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Academic Year: 12/13
Examination Period: Summer
Instructions to Candidates:
UBGMXU-15-1 Page 1 of 8
SECTION A: Answer 3 questions out of 5
Question 1 - Concrete (20 marks)
Describe how the water-cement ratio and the degree of hydration affect the strength
and porosity of hydrated cement paste. With the aid of a sketch graph show how the
strength of concrete varies with age and explain how this is related to the hydration
process.
By considering
i) Raw material availability
ii) Extraction
iii) Energy used in manufacture
iv) Health and Safety Hazards
v) Waste Disposal/Recyclability
With the aid of diagrams, describe the processes of atmospheric and electrolytic
corrosion. Hence explain how a steel bridge could be protected from corrosion by
i) galvanising
ii) painting
iii) good detailing
By considering the process of vitrification of clay, explain why the strength, water
absorption and density of a brick are related to each other. Describe how these
properties can be measured in laboratory tests.
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SECTION B: Answer 3 questions out of 5
The frame ABCDEFG of Figure Q6 has pinned supports at A and G, a pin at D and
has rigid joints at B and F. Calculate the reactions at A and G.
Figure Q6
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Question 7 (20 marks)
Figure Q7
Figure Q9
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Question 10 (20 marks)
A steel bracket, as shown in Figure Q10, supports a load of 60kN. If the allowable
shear stress in each bolt is 80 N/mm2, calculate the minimum diameter of bolt
required and select a bolt size from available diameters of 16, 20, 24 and 30mm.
Figure Q10
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FORMULAE & DATA
Force Components
V or F y = Fsin
H or Fx = Fcos
Centre of Area
y = Ay) / A
Centre of Gravity
x =Wx) / W
Friction
Maximum friction force = coefficient of friction x normal reaction force = RN
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Maximum load in tensile test
Ultimate tensile stress =
Original area normal to load
Ultimate tensile stress
Factor of safety
Actual operating stress
Shear Force & Bending Moment Sign Convention
x x
X X
X X
X X
Positive BM (clockwise on the left) Negative BM (anti-clockwise on the left)
Bending theory
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Shear stress
Torsional stress
Composite sections
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