Vertikal and Horizontal Pressures at Mass Flow Silo F 5.

height level of flattened

free bulk surface silo pressures pv and ph

ph
silo height H

pv
ph
pv

intersection between
shaft and hopper
ph

pv

filling
discharging

radial stress field

height level of
discharge opening
F 5.2
Lateral Pressure Ratio = ph/pv versus Effective Angle F 5.3
of Internal Friction e and Angle of Wall Friction w
D
pv
ph y
H pw pw
1.7 1 + sin e
p =
1 - sin e
1.6
passive soil pressure pw ph pv
1.5

1.4
passive - plastic

1.3 = 0.5 0.1

TGL 32 274/09
e = 32° 4°
1.2
= 0.6 0.1 DIN 1055 part 6
1.1
isostatic pressure ph = pv
1.0
1 - sin2
w=0° = e rough wall =
active - plastic

w e
0.9 1 +sin2 e

w=5° 1 - sin
0.8 e
smooth wall =0
a = 1 + sin w
w=10° e
0.7
w=15°

w=25° w=20°
0.6
w=30° 1 - sin2 w- (1 - sin2 w ).(sin2 e - sin2 w )
0.5 a = 1 +sin2
w=35° w+ (1 - sin2 w ).(sin2 e - sin2 w )
lateral pressure ratio

w=40°
0.4 generally 0 ≤ w ≤ e
w=45°
0.3 w=50°

w=55°
0.2
w=60° 0 = 1 - sin e soil pressure at rest
0.1 w=65°

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
effective angle of internal friction e in deg
 Active and Passive Rankine's Stress State Limits F 5.4

given: pv = 1 = b .g y searched: 2 stress states which meet the yield condition

c,

active passive

x
ph,p
ph,a y pv
pv - i
4 2
i
+ pv
4 2 ph,p
pv
e
lan

ph,a
p

po Yield locus: = tan i · + c = tan ·( + )

ar

i Z
· siti or R = sin i ·( M + Z)
she

on
of
shear stress

ive

pa
ssi
act

·
v es
hea
cus
of

o rp
ld l lan
on

yie e
siti

passive
po

active 1,p - 2,p

cohesion R,p =
c · 2
R,a i i
p = -
i 2· a
4 2

tensile ph,a i
pv 1,p + 2,p ph,p
=
strength Z 2,a
a 4 + 2 1,a M,p =
2 1,p
2,p
normal stress

active passive

1 - sin i 2 · cos i 1 + sin i 2 · cos i

principal stresses 2,a = · 1+ · c 1,p = · 2,p+ · c
1 + sin i 1 + sin i 1 - sin i 1 - sin i

lower limit for c =0 upper limit for c =0

lateral or
horizontal ph,a 1 - sin i i
ph,p 1 + sin i i
= = = tan2 ( - = p = = tan2 ( +
stress ratio pv a
1 + sin i
4 2 pv 1 - sin i
4 2
F 5.5
F 5.6
F 5.7
 F 5.8
Wall Normal Pressures ph, pn of Wheat

measurements according to Scholz

wall normal pressures ph, pn in kPa
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ph 0
D = 2,4 m mass flow (MF)
1
silo
G 807 2
23°
pn 3 core flow
flow (CF)
bondary 30° c3 = 1.8
4
mass flow, switch load pn = (c4 - c1) pn · cos ,
height H, H' in m

5 TGL 32274/09
mass flow, switch load pn = b · g · (H or D),
DIN 1055 part 6

storage time t L = 22 h
measured, filling mFill = 11,5 t
measured, discharging = 0,8 t/m 3
b
calculated, filling
calculated, discharging, e = 33°
load factors c1 = 1,4, c4 = 3,0 w = 23° steel sheet (CF)
calculated, DIN 1055 part 6 w = 18° steel sheet (MF)
Maximum Vertical Pressures (Filling) versus Effektive Maximum Vertical Pressures (Filling) versus
Angle of Internal Friction Wall Friction Angle
F 5.9
14 w= 10° 14
= 10° mass flow
A =0,725 p* = p. U 13
13 U . .
20° b g A shaft
12 H = 2,414 12
hopper
11 D 30° 11
isostatic pressure
10 10
40°
9 9
8 8

p*v, max
p*v, max

7 50° 7
6 6
5 w
5 boundary
4 =10° 4 rough wall
boundary
3 rough wall 3 60°
20° 50° 50°
30° 40° e=30° 40°
2 shaft 2
1 hopper 1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
e in deg w in deg

Maximum Normal Pressures (Discharging) versus Maximum Normal Pressures (Discharging)

Effective Angle of Internal Friction versus Wall Friction Angle
14
12 13
p*h shaft
11 12
p*n hopper
w= 10°
11
10
p*h shaft
9 10
p*h, max, p*n, max

p*n hopper
8 9
p*h, max, p*n, max

7 8
20°
6 7 30°
6 40°
5
30° 50°
4 5
e
60°
3 4 =30°
w=10° 40°
2 3
20° 50°
30° 40° 50° 60° boundaries boundaries
1 2 40°
rough wall 50° rough wall
1 60°
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
e in deg
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
w in deg

Maximum Wall Friction Loads (Discharging) Maximum Wall Friction Loads (Discharging) versus
versus Effective Angle of Internal Friction Wall Friction Angle
p*h shaft
e=30°
p*n hopper e=30° 40°
0,7 2,5 20° 0,7 2,5 50°
60°
0,6 60° 0,6
p*w, max
p*w, max

p*w, max

2 40° boundaries
-10° 2 boundaries
rough wall
-50° rough wall
0,5 0,5
1,5 1,5
0,4 0,4
p*w, max

60°
40°50°
50° e= 50°
0,3 1 0,3 30° 40°
30° 1
20° 40°
0,2 w=10° 0,2
30°
0,5 0,5 p*w shaft
0,1 20° 0,1 p*w hopper
10°
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
e in deg w in deg
Maximum Vertical Pressures (Filling) versus Effektive Maximum Vertical Pressures (Filling) F 5.10
Angle of Internal Friction 13 versus Wall Friction Angle
w= 10° 12
11 = 30° core flow
A =0,725 p* = p. U 11
10 20° . g .A
U b 10
9 H = 2,414
D 30° 9 isistatic pressure
8 40°
8
7

p*v, max
50° 7
6
p*v, max

6
5 w 5 boundary
boundary
4 =10° rough wall 4 rough wall
3 20° 3 60°
50° 50°
30° 40°
2 shaft 2 e=30° 40° shaft
1 hopper hopper
1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
e in deg
w in deg
Maximum Normal Pressures (Discharging) versus
Maximum Normal Pressures (Discharging)
Effective Angle of Internal Friction
versus Wall Friction Angle
p*h shaft
11 11
p*n hopper w= 10°
10 10
9 9 p*h shaft
p*h, max, p*n, max

p*h, max, p*n, max

8 8 p*n hopper
7 7
6 6
5 20° 5
w 30°
4 =10° 40° 4
50° 3 e
3 =30° e
20° 60° 2 40° =30° 40° 50° boundaries
2 60°
boundaries rough wall
30° 1 50°
1 40° rough wall 60°
50° 60°
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 in deg
w
e in deg

Maximum Wall Friction Loads (Discharging) Maximum Wall Friction Loads (Discharging)
versus Effective Angle of Internal Friction versus Wall Friction Angle
1,0
20° 1,0
30°
0,9 p*h shaft 40°
0,9
3 p*n hopper
0,8 50° 3
0,8

0,7 2,5 e=30°

40°
0,7 2,5 50°

0,6 e=60° 60°

Ip*w, max

boundaries 0,6
p*w, max

Ip*w, max

2 boundaries
p*w, max

rough wall 2
0,5 rough wall
10°
0,5
60°
1,5
0,4 1,5
0,4
50° 50°
0,3
1 0,3 40°
30° 40° 1
e=
0,2 30°
20° 30° 0,2
0,5 p*h shaft
w=10° 20° 0,5
0,1 p*n hopper
0,1
10°
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
e in deg in deg
w
 F 5.11
Necessary Steel Reinforcement of Concrete ASt

Di,1

pn

pn

H
Di Di,1 + Di,2
Di = 2

Di,2
ASt

(1)

(2)

(3)

load factors according to TGL 32 274/09

hopper (4)
cj = c1 or c3 or c4 shaft
with c 1 = 1,2 ... 1,6 discharging
c 3 = 1,7 ... 2,1 core flow
c 4 = 2,1 ... 4,0 mass flow
Sheet Buckling of Thin-walled Silos by Wall Friction Load W,b, Wind Load W,W
and Dead Load W,e
luv lee F 5.12
2,2
2,1
uw (Hw)
Di s 2,0
1,9

w
H

w,e
1,8

wind speed coefficinet

1,7
1,6
w,w
1,5
w,b 1,4
1,3
critical zone
Hw

at bearing ring 1,2

Hr

1,1
1,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
height H w in m

wind drag force

wind (bending) moment

wall normal stress

summarized wall friction load

normal stress in the wall dead load

stability condition

minimum wall thickness