Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila

Tel No. (02) 5301.3001 | Fax No. +632-521-4063
Email: tup@tup.edu.ph |Website: www.tup.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Science, Technology and Society

NAME: Jonathan Musong Signature: DATE: March 28, 2022

COURSE & SECTION: BAS-LT-NS-2A PROFESSOR: Mrs. Gloricel A. Ergino

Reflection No. 2

1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial?

In my opinion, an intellectual differs from most people in their way of thinking because they
tend to analyze what they see or hear and are incredibly critical in their thought process.
Intellectual ideas are controversial because we create some ideas or information that will benefit us
both as individuals and as everyone. Additionally, most intellectual ideas were contentious simply
because people desired to validate their theories. A paradigm shift occurs when an existing
approach undergoes an abrupt change. It's challenging to abandon long-held beliefs to embrace
new ones. Thus, the intellectual's role is to prepare societies for potential change by anticipating
the future and utilizing historical lessons to raise awareness and correct imbalances and reject all
forms of injustice and promote human value.

2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was
widely accepted at the time.
From my point of view, it is because discoveries are thoroughly studied and shown to be
superior to what was previously widely accepted. Every day, scientists and researchers make
discoveries. Before a discovery is made, it will undergo extensive study or research to ensure
validity. The study/research entails a series of scientific procedure steps. Successfully developing
a new discovery takes time, money, and a great deal of effort. This is the primary reason
discoveries are accepted even when they contradict what was previously assumed. Despite being
the opposite of a previous finding, a discovery is supported by extensive data and analysis
derived from extensive research, making it valid and acceptable.
 For example, before technology, we used email for our communication, but now we can
use technology to communicate and get information resources. And for transportation. Before, we
used horses and chariots just for our rides. Still, now we can use vehicles, airplanes, trains,
trucks, etc. Whether we like it or not, these adaptations to discovery can benefit us. Numerous
individuals will be impacted by these discoveries.

3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?

The intellectual revolution possessed the ability to ascertain a person's essentials; it was a
continuous discovery of self-worth, determination, and knowledge that enabled open one's mind
to the world. It was a space for self-improvement, reconstruction, and the exercise of free will to
increase one's worth. It will transform societies through critical thinking, evaluation, and the
establishment of equitable rules. It is a continuous process of development aimed at meeting
societal needs. Collaborations of great minds contribute to the world's peace and progress.

Additionally, these revolutions made a significant impact on people's daily lives. The
complicated tasks can be simplified, and humans can perform their jobs with less effort due to
newly invented technologies. People's lives would eventually improve. It aimed to educate the
general public about science, which would result in a more just society.

4. Can you name other scientific revolutions that happened in the following places.
a. Meso – America
In Mesoamerica, civilizations rise and fall repeatedly. As a result, various groups were
credited with multiple inventions and contributions, like the Maya shaman group's cosmology
and mathematics systems. Additionally, three calendars were used: solar, ritual, and long
count. Further, they established zero as a number. Another significant scientific revolution in
Mesoamerica was their belief in the cycles of planets and celestial beings such as the sun
and moon; they also constructed observatories to aid agricultural and architectural
calculations.
These times were also notable for the invention of "maize," or corn, which has remained
a staple crop. Rubber was another invention that significantly impacted our world during this
period.
b. Asia
Apart from Heliocentric and geocentric theory, belief in the superiority of Western values
combined with economic and technological advancements in shipbuilding, weaponry, and
communications created a potent cocktail that would pose numerous challenges to Asian
societies. Asia's imperialism and revolution experiences were as varied as Asia itself.

c. Middle East
Between the eighth and fourteenth centuries, dubbed the Islamic golden age, so many
life-changing inventions occurred that this scientific revolution spread throughout the entire
Muslim empire, from western India in the east to Spain and Portugal in the west (Iberia
peninsula).
Among these innovations were the Arabic numerals, which remain in use today, and
algebra and algorithms (which are used in all programming languages today).
There were also numerous advancements in chemistry and astrology (as well as
astronomy); in fact, the English word "chemistry" is derived from the Arabic word "Kimya'a" as
a result of the scientists' contributions during this period.

d. Africa
 Steam engines were an African scientific revolution.
 Copper and iron tools and weapons represented an African scientific revolution.

Workers and peasants revolutionaries and the radical intellectual youth of Africa are
gravitating toward the socialist path. They have witnessed the evils of capitalism at work in
their midst: its greed and waste of life and resources; its ruthless contempt for human dignity
and value.