]
ㄦ化音 字尾的音，母音後
英語名稱 vocalic rhotic
拼法 r
[ʴ]: are, hear, bored, far, care

[ɹ]̩
濁音，齒音，近音，音節 與[əːʴ]同意思，不同寫法
英語名稱 voiced syllabic alveolar approximate
拼法 r
[ɹ̩]: heard, bird, murdered, girl

[ɹ]̥
清音，齒音，近音 因為後面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced alveolar approximate
拼法 r
[ɹ̥]: Friday, afraid, April, three

71

68
 [l]
濁音，齒音，邊音 音節開頭音
英語名稱 voiced alveolar liquid
拼法 l
[l]: like, love, look, allow, collect

[l]̥
清音，齒音，邊音 因為前面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced alveolar liquid
拼法 l
[l ̥]: please, slip, slow, clear, close

[ɫ]
濁音，軟顎音，邊音
英語名稱 voiced velar liquid
拼法 l
[ɫ]: hotel, will, call, hill, bill, mall, fall, stall

72

69
 [ɫ]̥
清音，軟顎音，邊音 因為前面的影響失去濁音
英語名稱 devoiced velar liquid
拼法 l
[ɫ̥]: pull, apple, skull, hull, ruffle, muffle

[ɫ]̩
濁音，軟顎音，邊音，音節
英語名稱 voiced syllabic velar liquid
拼法 l
[ɫ̩]: sales, able, available, that'll, it'll, I'll, scheduled, possible

[ʎ]
濁音，硬顎音，邊音 與[lʲ]同意思，不同寫法
英語名稱 voiced palatal liquid
拼法 li, l+y
[ʎ]: million, familiar, will you

73
70
 [w]
濁音，雙唇音，近音，半元音
英語名稱 voiced bilabial approximate
(semivowel)
拼法 w
現在 WH 開頭的單字都唸[w]，也可以參考[ʍ]。
[w]: way, what, when, where, why, weigh, whale, white, which, will

[ʷ]
濁音，雙唇音，近音，半元音 影響前面的母音變合口音
英語名稱 vocalic bilabial approximate
(semivowel)
拼法 w, o, u
[ʷ]: out, sounds, you, okay, about, how, low

[ʍ]
送氣，清音，雙唇音，近音
英語名稱 unvoiced aspirated bilabial
approximate
拼法 wh

74

71
這是[hw]合音的音標。美國跟加拿大 83%的人都發[w]，只有 17%的人偶爾會
念[hʷ]。13 世紀開始在英國南部有不念[hw]的現象，到了 18 世紀，[w]已變
成上流社會階級的發音了，而現在除了美國和加拿大，英國、Wales、West
Indies、澳洲、紐西蘭等地的人都是念[w]的發音（有些愛爾蘭與蘇格蘭方言
；通常，如果念 wh-開頭的音還保留[h]的音，母語人士
還是保留[hw]的念法）
聽起來會覺得是在跟古老的人說話。

參考：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_wh
古代的[hʷ]如果出現在[o]或[u]前面就失去[ʷ]：who, whole
[ʍ]: whale, where, what...

[j]
濁音，硬顎音，近音，半元音
英語名稱 voiced palatal approximate
(semivowel)
拼法 y
[j]: yes, yet, yellow, staying

75

72
 [ʲ]
濁音，雙唇音，近音，半元音 影響前面的母音變開口音
英語名稱 vocalic palatal approximate
(semivowel)
拼法 y
[ʲ]: may, way, right, why, being, weighing, staying, by,

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73
 Chapter 3
常用英文短句發音訓練
常見短句 Common Sentences
DO
1. What does it do
2. Why does it do
3. What does he do
4. Why does he do
5. What do you do
6. Why do you do
7. That’s what it does
8. That’s why it does
9. That’s what he does
10. That’s why he does
11. That’s what you do
12. That’s why you do
13. What did it do
14. Why did it do
15. What did he do
16. Why did he do
17. What did you do
18. Why did you do
19. That’s what it did
20. That’s why it did
21. That’s what he did
22. That’s why he did
23. That’s what you did
24. That’s why you did
25. What is it?
26. What’s it doing
27. Why is it?
28. Why’s it doing
29. What is he?
30. What’s he doing
31. Why is he?
32. Why’s he doing
33. What are you doing
34. Why are you doing
74
77
[wʌ ɾʌː zɪʔ duːʷ]
[waːʲ ɾʌː zɪʔ duːʷ]
[wʌ ɾʌː ziːʲ duːʷ]
[waːʲ ɾʌːziːʲ duːʷ]
[wʌ ɾəjuː duːʷ]
[waːʲ ɾəjuː duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪʔ dʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲʔ dʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiːʲ dʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲ dʌːz] > [d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲ dʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ wə ʧə duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲə duːʷ]
[wʌ ɾɪ dɪʔ duːʷ]
[waːʲ ɾɪ dɪʔ duːʷ]
[wʌ ɾɪ diːʲ duːʷ]
[waːʲ ɾɪ diːʲ duːʷ]
[wʌ ɾɪ ʤə duːʷ]
[waːʲ ɾɪ ʤə duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪʔ dɪːd]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪʔ dɪːd]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾiː dɪːd]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiː dɪːd]
[d̪ æʦ wʌʔ tʧə ͡ dɪːd]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲuːʷ dɪːd]
[wʌ ɾɪː zɪʔ]
[wʌ ʦ⁼ɪʔ duːʷɪːŋ]
[waː ʲɪː zɪʔ]
[waːʲ zɪʔ duːʷɪːŋ]
[wʌ ɾɪː ziːʲ]
[wʌ ʦ⁼iːʲ duː ʷɪːŋ]
[waː ʲɪː ziːʲ]
[waːʲ ziːʲ duːʷɪːŋ]
[wʌ ɾəːʴ juːʷ duːʷɪːŋ]
[waː ʲəːʴ juːʷ duːʷɪːŋ]
BE
35. That’s what it is.
36. That’s why it’s…
37. That’s what he is.
38. That’s why he’s…
39. That’s what you are.
40. That’s why you’re…
41. What was it?
42. Why was it?
43. What was he?
44. Why was he?
45. What were you?
46. Why were you?
47. That’s what it was.
48. That’s why it was.
49. That’s what he was.
50. That’s why he was.
51. That’s what you were.
52. That’s why you were.
53. What will it be?
54. Why will it be?
55. What will he be
56. Why will he be
57. What will you be
58. Why will you be
59. That’s what it’ll be
60. That’s why it’ll be
61. That’s what he’ll be
62. That’s why he’ll be
63. That’s what you’ll be
64. That’s why you’ll be
MODALS
65. What would it do
66. Why would it do
67. What would he do
68. Why would he do
69. What would you do
70. Why would you do
78
75
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪ dɪːz]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪʦ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiː ʲɪːz]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲz]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ʧ⁼uː ʷɑːʴ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ jəːʴ]
[wʌʔ wʌː zɪʔ]
[waːʲ wʌː zɪʔ]
[wʌʔ wʌː ziːʲ]
[waːʲ wʌː ziːʲ]
[wʌʔ wəːʴ jʱuːʷ]
[waːʲ wəːʴ jʱuːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪʔ wʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪʔ wʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiːʲ wʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲ wʌːz]
[d̪ æʦ wʌʔ ʧə wəːʴ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ juːʷ wəːʴ]
[wʌʔ wɪːɫ͡lɪʔ biːʲ]
[waːʲ wɪːɫ͡lɪʔ biːʲ]
[wʌʔ wɪːɫ͡liːʲ biːʲ]
[waːʲ wɪːɫ͡liːʲ biːʲ]
[wʌʔ wɪːɫ͡juːʷ biːʲ]
[waːʲ wɪːɫ͡juːʷ biːʲ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪɾɫ̩ː biːʲ]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪɾɫ̩ː biːʲ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiːʲɫ̩ː biːʲ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲɫ̩ː biːʲ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌʔ ʧ⁼əɫ biːʲ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ jəɫ biːʲ]
[wʌʔ wʊ dɪʔ duːʷ]
[waːʲ wʊ dɪʔ duːʷ]
[wʌʔ wʊ diːʲ duːʷ]
[waːʲ wʊ diːʲ duːʷ]
[wʌʔ wʊd�ʤə duːʷ]
[waːʲ wʊd�ʤə duːʷ]
 71. That’s what it’d do
72. That’s why it’d do
73. That’s what he’d do
74. That’s why he’d do
75. That’s what you’d do
76. That’s why you’d do
77. What can it do
78. Why can it do
79. What can he do
80. Why can he do
81. What can you do
82. Why can you do
83. That’s what it can do
84. That’s why it can do
85. That’s what he can do
86. That’s why he can do
87. That’s what you can!
88. That’s why you can!
89. What could it do
90. Why could it do
91. What could he do
92. Why could he do
93. What could you do
94. Why could you do
95. That’s what it could do
96. That’s why it could do
97. That’s what he could do
98. That’s why he could do
99. That’s what you could do
100. That’s why you could do
DO / BE
101. Does it
102. Does that
103. Does he
104. Does she
105. Do you
106. Doesn’t it
107. Doesn’t that
79
76
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪ ɾɪd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪ ɾɪd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiːʲd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌʔ ʧəd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ juːʷd�duːʷ]
[wʌʔ k⁼n̩ n͡ ɪʔ duːʷ]
[waːʲ k⁼n̩ ͡nɪʔ duːʷ]
[wʌʔ k⁼n̩ ͡niːʲ duːʷ]
[waːʲ k⁼n̩ ͡niːʲ duːʷ]
[wʌʔ k⁼n̩ jə duːʷ]
[waːʲ k⁼n̩ jə duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪʔ k⁼ṇ duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪʔ k⁼ṇ duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiːʲ k⁼ṇ duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲ k⁼ṇ duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌʔ ʧ⁼ə kʰæːn]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ jə kʰæːn]
[wʌʔ k⁼ʊ ɾɪʔ duːʷ]
[waːʲ k⁼ʊ ɾɪʔ duːʷ]
[wʌʔ k⁼ʊ ɾʱiːʲ duːʷ]
[waːʲ k⁼ʊ ɾʱiːʲ duːʷ]
[wʌʔ k⁼ʊdʤ � ə duːʷ]
[waːʲ k⁼ʊdʤ � ə duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾɪʔ k⁼ʊd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waː ʲɪʔ k⁼ʊd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌ ɾʱiːʲ k⁼ʊd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ ɦiːʲ k⁼ʊd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ wʌʔ ʧ⁼ə k⁼ʊd�duːʷ]
[d̪ æʦ waːʲ jə k⁼ʊd�duːʷ]
[dʌː zɪʔ]
[dʌː zd̪͡ æʔ]
[dʌː zʱiːʲ]
̊͡
[dʌz̠çiːʲ]
[duːʷ juːʷ]
[dʌːzn̩ ͡nɪʔ]
[dʌːzn̩ d ͡ ̪ æʔ]
108. Doesn’t he [dʌːzn̩ ͡niːʲ]
109. Doesn’t she [dʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ ʃiːʲ]
110. Don’t you [doːʷn̩ ͡ˀ ʧuːʷ] > [doːʷn̩ ͡ˀ ʧəː]
111. Did it [dɪː dɪʔ]
112. Did that [dɪːd�d̪æʔ]
113. Did he [dɪː diːʲ]
114. Did she [dɪːd̥ ͡ʃiːʲ]
115. Did you [dɪːd�ʤuːʷ]
116. Didn't it [dɪːdn� ̩ ͡nɪʔ]
117. Didn't that [dɪːdn� ̩ ͡ˀ d̪ æʔ]
118. Didn't he [dɪːdn� ̩ ͡niːʲ]
119. Didn't she [dɪːdn� ̩ ͡ˀ ʃiːʲ]
120. Didn't you [dɪːdn� ̩ ͡ˀ ʧuːʷ] > [dɪːdn� ̩ ͡ˀ ʧəː]
121. Is it [ɪːzɪʔ]
122. Is that [ɪːzd̪ æʔ]
123. Is he [ɪːzʱiːʲ]
124. Is she ̊͡
[ɪːz̠çiːʲ]
125. Are you [ɑːʴjuːʷ]
126. Isn’t it [ɪːzn̩ ͡nɪʔ]
127. Isn’t that [ɪːzn̩ ͡ˀ d̪ æʔ]
128. Isn’t he [ɪːzn̩ ͡niːʲ]
129. Isn’t she [ɪːzn̩ ͡ˀ ʧiːʲ]
130. Aren’t you [aʴn͡ˀ ʧ⁼uːʷ] > [aʴn͡ˀ ʧ⁼əː]
131. Will it be [wɪːɫ͡lɪʔ biːʲ]
132. Will that be [wɪːɫ d̪ æʔ biːʲ]
133. It’ll be [ɪɾɫ̩ː biːʲ]
134. That’ll be [d̪ æɾɫ̩ː biːʲ]
135. Will he be [wɪːɫ͡liːʲ biːʲ]
136. Will she be [wɪːɫ̥ ʃiːʲ biːʲ]
137. He’ll be [hiːʲɫ̩ː biːʲ]
138. She’ll be [ʃiːʲɫ̩ː biːʲ]
139. Will you be [wɪːɫ jəː biːʲ]
140. You’ll be [juːʷɫ̩ː biːʲ]
141. Won’t it be [woːʷ nɪʔ biːʲ]
142. Won’t that be [woʷn͡ˀ d̪ æʔ biːʲ]
143. It won’t be [ɪʔ woʷm͡ˀ biːʲ]
144. That won’t be [d̪ æʔ woʷm͡ˀ biːʲ]
145. Won’t he be [woːʷ niːʲ biːʲ]
146. Won’t she be [woʷn͡ˀ ʃiːʲ biːʲ]

80

77
147. He won’t be [hiːʲ woʷm͡ˀ biːʲ]
148. She won’t be [ʃiːʲ woʷm͡ˀ biːʲ]
149. Won’t you be [woʷn͡ˀ ʧ⁼əː biːʲ]
150. You won’t be [juːʷ woʷm͡ˀ biːʲ]
151. Was it [wʌː zɪʔ]
152. Was that [wʌːz d̪ æʔ]
153. It was [ɪʔ wʌːz]
154. That was [d̪ æʔ wʌːz]
155. Was he [wʌː ziːʲ]
156. Was she ̊͡
[wʌz̠çiːʲ]
157. He was [hiːʲ wʌːz]
158. She was [ʃiːʲ wʌːz]
159. Were you [wəːʴ juːʷ]
160. You were [juːʷ wəːʴ]
161. Wasn’t it [wʌːzn̩ n ͡ ɪʔ]
162. Wasn’t that [wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ d̪ æʔ]
163. It wasn’t [ɪʔ wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ]
164. That wasn’t [d̪ æʔ wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ]
165. Wasn’t he [wʌːzn̩ ͡niːʲ]
166. Wasn’t she [wʌzn̩ ͡ˀ ʃiːʲ]
167. He wasn’t [hiːʲ wʌzn̩ ͡ˀ]
168. She wasn’t [ʃiːʲ wʌzn̩ ͡ˀ]
169. Weren’t you [wəʴn͡ˀ ʧə]
170. You weren’t [juːʷ wəʴn͡ˀ]
171. Would it be [wʊ ɾɪʔ biːʲ]
172. Would that be [wʊd�d̪æʔ biːʲ]
173. It’d be [ɪ ɾɪːb�biːʲ]
174. That’d be [d̪ æ ɾɪːb�biːʲ]
175. Would he be [wʊ ɾʱiːʲ biːʲ]
176. Would she be [wʊd̥ ʃiːʲ͡ biːʲ]
177. He’d be [hiːʲb�biːʲ]
178. She’d be [ʃiːʲb�biːʲ]
179. Would you be [wʊːd�ʤə biːʲ]
180. You’d be [juːʷb�biːʲ]
181. Wouldn’t it be [wʊdn� ̩ ͡nɪʔ biːʲ]
182. Wouldn't that be [wʊdn� ̩ ͡ˀ d̪ æʔ biːʲ]
183. It wouldn't be [ɪʔ wʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
184. That wouldn’t be [d̪ æʔ wʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
185. Wouldn’t he be [wʊdn� ̩ n ͡ iːʲ biːʲ]

81

78
186. Wouldn't she be [wʊdn� ͡ˀ ʧ⁼iːʲ biːʲ]
187. He wouldn't be [hiːʲ wʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
188. She wouldn’t be [ʃiːʲ wʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
189. Wouldn’t you be [wʊdn� ͡ˀ ʧ⁼ə biːʲ]
190. You wouldn’t be [juʷ wʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
191. Can it be [kʰæːn͡nɪʔ biːʲ]
192. Can that be [kʰæːn͡d̪ æʔ biːʲ]
193. It can be [ɪʔ k⁼m̩ biːʲ]
194. That can be [d̪ æʔ k⁼m̩ biːʲ]
195. Can he be [kʰæːn͡niːʲ biːʲ]
196. Can she be [kʰæ̃ ːⁿ ʃiːʲ biːʲ]
197. He can be [hiːʲ k⁼m̩ biːʲ]
198. She can be [ʃiːʲ k⁼m̩ biːʲ]
199. Can you be [kʰæ̃ ːɲə biːʲ]
200. You can be [juːʷ k⁼m̩ biːʲ]
201. Can’t it be [kʰæn t⁼ɪʔ biːʲ]
202. Can’t that be [kʰæ̃ n͡ˀ d̪̊ æʔ biːʲ]
203. It can’t be [ɪʔ kʰæ̃ m͡ˀ biːʲ]
204. That can’t be [d̪ æʔ kʰæ̃ m͡ˀ biːʲ]
205. Can’t he be [kʰæn t⁼iːʲ biːʲ]
206. Can’t she be [kʰæ̃ n͡ˀ ʧ⁼iːʲ biːʲ]
207. He can’t be [hiːʲ kʰæ̃ m͡ˀ biːʲ]
208. She can’t be [ʃiːʲ kʰæ̃ m͡ˀ biːʲ]
209. Can’t you be [kʰæn͡ˀ ʧ⁼ə biːʲ]
210. You can’t be [juːʷ kʰæ̃ m͡ˀ biːʲ]
211. Could it be [kʰʊ ɾɪʔ biːʲ]
212. Could that be [kʰʊd�d̪æʔ biːʲ]
213. It could be [ɪʔ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
214. That could be [d̪ æʔ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
215. Could he be [kʰʊ ɾʱiːʲ biːʲ]
216. Could she be [kʰʊd̥ ͡ʃiːʲ biːʲ]
217. He could be [hiːʲ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
218. She could be [ʃiːʲ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
219. Could you be [kʰʊd�ʤə biːʲ]
220. You could be [juːʷ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
221. Couldn’t it be [kʰʊdn� ̩ ͡nɪʔ biːʲ]
222. Couldn't that be [kʰʊdn� ̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ æʔ biːʲ]
223. It couldn't be [ɪʔ kʰʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
224. That couldn’t be [d̪ æʔ kʰʊbm � ̩ ˀ͡ biʲː]

82

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 225. Couldn’t he be
226. Couldn't she be
227. He couldn't be
228. She couldn’t be
229. Couldn’t you be
230. You couldn’t be
PHRASAL VERBS
231. put it at
232. put him at
233. put her at
234. put you at
235. give me a lot of
236. give it a lot of
237. give him a lot of
238. give her a lot of
239. give you a lot of
240. talk about it at
241. talk about him at
242. talk about her at
243. talk about you at
244. talk it into it
245. talk it into doing it
246. talk me into it
247. talk me into doing it
248. talk him into it
249. talk him into doing it
250. talk her into it
251. talk her into doing it
252. talk you into it
253. talk you into doing it
254. I've had it up to here
255. he’s had it up to here
256. she’s had it up to here
257. you’ve had it up to here
THERE+BE
258. Is there a
259. There’s a
83
80
[kʰʊdn� ̩ ͡niːʲ biːʲ]
[kʰʊdn� ̩ ͡ˀ ʧ⁼iːʲ biʲː]
[hiːʲ kʰʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
[ʃiːʲ kʰʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
[kʰʊdn� ̩ ͡ˀ ʧ⁼ə biːʲ]
[juːʷ kʰʊbm � ̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
[pʰʊ ɾɪ ɾæʔ]
[pʰʊ ɾʱɪː mæʔ]
[pʰʊ ɾʱəːʴ ɹæʔ]
[pʰʊʔ ʧ⁼uː ʷæʔ]
[gɪːm͡miː ʲəː lɑ ɾəː(v)]
[gɪː vɪ ɾəː lɑ ɾəː(v)]
[gɪː vʱɪːm͡məː lɑ ɾəː(v)]
[gɪː vʱəːʴ ɹəː lɑ ɾəː(v)]
[gɪːv juː ʷəː lɑ ɾəː(v)]
[tʰɑː k⁼əː baːʷ ɾɪ ɾæʔ]
[tʰɑː k⁼əː baːʷ ɾʱɪːm͡mæʔ]
[tʰɑː k⁼əː baːʷ ɾʱəːʴ ɹæʔ]
[tʰɑː k⁼əː baːʷ ʧ⁼uːʷæʔ]
[tʰɑː k⁼ɪ ɾɪːnduː ʷɪʔ]
[tʰɑː k⁼ɪ ɾɪːndə duːʷɪː ŋɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk � miː ʲɪːnduː ʷɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk � miːʲɪːndə duːʷɪː ŋɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk⁼ɪːm͡mɪːnduː ʷɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk⁼ɪːm͡mɪːndə duːʷɪː ŋɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk⁼əːʴ ɹɪːnduː ʷɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk⁼əːʴ ɹɪːndə duːʷɪː ŋɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk⁼ juː ʷɪːnduː ʷɪʔ]
[tʰɑːk⁼ juː ʷɪːndə duːʷɪː ŋɪʔ]
[aːʲv ɦæː ɾɪ ɾʌp ̚ t⁼ə hiːʲʴ]
[hiːʲz ɦæː ɾɪ ɾʌp ̚ t⁼ə hiːʲʴ]
[ʃiːʲz ɦæː ɾɪ ɾʌp ̚ t⁼ə hiːʲʴ]
[juːʷv ɦæː ɾɪ ɾʌp ̚ t⁼ə hiːʲʴ]
[ɪː zd̪͡ ɛːʴ ɹə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ zə]
260. Was there a
261. There was a
262. Will there be a
263. There’ll be a
264. Are there
265. There are
266. Were there
267. There were
268. Will there be
269. There’ll be
270. Isn’t there a
271. There isn’t a
272. Wasn’t there a
273. There wasn’t a
274. Won’t there be a
275. There won’t be a
276. Aren’t there
277. There aren’t
278. Weren’t there
279. There weren’t
280. Won’t there be
281. There won’t be
282. Has there been a
283. There’s been a
284. Had there been a
285. There’d been a
286. Will there have been a
287. There’ll have been a
288. Have there been
289. There’ve been
290. Had there been
291. There’d been
292. Will there have been
293. There’ll have been
294. Hasn’t there been a
295. There hasn’t been a
296. Hadn’t there been a
297. There hadn’t been a
298. Won’t there have been a
84
81
[wʌː zd̪͡ ɛːʴ ɹə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ wʌː zə]
[wɪːɫ d̪ ɛːʴ biː ʲə]
[d̪ ɛːʴɫ̩ː biː ʲə]
[ɑːʴ d̪ ɛːʴ]
[d̪ ɛːʴ ɹɑːʴ]
[wəːʴ d̪ ɛːʴ]
[d̪ ɛːʴ wəːʴ]
[wɪːɫ d̪ ɛːʴ biːʲ]
[d̪ ɛːʴɫ̩ː biːʲ]
[ɪːzn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ ɹə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ ɹɪːzn̩ ͡nə]
[wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ ɹə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ wʌːzn̩ ͡nə]
[woʷn̩ ˀ͡ d̪̊ ɛːʴ biː ʲə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ woʷm̩ ͡ˀ biː ʲə]
[aʴn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ]
[d̪ ɛːʴ ɹaʴn̩ ͡ˀ]
[wəʴn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ]
[d̪ ɛːʴ wəʴn̩ ͡ˀ]
[woʷn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ biːʲ]
[d̪ ɛːʴ woʷm̩ ͡ˀ biːʲ]
[hæːz d̪ ɛːʴ bɛː nə]
[d̪ ɛːʴz bɛː nə]
[hæːd�d̪ɛːʴ bɛː nə]
[d̪ ɛːʴb�bɛː nə]
[wɪːɫ d̪ ɛːʴv bɛː nə]
[d̪ ɛːʴɫ͡l̩ əv bɛː nə]
[hæːv d̪ ɛːʴ bɛːn]
[d̪ ɛːʴv bɛːn]
[hæːd�d̪ɛːʴ bɛːn]
[d̪ ɛːʴb�bɛːn]
[wɪːɫ d̪ ɛːʴv bɛːn]
[d̪ ɛːʴɫ͡l̩ əv bɛːn]
[hæːzn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ bɛː nə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ hæːzm͡ˀ bɛː nə]
[hæːdn� ̩ ͡ˀ d̪ ɛːʴ bɛː nə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ ɦæːbm � ̩ ͡ˀ bɛː nə]
[woʷn̩ ˀ͡ d̪̊ ɛːʴv bɛː nə]
 299. There won’t have been a
300. Haven’t there been
301. There haven’t been
302. Hadn’t there been
303. There hadn’t been
304. Won’t there have been
305. There won’t have been
ALWAYS / ALREADY / ONLY
Practice:
it+al
its+al
he+al
you+al
’d+al
’ll+al
’s+al
’ve+all
306. Has it always been
307. Has that always been
308. It’s always been
309. That’s always been
310. Has he always been
311. He’s always been
312. Have you always been
313. You’ve always been
314. Had it always been
315. Had that always been
316. It’d always been
317. That’d always been
318. Had he always been
319. He’d always been
320. Had you always been
321. You’d always been
322. Will it always be
323. Will that always be
324. It’ll always be
325. That’ll always be
326. Will he always be
[d̪ ɛːʴ woʷn͡nəv bɛː nə]
[hæːvn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴ bɛːn]
[d̪ ɛːʴ ɦæːvm̩ ͡ˀ bɛːn]
[hæːdn� ̩ ͡ˀ d̪ ɛːʴ bɛːn]
[d̪ ɛːʴ ɦæːbm � ̩ ͡ˀ bɛːn]
[woʷn̩ ͡ˀ d̪̊ ɛːʴv bɛːn]
[d̪ ɛːʴ woʷn͡nəv bɛːn]
= ɪɾɑːɫ
= ɪʦɑːɫ
= hiːʲɑːɫ
= juːʷɑːɫ
= dɑːɫ
= lɑːɫ
= zɑːɫ
= vɑːɫ
[hæː zɪ ɾɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæː zd̪͡ æ ɾɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[ɪ ʦ⁼ɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[d̪ æ ʦ⁼ɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæː ziː ʲɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hiːʲ zɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæː vjuː ʷɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[juːʷ vɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæː dɪ ɾɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæːd�d̪æ ɾɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[ɪ ɾɪ dɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[d̪ æ ɾɪ dɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæː diː ʲɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hiːʲ dɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[hæːd�ʤuː ʷɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[juːʷ dɑːɫweːʲz bɛːn]
[wɪːɫ͡lɪ ɾɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ d̪ æ ɾɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
[ɪɾɫl͡ ̩ ɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
[d̪ æɾɫ͡l̩ ɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ͡liː ʲɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
85
82
327. He’ll always be
328. Will you always be
329. You’ll always be
330. Has it already been
331. Has that already been
332. It’s already been
333. That’s already been
334. Has he already been
335. He’s already been
336. Have you already been
337. You’ve already been
338. Had it already been
339. Had that already been
340. It’d already been
341. That’d already been
342. Had he already been
343. He’d already been
344. Had you already been
345. You’d already been
346. Will it already be
347. Will that already be
348. It’ll already be
349. That’ll already be
350. Will he already be
351. He’ll already be
352. Will you already be
353. You’ll already be
354. Has it only been
355. Has that only been
356. It’s only been
357. That’s only been
358. Has he only been
359. He’s only been
360. Have you only been
361. You’ve only been
362. Had it only been
363. Had that only been
364. It’d only been
365. That’d only been
86
83
[hiːʲɫ͡l̩ ɑːɫweːʲzbiːʲ]
[wɪːɫ juː ʷɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
[juːʷɫ͡l̩ ɑːɫweːʲz biːʲ]
[hæː zɪ ɾɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː zd̪͡ æ ɾɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[ɪ ʦɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[d̪ æ ʦɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː ziːʲɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hiːʲ zɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː vjuː ʷɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[juːʷ vɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː dɪ ɾɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæːd�d̪æ ɾɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[ɪ ɾɪ dɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[d̪ æ ɾɪ dɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː diːʲɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hiːʲ dɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[hæːd�ʤuːʷɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[juːʷdɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ bɛːn]
[wɪːɫ͡lɪ ɾɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[wɪːɫd̪ æ ɾɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[ɪɾɫl͡ ̩ ɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[d̪ æɾɫ͡l̩ ɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ͡liː ʲɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[hiːʲɫ͡l̩ ɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ juː ʷɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[juːʷɫ͡l̩ ɑːɫɹɛːdiːʲ biːʲ]
[hæː zɪ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː zd̪͡ æɾõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[ɪ ʦ⁼õːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[d̪ æ ʦ⁼õːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː ziːʲõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hiːʲ zõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː vjuːʷõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[juːʷ võːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː dɪ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hæː d�d̪æ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[ɪ ɾɪ dõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[d̪ æ ɾɪ dõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
 366. Had he only been
367. He’d only been
368. Had you only been
369. You’d only been
370. Will it only be
371. Will that only be
372. It’ll only be
373. That’ll only be
374. Will he only be
375. He’ll only be
376. Will you only be
377. You’ll only be
NEED TO BE
need to 台灣人錯誤念法：niːdə tʰu
need to 正確唸法：niː d�də
378. Does it need to be
379. It needs to be
380. Does he need to be
381. He needs to be
382. Do you need to be
383. You need to be
384. Doesn’t it need to be
385. It doesn’t need to be
386. Doesn’t he need to be
387. He doesn’t need to be
388. Don’t you need to be
389. You don’t need to be
390. Did it need to be
391. It needed to be
392. Did he need to be
393. He needed to be
394. Did you need to be
395. You needed to be
396. Didn’t it need to be
397. It didn’t need to be
87
84
[hæː ɾiː ʲõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hiːʲ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[hæːd�ʤuː ʷõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[juːʷ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ bɛːn]
[wɪːɫ͡lɪ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ d̪ æ ɾõːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[ɪɾɫl͡ ̩ õːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[d̪ æɾɫ͡l̩ õːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ͡liː ʲõːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[hiːʲɫ͡l̩ õːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[wɪːɫjuː ʷõːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
[juːʷɫ͡l̩ õːʷⁿliːʲ biːʲ]
美國人聽到：need to to
美國人聽到：need to
[dʌː zɪʔ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[ɪʔ niːʲʣ͡də biːʲ]
[dʌː ziːʲ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[hiːʲ niːʲʣ͡də biːʲ]
[duːʷ jə niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[juːʷ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[dʌːzn̩ ͡nɪʔ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[ɪʔ dʌːzn̩ ͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[dʌːzn̩ n ͡ iːʲ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[hiːʲ dʌːzn̩ ͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[doːʷnʔ ʧ⁼ə niːʲ d�də biːʲ]
[juːʷ doːʷn̩ ͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[dɪː ɾɪʔ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[ɪʔ niːʲɾɪd�də biːʲ]
[dɪː ɾiːʲ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[hiːʲ niːʲɾɪd�də biːʲ]
[dɪ ʤə niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[juːʷniːʲɾɪd�də biːʲ]
[dɪːdn� ̩ ͡nɪʔ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[ɪʔ dɪːdn� ̩ ͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
 398. Didn’t he need to be
399. He didn’t need to be
400. Didn’t you need to be
401. You didn’t need to be
402. Will it need to be
403. It’ll need to be
404. Will he need to be
405. He’ll need to be
406. Will you need to be
407. You’ll need to be
408. Won’t it need to be
409. It won’t need to be
410. Won’t he need to be
411. He won’t need to be
412. Won’t you need to be
413. You won’t need to be
THE / A
with a
with the
414. What’s the
415. What’s a
416. Why’s the
417. Why’s a
418. Where’s the
419. Where’s a
420. That’s the
421. That’s a
422. This is the
423. This is a
424. There’s the
425. There’s a
HAVE TO BE
426. Does it have to be
427. It has to be
428. Does he have to be
429. He has to be
430. Does she have to be
88
85
[dɪːdn� ̩ ͡niːʲ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[hiːʲ dɪːdn� ̩ ͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[dɪːdn� ͡ˀ ʧ⁼ə niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[juːʷ dɪːdn� ̩ ͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ͡lɪʔ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[ɪɾɫ̩ː niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ͡liːʲ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[hiːʲɫ̩ː niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[wɪːɫ jə niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[juːʷɫ̩ː niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[woʷ ɾ̃ɪʔ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[ɪʔ woʷ n͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[woʷ ɾ̃iːʲ niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[hiːʲ woʷn͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[woʷn͡ˀ ʧ⁼ə niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[juːʷ woʷn͡niːʲd�də biːʲ]
[wɪt̪⁼ə]
[wɪt̪t̪͡ ⁼ə]
[wʌʦt̪͡ ⁼ə]
[wʌ ʦ⁼ə]
[waːʲzd̪͡ ə]
[waːʲ zə]
[wɛːʴzd̪͡ ə]
[wɛːʴ zə]
[d̪ æʦt̪͡ ⁼ə]
[d̪ æ ʦ⁼ə]
[d̪ ɪ sɪzd̪͡ ə]
[d̪ ɪ sɪː zə]
[d̪ ɛːʴzd̪͡ ə]
[d̪ ɛːʴ zə]
[dʌː zɪ ɾʱæ ft⁼ə biːʲ]
[ɪ ɾʱæ st⁼ə biːʲ]
[dʌː ziːʲ ɦæ ft⁼ə biːʲ]
[hiːʲ ɦæ st⁼ə biːʲ]
̊͡ ɦæ ft⁼ə biːʲ]
[dʌz̠çiːʲ
 431. She has to be [ʃiːʲ ɦæ st⁼ə biːʲ]
432. Did it have to be [dɪː dɪ ɾʱæ ft⁼əbiːʲ]
433. It had to be [ɪ ɾʱæːd�dəbiːʲ]
434. Did he have to be [dɪː diːʲ ɦæ ft⁼əbiːʲ]
435. He had to be [hiːʲ ɦæːd�dəbiːʲ]
436. Did you have to be [dɪː ʤuːʷ ɦæ ft⁼əbiːʲ]
437. You had to be [juːʷ ɦæːd�dəbiːʲ]
438. What would be [wʌʔ wʊb�biːʲ]
439. It’d be [ɪ ɾɪb�biːʲ]
440. What would have been [wʌʔ wʊː ɾəb�bɛːn]
441. It’d have been [ɪ ɾɪː dəb�bɛːn]
442. It would've been [ɪʔ wʊː ɾəb�bɛːn]
443. What will have been [wʌʔ wɪːɫ͡ləb�bɛːn]
444. It’ll have been [ɪɾɫl͡ ̩ əb�bɛːn]
445. It will have been [ɪʔ wɪːɫ͡ləb�bɛːn]
446. What could be [wʌʔ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
447. It could be [ɪʔ k⁼əb�biːʲ]
448. What could’ve been [wʌʔ kʰʊ ɾəb�bɛːn]
449. It could’ve been [ɪʔ kʰʊ ɾəb�bɛːn]
450. What should’ve been [wʌʔ ʃʊ ɾəb�bɛːn]
451. It should’ve been [ɪʔ ʃʊ ɾəb�bɛːn]
452. What would it like to have been [wʌʔ wʊ ɾɪʔ laʲk � tu ʷʱæːb�bɛːn]
453. It’d like to have been [ɪ ɾɪ d�laʲk � tu ʷʱæːb�bɛːn]
454. What would he like to have been [wʌʔ wʊ ɾiːʲ laʲk � tu ʷʱæːb�bɛːn]
455. He’d like to have been [hiːʲ d�laʲk � tu ʷʱæːb�bɛːn]
456. What would you like to have [wʌʔ wʊd�ʤuːʷ laʲk � tu ʷʱæːb�bɛːn]
been
457. You’d like to have been [juːʷ d�laʲk � tu ʷʱæːb�bɛːn]

LOOK LIKE
458. What does it look like
459. It looks like
460. What does he look like
461. He looks like
462. What do you look like
463. You look like
464. What did it look like
465. It looked like
466. What did he look like
[wʌ ɾʌ zɪʔ lʊk � laʲk]
[ɪʔ lʊk sl ̥aʲk]  錯誤: [ɪʦlʊklaʲk]
[wʌ ɾʌ ziːʲ lʊk � laʲk]
[hiːʲ lʊk sl ̥aʲk]
[wʌ ɾə juːʷ lʊk � laʲk]
[juːʷ lʊk � laʲk]
[wʌ ɾɪ dɪʔ lʊk � laʲk]
[ɪʔ lʊʔ t͡laʲk]
[wʌ dɪ diːʲ lʊk � laʲk]

89

86
 467. He looked like
468. What did you look like
469. You looked like
ABLE TO DO
470. Is it able to do
471. It’s able to do
472. Is he able to do
473. He’s able to do
474. Are you able to do
475. You’re able to do
476. Was it able to do
477. It was able to do
478. Was he able to do
479. He was able to do
480. Were you able to do
481. You were able to do
482. Will it be able to do
483. It’ll be able to do
484. Will he be able to do
485. He’ll be able to do
486. Will you be able to do
487. You’ll be able to do
488. Has it been able to do
489. It’s been able to do
490. Has he been able to do
491. He’s been able to do
492. Have you been able to do
493. You’ve been able to do
494. Had it been able to do
495. It’d been able to do
496. Had he been able to do
497. He’d been able to do
498. Had you been able to do
499. You’d been able to do
500. Will it have been able to do
501. It’ll have been able to do
502. Will he have been able to do
503. He’ll have been able to do
90
87
[hiːʲ lʊʔ t͡laʲk]
[wʌ ɾɪ d͡ʤuː lʊk � laʲk]
[juːʷ lʊʔ t͡laɪk]
[ɪ zɪ ɾeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪʔ ʦeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪ ziː ʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲ zeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɑːʴ juː ʷeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷʴ ɹeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wʌ zɪ ɾeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪʔ wʌ zeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wʌ ziː ʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲ wʌ zeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wəːʴ juː ʷeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juː ʷəʴ ɹeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wɪɫ͡lɪʔ biː ʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪɾɫ̩ː biːʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wɪɫ͡liːʲ biːʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲɫ̩ː biː ʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wɪɫjə biː ʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷɫ biː ʲeːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hæ zɪʔ bɛ neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪʔ ʦbɛ neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hæː ziːʲ bɛ neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲ zbɛ neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hæː vjuːʷbɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷv bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hæː dɪʔ bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪ ɾɪ b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hæːdiːʲ bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲ b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hæːdʤəbɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷ b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wɪɫ͡lɪ ɾə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪ ɾɫl͡ ̩ ə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wɪɫ͡liː ʲə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲɫ͡l̩ ə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
 504. Will you have been able to do
505. You’ll have been able to do
506. Would it have been able to do
507. It’d have been able to do
508. Would he’ve been able to do
509. He’d have been able to do
510. Would you’ve been able to do
511. You’d have been able to do
512. Could it have been able to do
513. It could’ve been able to do
514. Could he have been able to do
515. He could’ve been able to do
516. Could you’ve been able to do
517. You could’ve been able to do
[wɪɫ juː ʷəb�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷɫ͡lə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wʊ ɾɪ də b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪ ɾɪ də b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wʊ ɾʱiː ʲə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲ dəb�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[wʊdʤ � uːʷ b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷ də b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[kʰʊ ɾɪ də b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[ɪʔ kʰʊ ɾə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[kʰʊ ɾʱiː ʲə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[hiːʲ kʊ ɾə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[kʰʊd�ʤuːʷ b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]
[juːʷ kʰʊ ɾə b�bɛː neːʲbɫ̩ː də duːʷ]

WHAT IF
“what if I” [wʌɾɪf⁼aːʲ] 發音就像 “notify” [noːʷɾɪf⁼aːʲ]

518. What if it is [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼ɪ ɾɪːz]

519. What if it's [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼ɪʦ]
520. What if it was [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼ɪʔ wʌːz]
521. What if it were [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼ɪʔ wəːʴ]
522. What if he is [wʌ ɾɪ fʰiː ʲɪːz]
523. What if he's [wʌ ɾɪ fʰiːʲz]
524. What if he was [wʌ ɾɪ fʰiːʲ wʌːz]
525. What if he were [wʌ ɾɪ fʰiːʲ wəːʴ]
526. What if you are [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼juː ʷɑːʴ]
527. What if you're [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼jəːʴ]
528. What if you were [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼juːʷ wəːʴ]
529. What if it does [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼ɪʔ dʌːz]
530. What if it did [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼ɪʔ dɪːd]�
531. What if he does [wʌ ɾɪ fʰiːʲ dʌːz]
532. What if he did [wʌ ɾɪ fʰiːʲ dɪːd]�
533. What if you do [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼juːʷ duːʷ]
534. What if you did [wʌ ɾɪ f⁼juːʷ dɪːd]�

THINK OF
535. What does he think of it [wʌ ɾʌː zʱiːʲ t̪⁼ɪŋk⁼ʌː vɪʔ]
536. He doesn’t think much of it [hiːʲ dʌːzn̩ ˀ͡ t̪⁼ɪŋʔ mʌ ʧ⁼ʌː vɪʔ]

91

88
 537. What does she think of it
538. She doesn’t think much of it
539. What do you think of it
540. You don’t think much of it
LIKE THAT
541. It’s not that way
542. It’s not like that
543. He’s not that way
544. He’s not like that
545. You’re not that way
546. You’re not like that
547. It wasn’t that way
548. It wasn’t like that
549. He wasn’t that way
550. He wasn’t like that
551. You weren't that way
552. You weren’t like that
553. I’m thinking about it
554. I was thinking about it
555. I’m thinking about him
556. I was thinking about him
557. I’m thinking about you
558. I was thinking about you
WITH THE
559. What’s with the thing
560. That’s what’s with the thing
561. What was with the thing
562. That was what was with the thing
HAVE TO KEEP / GOT TO KEEP
563. Does it have to keep going
564. Does it have to keep it going
565. Does he have to keep going
566. Does he have to keep it going
567. Do you have to keep going
568. Do you have to keep it going
569. It’s got to keep going
92
89
̊͡ t̪⁼ɪŋ k⁼ʌː vɪʔ]
[wʌ ɾʌz̠çiːʲ
[ʃiːʲ dʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ t̪⁼ɪŋʔ mʌ ʧ⁼ʌː vɪʔ]
[wʌ ɾəː juːʷ t̪⁼ɪŋ k⁼ʌː vɪʔ]
[juːʷ doʷn̩ ͡ˀ t̪⁼ɪŋʔ mʌ ʧ⁼ʌː vɪʔ]
[ɪʦ nɑʔ t̪⁼æʔ weːʲ]
[ɪʦ nɑʔ laɪk � t̪⁼æʔ]
[hiːʲ znɑʔ t̪⁼æʔ weːʲ]
[hiːʲ znɑʔ laɪk � t̪⁼æʔ]
[jəːʴ nɑʔ t̪⁼æʔ weːʲ]
[jəːʴ nɑʔ laɪk � t̪⁼æʔ]
[ɪʔ wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ t̪⁼æʔ weːʲ]
[ɪʔ wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ laɪk � t̪⁼æʔ]
[hiːʲ wʌːzn̩ ˀ͡ t̪⁼æʔ weːʲ]
[hiːʲ wʌːzn̩ ͡ˀ laɪk � t̪⁼æʔ]
[juːʷ wəʴn̩ ͡ˀ t̪⁼æʔ weːʲ]
[juːʷ wəʴn̩ ͡ˀ laɪk � t̪⁼æʔ]
[aːʲm t̪⁼ɪŋk⁼ɪː ŋəbaʷ ɾɪʔ]
[aːʲ wʌː z̥t⁼̪ ɪŋk⁼ɪː ŋəbaʷ ɾɪʔ]
[aːʲm t̪⁼ɪŋk⁼ɪː ŋəbaʷ ɾʱɪːm]
[aːʲ wʌː z̥t⁼̪ ɪŋk⁼ɪː ŋəbaʷ ɾʱɪːm]
[aːʲm t̪⁼ɪŋk⁼ɪː ŋəbaʷ ʧ⁼uːʷ]
[aːʲ wʌː z̥t⁼̪ ɪŋk⁼ɪː ŋəbaʷ ʧ⁼uːʷ]
[wʌʦ wɪt̪t̪͡ ⁼ə t̪⁼ɪːŋ]
[t̪æʦ wʌʦ wɪt̪t̪͡ ə t̪⁼ɪːŋ]
[wʌʔ wʌːz wɪt̪t̪͡ ə t̪⁼ɪːŋ]
[t̪æʔ wʌːz wʌʔ wʌːz wɪt̪t̪͡ ə t̪⁼ɪːŋ]
[dʌː zɪ ɾʱæ ft⁼ə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[dʌː zɪ ɾʱæ ft⁼ə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[dʌː zʱiː hæ ft⁼ə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[dʌː zʱiː hæ ft⁼ə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[duːʷjuːʷ hæ ft⁼ə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[duːʷjuːʷ hæ ft⁼ə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[ɪʦ gɑː ɾə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
 570. It has to keep going
571. It’s got to keep it going
572. It has to keep it going
573. He’s got to keep going
574. He has to keep going
575. He’s got to keep it going
576. He has to keep it going
577. You’ve got to keep going
578. You have to keep going
579. You’ve got to keep it going
580. You have to keep it going
EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER
581. Did you miss each other
582. You missed each other
583. Did they miss each other
584. They missed each other
585. Did you miss one another
586. You missed one another
587. Did they miss one another
588. They missed one another
93
90
[ɪ ɾʱæ st⁼ə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[ɪʦ gɑː ɾə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[ɪ ɾʱæ st⁼ə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[hiːʲz gɑː ɾə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[hiːʲ hæ st⁼ə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[hiːʲz gɑː ɾə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[hiːʲ hæ st⁼ə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[juːʷv gɑː ɾə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[juːʷ hæ ft⁼ə kʰip ̚ goːʷɪːŋ]
[juːʷv gɑː ɾə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[juːʷ hæ ft⁼ə kʰi p⁼ɪk � goːʷɪːŋ]
[dɪd�ʤə mɪ siʲ ʧ⁼ʌːd̪ əʴ]
[juːʷ mɪ st⁼iʲ ʧ⁼ʌːd̪ əʴ]
[dɪd�d̪eːʲ mɪ si ʧ⁼ʌːd̪ əʴ]
[d̪ eːʲ mɪst⁼iʧ⁼ʌːd̪ əʴ]
[dɪd�ʤə mɪs wʌː ɾ̃ənʌːd̪ əʴ]
[juːʷ mɪst ̚ wʌː ɾ̃ənʌːd̪ əʴ]
[dɪd�d̪eːʲ mɪs wʌː ɾ̃ənʌːd̪ əʴ]
[d̪ eːʲ mɪst ̚ wʌː ɾ̃ənʌːd̪ əʴ]
 Chapter 4

字尾加
字尾加 -ed 的發音
–ed 的發音

[ɪːd]: needed, started, waited, added, loaded, patted, tasted

[nɪːd]: wanted, slanted, painted
[pt]: helped, wiped, stopped
[kt]: looked, rocked, lucked
[st]: crossed, fixed, fussed
[ʧt]: watched, reached, itched
[ft]: barfed, coughed, stuffed
[ʃt]: finished, rushed, mashed
[bd]: robbed, rubbed, stabbed
[gd]: hugged, mugged, bogged, plagued
[zd]: buzzed, razed, raised
[ʤd]: judged, bridged, raged, changed
[vd]: shaved, waved, bereaved
[ðd]: breathed, bathed, tithed
[ʒd]: rouged
[md]: hemmed, aimed, climbed
[nd]: planned, rained, penned
[ld]: smiled, piled, yelled
[ŋd]: banged, hanged, longed
[ɹd]: bored, stared, bothered

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 Chapter 5

掌握英文的聲調
英語的聲調 English Tones

中文的聲調屬於詞彙的，意即聲調會改變詞彙的意思。而英語的聲調是
屬於句法，出現在句子比較高的層次，意即聲調會改變句子的語氣。

中國著名的語言學家趙元任發明一種紀錄聲調的方法，至今語言學界都
仍在使用他的標準。為幫助您了解這個系統，我們先以中
文來示範。最高聲標為 5，最低是 1，用兩個數字代表起
終，因此：

中文一聲：55
中文二聲：35 5
中文三聲：214
中文四聲：51
4
接下來介紹英語的聲調：
3
①英語聲調：44
這個聲調平常落在形容詞或名詞前的名詞。
•I’ll have two coffees.
2
給我兩杯咖啡。
•There are too few hours. 1
時間不夠。

②英語聲調：33
這個中間的聲調與閩南語「希望」兩字同音，通常出現在把東西列出來的時
候，只要還沒講完就會用這個調。
•Please buy some eggs, milk, cheese, bread, and ham.
請買雞蛋、牛奶、奶酪、麵包、還有火腿。

③英語聲調：11
這個低平調都用在非常弱的字。
•Who are you looking for?
你在找誰呀？

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92
④英語聲調：45
這個高升調是為了「強調」 。
•If that’s the case
如果事情是這樣的話...
•Even I can do that!
連我都會做啊!
•Don’t try it, do it!
別只是「試」 ，要去「做」!

⑤英語聲調：34
這個中升調可以說是單字的重音，或句子的開頭單字。
•I can do that.
我會做。
•I’m glad to hear you say that.
我開心聽到你這麼說。
•I want to try it.
我想試試看。

⑥英語聲調：24
這個長升調出現在疑問句，不只最後一個單字，有時好幾個單字都會有。
•Did you put it over here?
你放這嗎？
•Can you give it a try?
你可以試試看嗎？

⑦英語聲調：23
這個低升調出現在子句或句子最後一個字。若講話的人在對話中回答，表示
這個答案在等待對方的確認，或請對方繼續講話。總之，就是繼續的意思。
•I can do that.
這個，我可以做啊！
•That’s what I wanted to hear.
那是我想聽到的。
•If that’s the case…
如果是這樣...
•We can live with that.
我們還可以接受 (勉強的話)。

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•I can give it a try.
我還可以試一試 (如果你同意)。

⑧英語聲調：52
這個高降調用在驚嘆句(詞)。
•Me too!
我也是！
•Let me try!
讓我試！

⑨英語聲調：442
這個長降調用在標準或正常的敘述句。
•I’d like to go as well.
我也想去。
•I’d like to try.
我想試。

⑩英語聲調：21
這個低降調用在輕音節或其他小又不重要的單字，尤其是介系詞。
•Who are you looking for?
你在找誰？
•What can I do for you?
我可以為你服務嗎？

⑪英語聲調：423
這個降升調表達比較差的語氣，常常會聽到比較有態度的青少年使用，表示
事情這麼明顯還要講，代表對方好無聊的樣子。
•No duh!
白目！
•If you can!
啊你不會啊！
•Well…[eyebrows raised] if that’s what you want.
你要這樣？(等著瞧)
•Even I can do that!
連我也會啦！

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 Chapter 6

Can 的發音
Can 的念法
美國人很少把 Can't 後面的 t 唸出來，所以怎麼樣才能聽得懂呢？要訣
就是注意語調！can't 平常念起來像中文的四聲，而且母音要特別的短。連音
時 can 則有完全不同的唸法：

①兩個字單獨唸
can’t [kʰæn͡ˀ]，聲調為 52
can [kʰæːn]，聲調為 442

②CAN 當主動詞 >> [kʰæːn]，聲調為 442

•I’ll do what I can to help.
[aː ʲɫ̩ː duːʷ wʌ ɾaːʲ kʰæːn də hɛɫp ̚ ]

③CAN + 動詞 >> k⁼ṇ (or [k⁼ən])，聲調為 11

都在 D, T, N, S, H 的聲音前
•I can do it.
[aːʲ k⁼n̩ duː ʷɪʔ]

④CAN + G, K 開頭的動詞 >> [ʔŋ]，聲調為 11

•We can get there.
[wiːʲ ʔŋ̍ gɛʔ d̪ ɛːʴ]

•I can get it done by Friday.

[aːʲ ʔŋ̍ gɛ ɾɪʔ dʌːm baːʲ fɹaːʲdeːʲ]

•I can come tomorrow.

[aːʲ ʔŋ̍ kʰʌːm dəmɑːɹoːʷ]

⑤CAN + B, P, M 開頭的動詞 >> [k⁼əṃ]，聲調為 11

•I can be there on time.
[aːʲ k⁼əm̩ biːʲ d̪ ɛːʴ ɹɑːn tʰaːʲm]

•We can park there.

[wiːʲ k⁼əm̩ pʰaʴk � d̪ ɛːʴ]

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98
⑥COULD 當主動詞 >> [kʰʊːd]，聲調為 442
•I’d appreciate it if you could.
[aːʲ dəpʰɹiʃiʲeʲ t⁼ɪ ɾɪf juːʷ kʰʊːd]

⑦COULD + 動詞 >> [k(ə)d]，聲調為 11

•I could have done it.
[aːʲ k⁼ə dəv dʌː nɪʔ]

⑧COULD + G, K 開頭的動詞>> [kəg]，聲調為 11

•I could get that done for you.
[aːʲ k⁼əɡ͡ɡɛʔ d̪ æʔ dʌːn̼ fəʴ juːʷ]
•I could come tomorrow.
[aːʲ k⁼əɡ͡kʰʌːm dəmɑːɹoːʷ]

⑨COULD + B, P, M 開頭的動詞>> [kəb]，聲調為 11

•I could be there on time.
[aːʲ k(ə)b�biːʲ d̪ ɛːʴ ɹɑːn tʰaːʲm]
•We could park here.
[wiːʲ k(ə)bp� ʰɑʴ kʰiːʴ]

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 Chapter 7

To
To 的發音
的唸法

前字 → T O ← 後字
tʰ uʷ
t⁼ ə
d/ɾ
n

子音前 母音前
"to" [tʰə] 的弱化 "to" [tʰuʷ] 的弱化

to make [tʰə meʲk � ] to open [tʰu ʷoːʷp⁼ɪːn]

like to make [laʲk � t⁼ə meʲk]� like to open [laʲk � t⁼u ʷoːʷp⁼ɪːn]
need to make [niːʲd�də meʲk]� need to open [niːʲd�du ʷoːʷp⁼ɪːn]
ought to make [ɑɾə meʲk]� ought to open [ɑɾu ʷoːʷp⁼ɪːn]
going to make [goːʲn͡nə meʲk � ] going to open [goːʲn͡nu ʷoːʷp⁼ɪːn]

有一些單字在幾百年前的英文本來是分開的，但現在寫在一起，不過這些詞還
是會經過上面的變化：

together today tomorrow tonight

For example:
[ɾə] I'll be there tomorrow.
[də] I'm coming tonight.
[tʰə] We're going out together.
[tʰə] Tomorrow's a good day.

另外注意！to 都唸在非常低音，除非是句子、子句最後一個單字才會唸為
[tʰuː]。

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 Chapter 8

英文字母的發音
The Alphabet

英語有一套字母 ( one alphabet )，所以 alphabet 不能用複數。The

alphabet 裡有幾個字母呢？答案是 26 個 letters。所以英語的說法是 one
alphabet, twenty-six letters。至於有哪些字母呢？不要小看這個部分，因為可
能有高達九成的臺灣人不知道！我們來列出來每個字母的冠詞加名稱：

an ay (A) a tee (T)

a bee (B) a yoo (U)
a cee (C) a vee (V)
a dee (D) a double-yoo (U)
an ee (E) an eks (X)
an eff (F) a wigh (Y)
a gee (G) a zee (Z)
an aitch (H)
an igh (I)
a jay (J)
a kay (K)
an ell (L)
an emm (M)
an enn (N)
an oh (O)
a pee (P)
a que (Q)
an arr (R)
an ess (S)

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 Chapter 9

英文冠詞
冠詞 Articles
【an +名詞】應該唸為 a + n 名詞：an elephant 應該唸為 a nelephant
如果有子音開頭，用 a (用耳朵聽聲音，不要管拼法！) ：

a university student [əːjuːʷnɪːvəːʴsɪɾiː stuːʷdṇʔ]

a UFO [əːjuːʷɛffoːʷ]
a U.S. senator [əːjuːʷɛssɛːnəːtəːʴ]
a U.N. council meeting [əːjuːʷɛːn kʰaːʷnsɫ miːɾɪ ̝ːŋ]
a unanimous decision [əːjuːʷnæːnɪmʌs diːsɪʒṇ]
a uniform [əːjuːʷnɪfoːʴm]
a European [əːjəːʴɹəːpʰiʲəːn]
a eulogy [əːjuləːʤiː]

如果有母音開頭，用 an (用耳朵聽聲音，不要管拼法！)：

an hour an honorary degree

[æn aʊə] (KK) [æn ɑnəreri dɪgri] (KK)
[æː naːʷʴ] 表面發音 [æː nɑːnəːɹeːɹiːʲ dɪgɹiːʲ] 表面發音
an HP computer an FBI agent
[æn eɪʧpi kəmpjutɚ] (KK) [æn ɛf bi aɪ eɪʤɪnt] (KK)
[æː neʲʧpʰiːʲ kʰəmpʰjuːʷɾəːʴ] 表面 [æː nɛf biː ʲaː ʲeːʲʤɪnʔ] 表面
an L.A. cop an M.A. degree
[æn ɛl eɪ kɑp] (KK) [æn ɛm eɪ dɪgri] (KK)
[æː nɛːɫ͡leːʲ kʰɑp]̚ 表面 [æː nɛːm͡meːʲ dɪgɹiːʲ] 表面
an NYU student
an NSA operation
[æn ɛnwaɪju studɛnt] (KK)
[æn ɛn ɛs eɪ ɑpɚreɪʃn] (KK)
[æː nɛ̃ːⁿwaːʲjuːʷ st⁼uːʷdn͡ˀ] 表面
[æː nɛːn͡nɛːs͡seː ʲɑːp⁼əːɹeːʲʃṇ]表面
常見錯誤：waːʲʔjuːʷ, [waːʲʔ]=white
an RNA process an SUV
[æːn ar ɛn eɪ prɑsɛs] (KK) [æn ɛs ju vi] (KK)
[æː nɑːʴɹɛːn͡neːʲ pʰɹɑːsɪs] 表面 [æː nɛsjuːʷviːʲ] 表面
an X-ray
[æn ɛksreɪ] (KK)
[æː nɛksɹeːʲ]
� 表面

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 Chapter 10

三個音節的單字怎麼發音
3-syllable Onset Accent
你可能有發現 business 的唸法不會唸中間的「i」，也許你想過這是例外，
不過其實我們可以從非常多的單字發現到同樣的現象。因此，是有這樣的表面
發音規則存在的。三個(以上)音節的單字若第一個音節有重音，第二個音節幾
乎不見，請參考下表：

cértainly [səʴʔn̩ liːʲ] cómfortable [kʰʌːɱft⁼əːbɫ̩ː]

réasonably [riːʲznəːbliːʲ]
wéakening [wiːʲk⁼nɪːŋ]
chócolate [ʧʰɑk⁼lɪt ̚ ]
réstaurant [ɹɛːsc⁼ɹɑn͡ˀ]
próbably [pɹɑːbliːʲ]
Ítaly [ɪːɾliːʲ]
nátural [næːc⁼ɹɫ̩ː]
Jánuary [ʤæːɲweːɹiːʲ]
búsiness [bɪːznɪs]
hístory [hɪsc⁼ɹiːʲ]
relative [ɹɛːlədɪːv]
character [kʰeʴɹktəːʴ]
� miniature [mɪːnəʧəːʴ]
treacherous [cʰɛːʧ⁼ɹəs]
Jeremy [ʤeːʴmiːʲ]
végetable [vɛːʤt⁼əːbɫ̩ː]
ínterest [ɪːnc⁼ɹɪst ̚ ]
dífferent [dɪːfɹɪn͡ˀ]
fávorite [feːʲvɹɪʔ]
líbrary [laʲbɹiːʲ]
fáctory [fækc⁼ɹiːʲ]
�
ínfluence [ɪːn̼ flwɛns]
Fébruary [fɛːbʲweːɹiːʲ]
Wednesday [wɛːnzdeːɪ]
primárily [pʰɹaːʲmeːʴliːʲ]
family [fæːmliːʲ]
dangerous [deːʲnɟɹəs]
Dorothy [doːʴt̪iːʲ]

補充單字：

mánagement distríbutor
córporate cátegory
éxcellent exónerate
órigin évidence
éxecute ínference
cónference démonstrate
réputable intélligent
pósitive négative
célebrate háppening
métaphor númerous
altérnatìvely définitely
círculate définitive

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