lj1fg k|of]uzfnf Joj:yfkg

n]vs M njb]j e6\6

(Science Laboratory Management )

Introduce science lab?

!= lj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf] kl/ro ( Introduction of Science Laboratory )

M lj1fg ljifo k|of]ufTds ljifo xf] . lj1fg ljifo cWofkg u/fpFbf j}1flgs cjwf/0ffx? :ki6
kfg{ lqmofsnfkx? u/fpg clt cfjZos x'G5 .
 o;sf lgod / l;4fGtx? k|of]udf cfwfl/t x'G5 . lj1fg lzIf0fdf ;}4flGts lzIf0fnfO{
k|of]ufTds lzIf0fn] k5\ofPsf] x'G5 .
 lzIfsn] tYonfO{ k'li6 ug{ k|of]usf] ;xf/f lnG5g\ eg] ljBfyL{x?n] klg ;}4flGts lzIf0faf6
k|fKt 1fgnfO{ k|of]u4f/f k/LIf0f ul/ x]5{g\ .
 lj1fgsf ljleGg lgod / l;4fGtx? k|of]u ul/ x]g]{ sf]7fnfO{ k|of]uzfnf sf]7f elgG5 .
 k|of]ufTds lzIf0f ug]{ sf]7fnfO{ klg lj1fg k|of]uzfnf sf]7f elgG5 .
 k|of]uzfnf sf]7fsf] nflu k|z:t 7fpFsf] cfjZos kb{5 . k|of]u nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L /
pks/0f /fVg , ljBfyL{x? a:g, lzIfsnfO{ cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug{ cflbsf] nflu 7fpF al9 rflxg] x'G5
. sIff sf]7f h:tf] ljBfyL{x? a:gsf] nflu dfq 7fpF k'Ug] sf]7f eP/ x'Fb}g\ .
write characteristics of a Science Laboratory?

@= lj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf u'0fx? (Characteristics of a Science

Laboratory ) M lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf lgDg lnlvt u'0fx? x'g'kb{5 .
s_ k|of]usf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L / pks/0fx? ;'/lIft ;fy /fVgsf] nflu ¥ofs, b/fh, 6]j'n
cflb x'g'kb{5 .
v_ k|of]ufTds sIffdf s]xL n]Vg jf k|bz{g ug{ ;]tf]kf6L jf sfnf]kf6L, a'n]6Lg jf]8{ cflb x'g'kb{5
.
u_ s'g} cfsl:ds rf]6k6s nfUbf k|of]u x'g] k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
3_ cfjZos :yfgdf kfgL, ljh'nL, xft w'g] j]l;g, UofF; lkml6Ë cflb x'g'kb{5 .
1
ª_ k|of]u ubf{ otfptf rNg] 7fpF k|z:t x'g' kb{5 .
r_ sf]7fsf] ef}lts cj:yf :jR5 xfjf , xfjfsf] cfjt hfjtsf] k|jGw, tfk , tfkqmdsf] cg's'n
Joj:yf, k|sfz cflbsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
5_ 7fpF 7fpFdf cfuf] lgefpg] UofF;sf] k|efj .
h_ cfsl:ds 9f]sfsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .
em_ ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] sfd lzIfsn] lg/LIf0f ug]{ pko'Qm 7fpFsf] Joj:yf .

#= lj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf] of]hgf ( What are the things to know while

planning of Science laboratory? ) : lj1fg k|of]uzfnf lgdf0f{ ug]{ of]hgf
agfpFbf dflysf u'0fx? ;dfj]z x'g'sf] ;fy} lgDg s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
s_ k|of]uzfnf agfpg] :yfg ( Location of Science Laboratory ) M lj1fg
k|of]uzfnf sf]7f ;s];Dd e'O{tNNffdf agfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . k|of]uzfnf sf]7fdf k|sfz / xfjf
rNg] /fd|f] Joj:Yff x'gkb{5 . hLj lj1fgsf] k|of]uzfnf sf]7f blIf0f jf blIf0f k'j{sf] df]x8fdf
kg]{ ul/ agfpg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ lj?jfn] k|Zf:t 3fd kfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . /;fog lj1fgsf]
sf]7fdf xfjf aflx/ k7fpg] k+Vffsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

v_ sf]7fsf] cfsf/ ( Room Size ) : k|of]uzfnf sf]7fsf] cfsf/ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof cg';f/
km/s x'G5 . t}klg ljBfyL{x? :jtGq ?kn] cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug{ ;Sg] / lzIfs ;j} ljBfyL{ lt/
k'Ug ;Sg] u/L sf]7fsf] cfsf/ x'g'kb{5 . k|of]uzfnf sf]7f ;+u} ;fdu|Lx? e08f/0fsf] nflu cnu}
sf]7fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

u_ kmlg{r/ ( Furniture ) : k|of]uzfnfsf] sf]7fdf ;]tf] kf6L jf sfnf] kf6L lt/ lzIfs
6]j'n /fv]sf] x'g' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{n] b]Vg] u/L k|bz{g ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
lzIfs 6]j'n e'O{af6 # lkm6 cUnf] eP /fd|f] x'G5 . 6]j'nsf] ;tx kfgL gk:g] jf jf6/ k|'e
x'g'kb{5 . ljBfyL{x?sf] k|ltj]bg, lr¶L kqx? cflb /fVgsf] nflu lzIfs 6]j'ndf 3/f{ h8fg
ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . ljBfyL{x? a:gsf] d]r / Ps csf]{df b]lvg] ul/ uf]nf] cfsf/df 6]j'n
agfPsf] x'g'kb{5 . jLr jLrdf xft w'g , pks/0fx? ;kmf ug{ wf/f ;lxtsf] j]l;g x'g'kb{5 .

3_ k|sfz ( Light ) : k|of]uzfnf sf]7f cfjZos ?kdf pHofnf] ePsf] x'g' k5{ . ;]tf]kf6L jf
sfnf]kf6Ldf x]bf{ g6NsLg] u/L emofnx? /flvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . w]/} pHofnf] / w]/} cGWof/f] gx'g]

2
 u/L sf]7fsf] leQf /+ufPsf] x'g'kb{5 . ljz]if u/L w]/} pHofnf] b]lvg] / rfF8} d}nf] b]lvg] ;]tf] /+u
pko'Qm x'+b}g\ . sf]7fdf pHofnf] ldnfpg emofndf kbf{sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

ª_ ;'/Iff ( Safety ) : k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ubf{ cgfof; b3{6gfx? e}/xG5 . sfd ubf{ hfgL
ghfgL ljBfyL{af6 b'3{6gf x'g hfG5 . b'3{6gf 7'nf] xf]; jf ;fgf] x'g ;S5 . ;DefjLt
b'3{6gfx?af6 arfpg
 k|of]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgL x? klxn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ atfpg' kb{5 .
 o;sf] nflu ;'/Iffsf] lgodx? / k|fylds pkrf/ afs; k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsfsf] tflnd lbg' kb{5 .
 vt/gfs /;fogx? ;fFrf] nufPsf] b/fhdf ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg' kb{5 . h:fn] oL /;fogx? s;}n]
klg ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ g;sf];\ .
 ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;fdu|L k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsf / k|of]u ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? af/] /fd|/L
l;sfpg' kb{5 .
 cfuf] lgefpg] Uof;sf] k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsf / cfjZos cj:Yffdf cfsl:ds 9f]sf k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsf
l;sfpg' kb{5 .
r_ e08f/ sf]7f ( Store Room ) : k|of]usf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? /fVg] sf]7fnfO{
e08f/ sf]7f elgG5 . ;fdfGotof k|of]usf] nflu rflxg] ;fwf/0f ;fdgx? k|of]uzfnfsf]
b/fhdf /flvPsf] x''G5 t/ vf; k|of]usf] rflxg] / yk ;fdu|Lx? e08f/ sf]7fdf /flvG5 .
To:f}n] k|of]uzfnfsf] of]hgf ubf{ e08f/ sf]7fsf] of]hgf ug{ clt cfjZos x'G5 .

5_ tof/L sf]7f ( Preparation Room ) : s'g} klg k|of]ux? ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|b{zg

ug'{ clw lzIfsn] cfk'mn] k/LIf0f u/L x]g'{ nfebfos x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ sIffdf k|of]u ubf{
c;kmn x'[g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . o;n] lzIfsnfO{ klg cfTdlj:jf;L agfpF5 . o;/L lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|bz{g ug'{ cl3 u/]/ x]g]{ sf]7fnfO{ tof/L sf]7f elGfG5 . of] sf]7f e08f/ sf]7f
glhs /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
em_ nlrnf]kgf ( Flexibility ) : k|of]uzfnf sf]7f ax'kof]uL x'g' kb{5 . lsgeg] k|of]uzfnf
sf]7f ;w}+ k|of]usf] nflu dfq k|of]u x'Fb}g . lzIfsn] ljifosf] k|s[lt cg';f/, ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof
cg';f/, ljBfyL{sf] :t/ cg';f/ cflb sf/0fn] km/s km/s lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
o;sf/0f k|of]uzfnf sf]7fdf ljljw k|sf/sf] lqmofsnfk ug{ ;lsg] ;'ljwf x'g'kb{5 .

~f_ k|of]uzfnf ;xfossf] Joj:yf ( Management of lab assistance ) :

k|of]uzfnfdf ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf Pshgf k|of]uzfnf ;xfos x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . pgnfO{
3
 ;fdfgx? ;lx 7fpFdf /fVg], cfjZos ;fdfgx? lbg], k|of]uzfnfdf ePsf ;fdfgx?sf] ;'lr
agfpg], cfjZos ;fdfgx?sf] dfu ug]{, lzIfs / ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xof]u
ug]{ cflb lhDd]jf/L lbg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ ;fdfgx? ;'/lIft x'g], cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fdfg
k|fKt ug{ ;lhnf], lzIfsnfO{ k|of]ufTds sIff lng ;lhnf] x'g], k|of]uzfnfdf /x]sf ;fdfgx?sf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g], cfjZos ;fdfg af/] ;dodf g} hfgsf/L x'g] cflb kmfObf x'G5 .
$= sIffdf k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf b'3{6gf x'g ;Sg] sf/0fx? M lj1fgsf
wf/0ffx? :ki6 kfg{ k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfkx? ug{ clt cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L lzIf0f ePdf
lj1fg ljifo /f]rs x'g'sf ;fy} o; ;DjlGw lh1fzfx? klg a9\g yfN5 . o;sf nflu lj1fg
lzIfsn] Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 lqmofsnfk u/fpg'kb{5 . k|of]uzfnfdf lj1fgsf lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf
ljleGg sf/0fn] b'3{6gf x'g;S5g\ o;nfO{ /f]Sg lj1fg lzIfsn] ljz]]if ;fjwfgLx?
ckgfpg'kb{5 . k|of]uzfnfdf b'3{6gf x'g] s]lx sf/0fx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .
s_ lzIfsn] k|of]u ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? af/] hfgsf/L glbPdf .
v_ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lqmofsnfk ;DjlGw 1fg k|i6 gx'Fbf .
u_ k|of]u ug]{ ;fdu|L / pks/0fx? ;xL 9Ën] ;+Grfng ug{ ghfGbf .
3_ k|of]u ug]{ /;fogx?af6 x'g;Sg] vt/f ;DjlGw 1fg gx'Fbf .
ª_ sIffsf]7faf] 6]a'n, /fd|f] k|sfz, kfgL / cGo Joj:yf ug{ g;Sbf .
r_ ;'/Iff ;DjlGw lgod kfngf gubf{ .
5_ lzIfssf] cg'kl:yltdf lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf .

%= ;'/Iff ;DjlGw lgodx? M what are the safty rules?

s_ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lzIfssf] pkl:yltdf lqmofsnfk ug{ nufpg'kb{5 .
v_ lqmofsnfk u/fpg' cl3 ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfjZos ;fjwfgLx? lzIfsn] atfpg' kb{5 .
u_ s'g} klg pks/0f rnfpg cl3 ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;f] sf] sfo{ljlwsf] k"/f 1fg x'g'kb{5 .
3_ k|of]u ubf{ /;fog pko'Qm dfqfdf dfq lng nufpg'kb{5 . /;fog ln+bf :kfr'nf k|of]u ug{
nufpg'kb{5 .
ª_ /;fog k|of]u u/fpg'eGbf klxn] ;f] k|of]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? atfO{lbg'kb{5 .
r_ /;fogx? efF8f]af6 vGofpFbf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ug{ nufpg' x'Fb}g .

4
5_ olb s'g} /;fog xftdf k¥of] eg] t'?Gt kfgLn] xft w'g'kb{5 .
h_ /;fog 5f]P/ ;f]xL xftn] cfFvf, sfg, gfs 5'g' x'Fb}g\ .
em_ k|of]uzfnfsf] emofn 9f]sfx? v'Nnf /fVg' kb{5 .
~f_ s8f cDn / s8f Iff/x? ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 5'g lbg' x'Fb}g\ / lzIfsn] dfq rnfpg' kb{5 .
6_ k|of]u u/]/ afFsL /x]sf /;fox? /;fog /fv]sf] efF8f]df vGofpg' x'Fb}g .
7_ s'g} klg /;fognfO{ ;'FWg' / rfVg' xF'b}g .
8_ /;fogx? 6]i66o'adf ttfpFbf 6]i66o'jsf] d'v ljBfyL{ tyf cGo JolQmx? ePsf] 7fpFdf
kmsf{pg x'Fb}g .
9_ Hjnglzn /;fogx? k|of]u ubf{ ag{/ jf l:k|6 alQ lgefpg' kb{5 / cfuf]af6 6f9f /xg'kb{5 .
0f_ k|of]u eO;s]sf lj?jf tyf HfLjx? / cGo v]/ uPsf kbfy{x? ;'/lIft :yfgdf nuL
ldNsfpg'kb{5 jf k'/L lbg'k5{ .
t_ ljB't ;DjlGw lqmofsnfk ul/;s] kl5 pks/0f? t'?Gt} 5'g' x'Fb}g .
y_ l8;]lS6Ë pks/0f k|of]u ubf{ xf]l;of/ eP/ ug'{ kb{5 . nfk/jfxL eP/ k|of]u u/]df rf]6k6s
nfUg ;S5 .
b_ k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;f] 7fpF ;kmf u/fpg'kb{5 / ;fdfgx? ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg
nufpg'kb{5 .
w_ k|of]u u/L;s]kl5 ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g nufpg'kb{5 .

^ ;'/Iffsf ;fdu|Lx? M what are safety materials?

s_ cfunfuLaf6 aRg cfuf] lgefpg] sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] l;ln08/ jf aflN6g, afn'jf tyf
afSnf] ;'tL sk8f /fVg'kb{5 .
v_ k|z:t dfqfdf kfgL .
u_ ;'/Iffsf nflu nufOg] r:df, sf]6 / kGhf cflb .
3_ k|of]uzfnfdf sfd u/] kl5 xft w'gsf] nflu ;fj'g .

&= /;fogx? e08f/ tyf k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsf M s]xL /;fogx? xfgLsf/s , ljiffn' /
;fjwfgLk'j{s k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
5
  /;fog /fVgsf] nflu 5'§} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
 o:tf] sf]7fdf ;w}+ ;fFrf] nufpg'k5{ .
 /;fogx? juL{s/0f ubf{ ;j{k|yd k|fª\fufl/s / ck|fª\fufl/s /;fog 5'6\ofpg' k5{ .
 /;fog /flvPsf] sf]7fdf /;fogx? lrGgsf] nflu /;fogx?sf] gfd / To;af6 x'g] vt/f
;DjlGw rf6{x? 6fF:g'kb{5 .
*= /;fog /fVg] efF8f]df gfdfª\sg ug]{ tl/sf M /;fogx? /fv]sf] efF8f]df k|:6;+u
b]lvg] u/L gfdª\sg ug'{kb{5 . /;fogx? gfdfª\sg ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'
cfjZos 5 .
s_ /;fogsf] gfd M
v_ /;fogsf] ;'q
u_ k'u]sf] ldlt M
3_ ;'/Iffsf] ;+s]t M
gfdf+ª\sg ul/Psf] /;fogsf] Pp6f gd'gf M

Name of the chemical Acetic Acid

Chemical formula CH3COOH
Concentration 17.6 M
Arrival Date 17/06/2078
Hazards Symbol Flammable

(= vt/fk"0f{ /;fogsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ;'/Iff ;+Í]tx? M

6
7
!)= Hjnglzn /;fogx? ( Flammable ) : w]/} h:ff] Hjnglzn /;fogx? p8]/ hfg]
( Volatile ) vfnsf x'G5g\ . o:tf /;fogx? sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf klg afkm aGb5 . o:tf
/;fogx? k|of]u ubf{ cfuf]sf] glhs a;]/ ug'{x'Fb}g\ . ;fy} tfksf] ;|f]tdfly /fv]/ ttfpg' klg
x'Fb}g . ttfpg' k/]df jf6/ afysf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . ljBfnodf lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf w]/}h;f]
b'3{6gf o:tf HjngzLn /;fogsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] kfOG5 . o;}n] o:tf /;fogx? k|of]u ubf{
lzIfsn] lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
s_ sf]7f v'NNff tyf xfjf k:g] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .
v_ lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu cfjZos dfqfdf dfq /;fogx? sIffdf Nofpg'kb{5 .
u_ o:tf /;fogx? e08f/ ubf{ clS;8fOlhË tyf sf]/f]l;e /;fogx?;+u /fVg' x'Fb}g .
3_ ;"o{sf] k|sfz ;Lwf kg]{ 7fpFdf o:tf /;fogx? e08f/ ug'{x'Fb}g .

!! ljiffn' /;fogx? ( Toxic ) : Zjf;sf] dfWodaf6 leq k;]df jf lgn]df jf 5fnfaf6

leq k;]df z/L/nfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ ug]{ /;fognfO{ ljiffn' /;fog elgG5 . s'g} s'g} /;fogx?
k|of]u ubf{ SofG;/ x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o:tf /;fogx?nfO{ sf/l;gf]h]lgs(carcinogenic
) eGb5g\ . h:t} M Pdf]lgod 8fOqmf]d]6, lgs]n cS;fO8 clfb . ;se/ o:tf /;fogx?sf]
k|of]u ljBfyL{nfO{ u/fpg' x'Gb}g\ . ljiffn' /;fogx? k|of]u ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
s_ /;fogx? xftn] 5'g' x'Fb}g / k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 xft w'g'kb{5 . xft gwf]Osg vfPdf o:tf
/;fogx? ;Lw} vfgf;+u lglng ;S5 .
v_ ljiffn' /f;folgs emf]nx? lkk]6 k|of]u u/L d'vn] tfGg] ug'{x'Fb}g .
u_ /;fogx? 5fnfdf k/]df t'?Gt} kfgLn] kvfNg'kb{5 . sfd ubf{ xftdf /a/sf] kGhf nufpg]
afgL ug'{kb{5 .
3_ k|of]uzfnfdf /fd|f] xfjf ;Grfng ePsf] sf]7f x'g'kb{t .
ª_ e08f/ ubf{ /;fogx? /fd|/L gfdf+sg u/L lasf]{ sl;g] u/L nufpg'kb{5 .
r_ s'g} klg /;fog ljiffn' dfGg'kb{5 . o;sf/0f ;'FWg, rfVg] ug'{ x''Fb}g .
5__ o:tf /;fogx? e'O{df kf]v]df t'?GTf} plrt cf}hf/n] l6Kg' kb{5 ;'/lIft :yfgdf nuL
ldNsfpg'kb{5 .

8
!@ sf]/f]l;e /;fogx? ( Corrosive ) : sf]/f]l;e /;fogx?n] z/L/sf] s'g} efudf k/]df
To; 7fpFsf] tGt'nfO{ g} v/fj ub{5 . o:tf /;fogx? 5fnfdf k/]df hng k}bf ub{5 . h:t} M
s_ xfJO8|f]Snf]/Ls cDn ( conc. HCl )

v_ xfO8|f]hg k]/f]cS;fO8 ( H2O2 )

u_ gfOl6|\s cDn ( conc. HNO3 )

3_ Pdf]lgof ( conc HNO3 )

ª_ ;f]l8od wft' ( Sodium metal )

r_ ;f]l8od xfO{8|f]cS;fO8 _ ( NaOH )

!# sf]/f]l;e /;fogx? k|of]u lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

s_ k|of]u ubf{ rZdf , kGhf/ Pk|f]g nufpg] afgL ug'{kb{5 .
v_ oL /;fogx? xft jf z/L/sf cGo s'g} efudf k/]df t'?Gt} k|z:t kfgLn] kvfNg' kb{5 .
u_ kfgLdf /fVbf tfk pTkGg ug]{ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbg' k/]df w]/} lkmSsf ug'{kb{5 .
3_ e08f/ ubf{ HjngzLn kbfy{;+u /fVg' x'Fb}g .

!$= lj1fg ;DjlGw lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ /;fogx? M

s_ cDn / Iff/ M k|of]uzfnfdf s8f cDnx? h:t} xfO8|\f]Snf]/Ls cDn, gfOl6|\s cDn, ;Nkmo'l/s
cDn cflb w]/} vt/fk'0f{ x'G5g\ . oL cDnx?sf] k|of]u ubf{ lkmSsf u/L k|of]udf NofpFbf al9
;'/lIft x'G5g\ . s8f cDnnfO{ lkmSsf ubf{ yf]/} cDnnfO{ kfgLdf lj:tf/} xf]l;of/Lk"j{s
vGofpg'kb{5 . t/ kfgLnfO{ cDndf vGofpg' x'Fb}g \ .
v_ kf/f] ( Mercury , Hg ) : kf/f]af6 sd tfkqmddf klg /+ulxg / uGwlxg ljiffn' afkm
lgl:s/xG5 . of] afkm Zjf;sf] dfWod4f/f cyjf 5fnfaf6 dflg;sf] z/L/leq k:b5 . /
:gfo'k|0ffnLnfO{ v/fj ub{5 . kf/f] kf]lvPdf t'?Gt} ;kmf ug'{kb{5 . kf]lvPsf] 7fpF ;kmf ubf{ ;
;fgf kf/]fsf uf]nfx? afFsL /xg ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] afFsL /x]sf] kf/f] dfly ;Nkm/ kfp8/
5s{g'kb{5 . cfhsn CFL / Tube light alQ hln ;s] kl5 hyfefjL kmfNg] afgL 5 o;
leq ePsf] kf/f] alQ k'm6]/ aflx/ cfPdf dflg; nufPt v]tsf] df6f]nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 .
o;sf/0f CFL / tube light alQnfO{ hyfefjL kmfNg' x'Fb}g .

9
u_ k|fËfl/s 3f]ns ( Organic Solvents ) : w]/} h:tf] k|fËfl/s 3f]nsx? h:t} cNsf]xn,
ldlyn]6]8 l:k|6, OyfPn Pl;6]8, kmd{lN8xfO8 cflb HjngzLn x'G5g\ . o:tf /;fog k|of]u ubf{
cfuf]af6 6f9f /xg'kb{5 .
!%= v]/ uPsf /;fogx? tyf cGo kbf{yx? ldNsfpg] tl/sf M lqmofsnfk
u/fO;s]kl5 v]/ uPsf kbfy{x? tyf slxn]sfxL+ lqmofsnfk ubf{ kf]lvPsf /;fogx?
ldNsfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf v]/ uPsf /;fogx? ldNsfpFbf lzIfsn] w]/} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
yf]/} dfqfdf o:tf /;fogx? 5g\ eg] o;nfO{ lkmSsf kf/]/ gn jf cGo ;'/lIft :yfgdf
ldNsfpg ;lsG5 . /;fogx?nfO{ slxNo} klg kfgLsf] ;|f]t ePsf] 7fpFdf ldNsfpg' x'Fb}g . s]xL
tl/sfx? tn lbPsf] 5 .
s_ lkmSsf kf/]/ M kfgLdf 3'ngzLn nj0fx?, s8f Iff/x?nfO{ w]/} lkmSsf kf/]/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf
ldNsfpg' ;lsG5 .
v_ t6:y kf/]/ M ck|fËfl/s cDnx?nfO{ ldNsfpg' k/]df cDnnfO{ w]/} lkmSsf kf/L To;df lkmSsf
;f]8Lod sfjf]{g]6sf] 3f]n ldnfP/ t6:y kf/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf ldNsfpg'kb{5 .
u_ afn]/ M w]/}h;f] k|fËfl/s of]uLsx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf nu]/ aflnG5 . o;/L afNbf afNg] JolQm
w]/} xf]lzof/ x'g'kb{5 / cfuf]af6 6f9f /xg' kb{5 .
3_ k'/]/ M v]/ uPsf 7f]; kbfy{x? h:t} SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6, sk/ ;Nkm]6, lh+s , ;f]l8od
Snf]/fO8, cflbnfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf nu]/ k'l/lbg'kb{5 .

+!^= lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf nfUg ;Sg] rf]6k6s / o;sf] k|fylds pkrf/ M

sIffdf jf k|of]uzfnfdf lqmofsnfk ubf{ jf u/fpFbf ;fjwfgL ckgfpFbf ckgfpFb} klg slxn]
sflx+ b'3{6gfx? x'g;S5g\ . b'3{6gf x'Fbf rf]6k6ssf] cj:yf emg v/fj x'gaf6 arfpg
lzIfsn] k|fylds pkrf/ z'? ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] lj1fg lzIfssf nflu k|fylds pkrf/ s;/L
ug]{ eGg] 1fg x'g' clt cfjZos 5 ;fy} ljBfnosf] k|of]uzfnfdf k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu
Pp6f k|fylds pkrf/ afs; x''g'kb{5 . pQm afs;df lgDg j:t'x? x'g' cfjZos 5 .
s}lr, k++§L, lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] uh, ;fgf] lrD6f,cfFvf ;kmf ug{sf] nflu ;fgf] efF8f], l8l:6n
ul/Psf] kfgL, skf;, l86f]n, af]/gf]n, 3fpdf nufpg] 6]k, ;fj'g, xof08LKnf:6 .

!&= rf]6k6s nfUbf ul/g] pkrf/x? M

s_ /;fogx? 5fndf k/]df M lqmofsnfk ubf{ s8f cDn jf Iff/ tyf sf]/f]l;e /;fogx? 5fnfdf
k/]df hng k}bf ub{5 . o:tf ljiffn' /;fogx? klg 5fnfaf6 z/L/leq k:g ;Sb5 . To;}n]
o:tf /;fogx? 5fnfdf k/]df ;j{k|yd To; efunfO{ k|Zf:t kfgLn] kvfNg'kb{5 / n'ufdf
10
 6fFl;Psf 5g\ eg] lj:tf/} lgsfNg'kb{5 . cfjZos k/]df glhssf] c:ktfn jf :jf:y rf}sLdf
nfg'kb{5 .
v_ kf]n]df M cfuf]n] jf cGo tftf] kbfy{n] kf]n]df , kf]n]sf] efunfO{ t'?Gt} lr;f] kfgLdf
8'afpg'kb{5 . pQm efudf olb kmf]sf p7]sf] 5 eg] kmf]sfnfO{ k'm6fpg' x'Fb}g . kmf]sf k'm6\g
uPsf] 5 eg] kf]n]sf] efunfO{ ttfP/ lr;f] kf/]sf kfgLn] ;kmf ug'{kb{5 . clnslt af]/gf]n -
Eofl;lng _ nfO{ lgd{nLs/0f u/]sf] Ps6'qmf uhdf /fvL kf]n]sf] 7fpFdf nufpg'kb{5 . olb
5fnfdf df;' g} b]lvg] ul/ kf]n]df la/fdLnfO{ t'?Gt} glhssf] :jf:y rf}sL jf c:ktfndf nfg'
kb{5 .
u_ sfl6Pdf M sfFrsf ;fdu|Lx? k'm6]/ ;fwf/0f 3fp nfu]sf] 5 eg] sfFrsf 6'qmf lgsfnL 3fpnfO{
;kmf u/L k++§L nufOlbg'kb{5 . olb w]/} /ut au]sf] 5 eg] 3fp ePsf] efunfO{ p7fpg'kb{5 .
3fp dfly ;kmf sk8f /fv]/ /ut g/f]lsP;Dd lylr/fVg'kb{5 / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] uh
3fpdf /fvL k++§L afFWg'kb{5 .
3_ /;fog cfFvfdf k/]df M olb /;fogx? cfFvfdf k/]df k|Zf:t ;kmf kfgLn] cfFvf kvfNg'kb{5 .
s8f Iff/ cfFvfdf k/]df cfFvfnfO{ v/fj kfb{5 . To;}n] cfFvfnfO{ k|z:t kfgLn] kvfn]/
8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lng'kb{5 .
ª_ ljiffn' /;fog vfPdf M olb ljiffn' /;fogx? d'vdf k/]df d'v s'NNff ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . t/
kfgL lgNg lbg' x'Fb}g . olb ljiffn' /;fog lgn]df afGtf ug{ nufpg glhssf] c:ktfndf
nfg'kb{5 .
r_ s/]06 nfu]df M s/]06 nfu]df ;j{k|yd ljB't ;KnfO{ aGb ug'{kb{5 . olb t'?Gt} aGb ug{
g;s]df lzIfsn] s'rfns j:t'x? h:t} M /a/sf] kGhf, /a/sf] h'Qf, cflb nufO{ s/]06 nfu]sf]
JolQmnfO{ To; 7fpFaf6 x6fpg'kb{5 .

11