MSc Civil Engineering

Academic year 2021-2022

Term-1

EG7006 - Advanced Structural Analysis

Module Leader – Dr Ali Abbas

GROUP 4 - FORMATIVE ASSIGNMENT 3

Elasto-plastic modelling of steel frames

RESPONSIBILITY
Student name : NANDHAKUMAR PALANIYAPPAN
Student NO : U2158553

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GROUP 4: Elasto-plastic modelling of steel frames
A steel frame is needed for a warehouse. The frame comprises a single bay plane portal frame
of span L. The frame has two columns of height H and two inclined beams supporting a pitched
roof. The height of the apex of the frame (at the middle of the span where the beams meet) is
A. The frame is fixed rigidly at one support and pinned at the other. The column has a cross-
section profile C, whilst the beam has a profile B.

Given

Profile C = square solid section of width 300 mm

Profile B = rectangular solid section of breadth 300 mm and depth 600 mm
Column height, H = 5 m
Apex height, A = 6 m
Length of the span, L = 10 m + (Nstudent / Ngroup * 2 m) = 10 + (5/11 *2) = 12 m
Point load, P = 80 kN
Uniform distributed load, q = 7.5 kN/m

Nstudent =5

Ngroup = 11

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INTRODUCTION:
A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown in Fig. 1. In the elastic range, the slope is
linear and is defined by the modulus of elasticity, or Young’s modulus E, which is taken as 210
000 N·mm-2 according to EN 1993-1-1. After reaching the yield stress fy, with the
corresponding strain of εy = fy/E, the strain increases along a yield plateau without any
apparent increase in stress. When the strain reaches the strain-hardening strain, strain hardening
initiates, and the stress increases again with increasing strain. Finally, the stress reaches a
maximum value at the ultimate tensile strength and the corresponding ultimate strain. Beyond
this point, necking and eventually fracture occur.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 (a) Schematic of typical stress–strain curve and (b) elastic–perfectly plastic model of
high-tensile steel.

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 Stress-strain curves for different materials:

Figure 4 - Stress-strain curves for different materials

𝑌𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 600
𝑌𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝑌𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 0.003 − 0
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑌𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 − 𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
(573.9 − 521.7)𝑋108
= = 3000 𝑋 106
0.02 − 0.026

The various parameters specified in the stress-strain diagram of reinforcing steel are
Nationally determined Parameters Eurocode recommendation/
Symbol
UK decision
Yield Strength 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑜𝑟𝑓0,2𝑘 600 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Maximum actual Yield Strength 𝑓𝑦, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.3𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 780 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Tensile Strength 𝑓𝑡
Ductility 𝑓
𝐾 = ( 𝑡⁄𝑓 ) 1.1
𝑦 𝑘

Modulus of Elasticity
𝐸𝑠 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Strain at maximum force
𝜀𝑢𝑘 ≥ 7.5 %
Partial factors for materials for ultimate
𝛾𝑠 1
limit states for reinforcing steel

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Modelling strategy:
• Creating the Geometry points
Column height, H = 5 m
Apex height, A = 6 m
Length of the span,
L = 10 m + (Nstudent / Ngroup * 2 m)
= 10 + (5/11 *2)
= 12 m

Figure 5 – define geometry dialogue box

• Defining Lines

Figure 6 – Define line dialogue box

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 • Defining cross-section

Figure 7 – Cross section for column

Figure 8 – Cross section for beam

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 • Defining support

Defining The frame as fixed rigidly at one support and pinned at the other.

Fig 9 – fixed support Fig 10 – pinned support

• Assigning load
Assigning the vertical point load P = 80 kN at P3

Figure 11- Apply load dialogue box for point load

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 Assigning UDL q= 7.5 kN/m to column with pinned support

Figure 12 – apply load dialogue box for UDL

• Defining materials
As per the requirement, three different materials are to be created: linear elastic,
perfectly plastic, and Strain hardening.

Figure 13 – Manage material dialogue box

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 Fig 14, 15 & 16 shows the different values for each material property. Young’s modulus and
Poisson’s Ratio are the same as all three materials. For perfectly plastic and strain hardening initial
yield stress and Max. Allowable effective plastic strains are required. Which we already obtained
from the Euro code.

Fig 14 – linear elastic Fig 15 – perfectly plastic

Fig 16 – Strain hardening

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 • Cross section of Model.

Figure 17 – Cross section of model

Results
• Bending Moment

Figure 18 – Bending moment diagram

Maximum bending moment = -114.959 kNm

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 • Shear Force

Figure 18 – Shear force diagram

Maximum bending moment = -362.26 kN

• Deflection

Figure 19 – Deflection diagram

Maximum displacement = -1.59536E-03

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 • Safety factor against failure

To find the safety of factor against failure by increasing the load q and P until the frame
collapse using the Time function and Timestep. Time step is defined to 10 steps and
increasing the load values in time function till the frame collapse.

For perfectly plastic material:

Figure 20 – Time function

Figure 21 – Adina result

When the magnitude is increased to 37, the program has stopped abnormally, concluding that
the perfectly plastic material is got failure at this stage.
safety factor against failure λ = 37

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For strain hardening material:

Figure 22 – load value for point load(kN) Figure 23 – Load value for UDL (kNm)

Figure 24 – Adina result

safety factor against failure for strength hardening λ = 109

Conclusion
The shear force, bending moment, and deflections are the same values for all three
material properties: linear elastic, perfectly plastic, and strain hardening. The loads are the
same for all three materials. The changes in safety factors against failure are given in the
below table.
safety factor Perfectly plastic Strain hardening %changes
λ 37 109 196%
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Reference:

1. Alessandro Zona. Andrea Dall'Asta. Elastoplastic model for steel buckling-

restrained braces (Journal of Constructional Steel Research) Volume 68, Issue
1, January 2012, Page 118-125
2. M. Barbato, J.P. Conte Finite element structural response sensitivity and
reliability analyses using smooth versus non-smooth material constitutive models
Int J Reliab Saf, 1 (1–2) (2006), pp. 3-39
3. R. Asaro, V. Lubarda Mechanics of solids and materials Cambridge
University Press (2006)

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