4-1 Right Triangle Trigonometry: Esolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

4-1 Right Triangle Trigonometry
Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions of θ.
1.
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
2.
ANSWER:
3.
ANSWER:
4.
ANSWER:
5.
ANSWER:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

6.
ANSWER:
5.
ANSWER:
4-1 Right
sin θ = Triangle
, cos Trigonometry
θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
6.
ANSWER:
7.
ANSWER:
8.
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = 4
Use the given trigonometric function value of the acute angle θ to find the exact values of the five
remaining trigonometric function values of θ.
9. sin θ =
ANSWER:
cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
10. cos θ =
ANSWER:
sin θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
11. tan θ = 3
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
ANSWER:
4-1 Right
sin θ = Triangle
, tan θ Trigonometry
= , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
11. tan θ = 3
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
12. sec θ = 8
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = 3 , csc θ = , cot θ =
13. cos θ =
ANSWER:
sin θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
14. tan θ =
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = 4
15. cot θ = 5
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ =
16. csc θ = 6
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
17. sec θ =
ANSWER:
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , cot θ =
18. sin θ =
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
4-1 Right
sin θ = Triangle
, cos θTrigonometry
= , tan θ = , csc θ = , cot θ =
18. sin θ =
ANSWER:
Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth.
19.
ANSWER:
3.2
20.
ANSWER:
6.5
21.
ANSWER:
4.1
22.
ANSWER:
17.5
23.
ANSWER:
43.0
24.
ANSWER:
22.2
23.
ANSWER:
43.0
24.
ANSWER:
22.2
25.
ANSWER:
7.5
26.
ANSWER:
71.2
27. MOUNTAIN CLIMBING A team of climbers must determine the width of a ravine in order to set up
equipment to cross it. If the climbers walk 25 feet along the ravine from their crossing point, and sight the crossing
point on the far side of the ravine to be at a 35º angle, how wide is the ravine?
ANSWER:
17.5 ft
28. SNOWBOARDING Brad built a snowboarding ramp with a height of 3.5 feet and an 18º incline.
a. Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
b. Determine the length of the ramp.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 11.3 ft
29. DETOUR Traffic is detoured from Elwood Ave., left 0.8 mile on Maple St., and then right on Oak St., which
intersects Elwood Ave. at a 32° angle.
b. Determine the length of Elwood Ave. that is detoured.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 11.3 ft
29. DETOUR Traffic is detoured from Elwood Ave., left 0.8 mile on Maple St., and then right on Oak St., which
intersects Elwood Ave. at a 32° angle.
b. Determine the length of Elwood Ave. that is detoured.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 1.3 mi
30. PARACHUTING A paratrooper encounters stronger winds than anticipated while parachuting from 1350 feet,
causing him to drift at an 8º angle. How far from the drop zone will the paratrooper land?
ANSWER:
190 ft
Find the measure of angle θ. Round to the nearest degree, if necessary.

31.
ANSWER:
14º
32.
ANSWER:
48º
33.
32.
ANSWER:
48º
33.
ANSWER:
35º
34.
ANSWER:
81º
35.
ANSWER:
59º
36.
ANSWER:
46º
37.
ANSWER:
53º
38.
ANSWER:
69º
39. PARASAILING Kayla decided to try parasailing. She was strapped into a parachute towed by a boat. An 800-
foot line connected her parachute to the boat, which was at a 32º angle of depression below her. How high above
the water was Kayla?

38.
ANSWER:
69º
39. PARASAILING Kayla decided to try parasailing. She was strapped into a parachute towed by a boat. An 800-
foot line connected her parachute to the boat, which was at a 32º angle of depression below her. How high above
the water was Kayla?
ANSWER:
424 ft
40. OBSERVATION WHEEL The London Eye is a 135-meter-tall observation wheel. If a passenger at the top of

the wheel sights the London Aquarium at a 58º angle of depression, what is the distance between the aquarium and
the London Eye?
ANSWER:
84 m
41. ROLLER COASTER On a roller coaster, 375 feet of track ascend at a 55º angle of elevation to the top before

the first and highest drop.
b. Determine the height of the roller coaster.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 307 ft
42. SKI LIFT A company is installing a new ski lift on a 225-meter-high mountain that will ascend at a 48º angle of

elevation.
b. Determine the length of cable the lift requires to extend from the base to the peak of the mountain.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 303 m
b. 307 ft
42. SKI LIFT A company is installing a new ski lift on a 225-meter-high mountain that will ascend at a 48º angle of

elevation.
b. Determine the length of cable the lift requires to extend from the base to the peak of the mountain.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 303 m
43. BASKETBALL Both Derek and Sam are 5 feet 10 inches tall. Derek looks at a 10-foot basketball goal with an

angle of elevation of 29°, and Sam looks at the goal with an angle of elevation of 43°. If Sam is directly in front of
Derek, how far apart are the boys standing?
ANSWER:
about 3.1 ft
44. PARIS A tourist on the first observation level of the Eiffel Tower sights the Musée D’Orsay at a 1.4º angle of

depression. A tourist on the third observation level, located 219 meters directly above the first, sights the Musée
D’Orsay at a 6.8º angle of depression.
b. Determine the distance between the Eiffel Tower and the Musée D’Orsay.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 2310 m
45. LIGHTHOUSE Two ships are spotted from the top of a 156-foot lighthouse. The first ship is at a 27º angle of

depression, and the second ship is directly behind the first at a 7º angle of depression.
b. Determine the distance between the two ships.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 2310 m
45. LIGHTHOUSE Two ships are spotted from the top of a 156-foot lighthouse. The first ship is at a 27º angle of

depression, and the second ship is directly behind the first at a 7º angle of depression.
b. Determine the distance between the two ships.
ANSWER:
a.

b. 964 ft
46. MOUNT RUSHMORE The faces of the presidents at Mount Rushmore are 60 feet tall. A visitor sees the top
of George Washington’s head at a 48º angle of elevation and his chin at a 44.76º angle of elevation. Find the height
of Mount Rushmore.
ANSWER:
about 500 ft
Solve each triangle. Round side measures to the nearest tenth and angle measures to the nearest
degree.
47.
ANSWER:
B = 70º, b 16.5, c 17.5
48.
ANSWER:
X = 29º, y 37.1, z 32.5

49.
ANSWER:
48.
ANSWER:
X = 29º, y 37.1, z 32.5
49.
ANSWER:
P 43º, Q 47º, r 34.0
50.
ANSWER:
D 77º, E 13º, d 29.2
51.
ANSWER:
K 19º, j 18.0, k 6.2
52.
ANSWER:
W 14°, Y 76°, y 3.9
53.
ANSWER:
f 19.6, h 17.1
54.
ANSWER:
R 30º, S 60º, t 8.1
55. BASEBALL Michael’s seat at a game is 65 feet behind home plate. His line of vision is 10 feet above the field.
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What is the angle of depression to home plate?
ANSWER:
54.
ANSWER:
R 30º, S 60º, t 8.1
55. BASEBALL Michael’s seat at a game is 65 feet behind home plate. His line of vision is 10 feet above the field.
b. What is the angle of depression to home plate?
ANSWER:
a.
b.
56. HIKING Jessica is standing 2 miles from the center of the base of Pikes Peak, and looking at the summit of the
mountain, which is 1.4 miles from the base.
b. With what angle of elevation is Jessica looking at the summit of the mountain?
ANSWER:
a.
b.
Find the exact value of each expression without using a calculator.

57. sin 60°
ANSWER:
58. cot 30°
ANSWER:
59. sec 30°
ANSWER:
60. cos 45°
ANSWER:

61. tan 60°
ANSWER:
59. sec 30°
ANSWER:
60. cos 45°
ANSWER:
61. tan 60°
ANSWER:
62. csc 45°
ANSWER:
Without using a calculator, find the measure of the acute angle θ that satisfies the given equation.
63. tan θ = 1
ANSWER:
45°
64. cos θ =
ANSWER:
30°
65. cot θ =
ANSWER:
60°
66. sin θ =
ANSWER:
45°
67. csc θ = 2
ANSWER:
30°
68. sec θ = 2
ANSWER:
60°
Without using a calculator, determine the value of x.

68. sec θ = 2
ANSWER:
60°
Without using a calculator, determine the value of x.
69.
ANSWER:
2
70.
ANSWER:
3
71. SCUBA DIVING A scuba diver located 20 feet below the surface of the water spots a shipwreck at a 70º angle

of depression. After descending to a point 45 feet above the ocean floor, the diver sees the shipwreck at a 57º
angle of depression. Draw a diagram to represent the situation, and determine the depth of the shipwreck.
ANSWER:
about 100 ft
Find the value of cos θ if θ is the measure of the smallest angle in each type of right triangle.
72. 3-4-5
ANSWER:
0.8
73. 5-12-13
ANSWER:
about 0.92
74. SOLAR POWER Find the total area of the panel shown below.
ANSWER:
73. 5-12-13
ANSWER:
about 0.92
74. SOLAR POWER Find the total area of the panel shown below.
ANSWER:
2
42.7 ft
Without using a calculator, insert the appropriate symbol >, <, or = to complete each equation.
75. sin 45° cot 60°
ANSWER:
>
76. tan 60° cot 30°
ANSWER:
=
77. cos 30° csc 45°
ANSWER:
<
78. cos 30° sin 60°
ANSWER:
=
79. sec 45° csc 60°
ANSWER:
>
80. tan 45° sec 30°
ANSWER:
<
81. ENGINEERING Determine the depth of the shaft at the large end d of the air duct shown below if the taper of

the duct is 3.5º.
ANSWER:
about 17.9 in.
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82. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will investigate trigonometric functions of acute Page 15
angles and their relationship to points on the coordinate plane.
a. GRAPHICAL Let P(x, y) be a point in the first quadrant. Graph the line through point P and the origin. Form a
ANSWER:
about 17.9 in.
82. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will investigate trigonometric functions of acute

angles and their relationship to points on the coordinate plane.
a. GRAPHICAL Let P(x, y) be a point in the first quadrant. Graph the line through point P and the origin. Form a
right triangle by connecting the points P, (x, 0), and the origin. Label the lengths of the legs of the triangle in terms
of x or y. Label the length of the hypotenuse as r and the angle the line makes with the x-axis θ.
b. ANALYTICAL Express the value of r in terms of x and y.
c. ANALYTICAL Express sin θ, cos θ, and tan θ in terms of x, y, and/or r.
d. VERBAL Under what condition can the coordinates of point P be expressed as (cos θ, sin θ)?
e. ANALYTICAL Which trigonometric ratio involving θ corresponds to the slope of the line?
f. ANALYTICAL Find an expression for the slope of the line perpendicular to the line in part a in terms of θ.
ANSWER:
a.
b. r =
c. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =

d. Sample answer: when r = 1
e . tan θ
f. –cot θ
83. PROOF Prove that if θ is an acute angle of a right triangle, then tan θ = and cot θ = .
ANSWER:
Sample answer: For an acute angle θ of a right triangle, sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , and cot θ =
. Using these definitions, = = = tan θ. Similarly, = = = cot θ.
84. ERROR ANALYSIS Jason and Nadina know the value of sin θ = a and are asked to find csc θ . Jason says that
this is not possible, but Nadina disagrees. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
ANSWER:
Nadina; sample answer: The cosecant function is the reciprocal function of the sine function. Therefore, if sin θ =
a, then csc θ = , where a ≠ 0.
85. Writing
eSolutions Manual in Math by
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Explain the six trigonometric functions are transcendental functions. Page 16
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Nadina; sample answer: The cosecant function is the reciprocal function of the sine function. Therefore, if sin θ =
4-1 Right
a, then Triangle Trigonometry
csc θ = , where a ≠ 0.
85. Writing in Math Explain why the six trigonometric functions are transcendental functions.
ANSWER:
The trigonometric functions are transcendental functions because they cannot be expressed in terms of algebraic
operations. For example, there is no way to find the value of θ in y = cos θ by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or
dividing a constant and θ or raising θ to a rational power.
86. CHALLENGE Write an expression in terms of θ for the area of the scalene triangle shown. Explain.
ANSWER:
A= ; Sample answer: If you draw the height of the triangle, it forms two right triangles. The length of the
height is equal to a sin θ using the formula A = bh, where the base of the triangle is b and the height is a sin θ.
87. PROOF Prove that if θ is an acute angle of a right triangle, then (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 = 1.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: Given a triangle with hypotenuse c and legs a and b, let sin θ = and cos θ = . By the
2 2 2
Pythagorean Theorem, c = a + b .
2 2
Therefore, (sin θ) + (cos θ) = 1.
REASONING If A and B are the acute angles of a right triangle and m A < m B, determine whether
each statement is true or false . If false, give a counterexample.
88. sin A < sin B
ANSWER:
true
89. cos A < cos B

ANSWER:
False; sample answer: In ABC, the m B < m A, cos B 0.7986, and cos A 0.6018. Therefore,
cos B > cos A, and thus the statement is false.
88. sin A < sin B
ANSWER:
4-1 Right
true Triangle Trigonometry
89. cos A < cos B

ANSWER:
False; sample answer: In ABC, the m B < m A, cos B 0.7986, and cos A 0.6018. Therefore,
cos B > cos A, and thus the statement is false.
90. tan A < tan B

ANSWER:
true
91. Writing in Math Notice on a graphing calculator that there is no key for finding the secant, cosecant, or
cotangent of an angle measure. Explain why you think this might be so.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: Since the cosine function is the reciprocal of the secant function, the sine function is the reciprocal
of the cosecant function, and the tangent function is the reciprocal of the cotangent function, you can find the value
of a secant, cosecant, or cotangent function on a graphing calculator by finding one divided by the reciprocal of the
function.
92. ECONOMICS The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures inflation. It is based on the average prices of goods
and services in the United States, with the annual average for the years 1982-1984 set at an index of 100. The
table shown gives some annual average CPI values from 1955 to 2005. Find an exponential model relating this data
(year, CPI) by linearizing the data. Let x = 0 represent 1955. Then use your model to predict the CPI for 2025.
ANSWER:
0.0439x
Sample answer: y = 24.2157e ; about 523.2

Solve each equation. Round to the nearest hundredth.

93. e5x = 24
ANSWER:
0.64
94. 2ex – 7 – 6 = 0
ANSWER:
0.0439x
SampleTriangle
4-1 Right answer: y = Trigonometry
24.2157e ; about 523.2

Solve each equation. Round to the nearest hundredth.

93. e5x = 24
ANSWER:
0.64
94. 2ex – 7 – 6 = 0
ANSWER:
8.10
Sketch and analyze the graph of each function. Describe its domain, range, intercepts, asymptotes, end
behavior, and where the function is increasing or decreasing.
95. f (x) = −3x − 2
ANSWER:
D = (– , ), R = (– , 0); no x-intercept, y-intercept: ; horizontal asymptote at y = 0;
decreasing on (– , )
96. f (x) = 23x − 4 + 1

ANSWER:
D = (– , ), R = (1, ); no x-intercept, y-intercept: ; horizontal asymptote at y = 1;
increasing on (– , )
97. f (x) = – 4–x + 6

ANSWER:

D = (– , ), R = (1, ); no x-intercept, y-intercept: ; horizontal asymptote at y = 1;
97. f (x) = – 4–x + 6

ANSWER:
D = (– , ), R = (– , 0); no x-intercept, y-intercept: –4096; horizontal asymptote at y = 0;

Solve each equation.

98. = –
ANSWER:
–1, 8
99. = +
ANSWER:
4
100. = –
ANSWER:
0, 1
101. NEWSPAPERS The circulation in thousands of papers of a national newspaper is shown.
a. Let x equal the number of years after 2001. Create a scatter plot of the data.
b. Determine a power function to model the data.
c. Use the function to predict the circulation of the newspaper in 2015.

ANSWER:
a.

100. = –
ANSWER:
0, 1
101. NEWSPAPERS The circulation in thousands of papers of a national newspaper is shown.
a. Let x equal the number of years after 2001. Create a scatter plot of the data.
b. Determine a power function to model the data.
c. Use the function to predict the circulation of the newspaper in 2015.

ANSWER:
a.
b. f (x) = 904.254x−0.149
c. 611,068
102. SAT/ACT In the figure below, what is the value of z?
A 15
B 15
C 15
D 30
E 30
ANSWER:
B
103. REVIEW Joseph uses a ladder to reach a window 10 feet above the ground. If the ladder is 3 feet away from the
wall, how long should the ladder be?
F 9.39 ft
G 10.44 ft
H 11.23 ft
J 12.05 ft
ANSWER:
G
104. A person holds one end of a rope that runs through a pulley and has a weight attached to the other end. Assume
that the weight is at the same height as the person’s hand. What is the distance from the person's hand to the
weight?
H 11.23 ft
J 12.05 ft
ANSWER:
G
104. A person holds one end of a rope that runs through a pulley and has a weight attached to the other end. Assume
that the weight is at the same height as the person’s hand. What is the distance from the person's hand to the
weight?
A 7.8 ft
B 10.5 ft
C 12.9 ft
D 14.3 ft
ANSWER:
A
105. REVIEW A kite is being flown at a 45° angle. The string of the kite is 120 feet long. How high is the kite above
the point at which the string is held?
F 60 ft
G 60 ft
H 60 ft
J 120 ft
ANSWER:
G

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4-1 Right Triangle Trigonometry

Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions of θ.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

sin θ = , cos θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =

sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , cot θ =

Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth.

Find the measure of angle θ. Round to the nearest degree, if necessary.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

40. OBSERVATION WHEEL The London Eye is a 135-meter-tall observation wheel. If a passenger at the top of

41. ROLLER COASTER On a roller coaster, 375 feet of track ascend at a 55º angle of elevation to the top before

42. SKI LIFT A company is installing a new ski lift on a 225-meter-high mountain that will ascend at a 48º angle of

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 8

42. SKI LIFT A company is installing a new ski lift on a 225-meter-high mountain that will ascend at a 48º angle of

43. BASKETBALL Both Derek and Sam are 5 feet 10 inches tall. Derek looks at a 10-foot basketball goal with an

44. PARIS A tourist on the first observation level of the Eiffel Tower sights the Musée D’Orsay at a 1.4º angle of

45. LIGHTHOUSE Two ships are spotted from the top of a 156-foot lighthouse. The first ship is at a 27º angle of

45. LIGHTHOUSE Two ships are spotted from the top of a 156-foot lighthouse. The first ship is at a 27º angle of

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

Find the exact value of each expression without using a calculator.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

4-1 Right Triangle Trigonometry

Without using a calculator, determine the value of x.

Without using a calculator, determine the value of x.

71. SCUBA DIVING A scuba diver located 20 feet below the surface of the water spots a shipwreck at a 70º angle

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

81. ENGINEERING Determine the depth of the shaft at the large end d of the air duct shown below if the taper of

82. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will investigate trigonometric functions of acute

c. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =

. Using these definitions, = = = tan θ. Similarly, = = = cot θ.

89. cos A < cos B

89. cos A < cos B

90. tan A < tan B

Solve each equation. Round to the nearest hundredth.

Solve each equation. Round to the nearest hundredth.

D = (– , ), R = (– , 0); no x-intercept, y-intercept: ; horizontal asymptote at y = 0;

96. f (x) = 23x − 4 + 1

D = (– , ), R = (1, ); no x-intercept, y-intercept: ; horizontal asymptote at y = 1;

97. f (x) = – 4–x + 6

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

97. f (x) = – 4–x + 6

D = (– , ), R = (– , 0); no x-intercept, y-intercept: –4096; horizontal asymptote at y = 0;

Solve each equation.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 20

102. SAT/ACT In the figure below, what is the value of z?

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 22

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