CHARTS AND GRAPHS

• Change: tăng, giảm, biến động, giữ nguyên, đạt đỉnh, chạm đáy, vượt nhau
• Comparison: hơn, bằng, kém, gấp mấy lần nhau, đứng đầu/theo sau/xếp hạng cuối
• Proportion: cái gì chiếm bnhieu % / bnhieu % thuộc về cái gì, nhỏ/khiêm tốn/tương đối/rất lớn, đa
số/thiểu số
• Referencing: the former, the latter // respectively

1. Change

PHẢI THAY ĐỔI HẲN ĐỐI TƯỢNG CHỦ NGỮ NÓI ĐẾN (danh từ chỉ người, vật, việc, số, thgian, địa
điểm…)

*** tăng mạnh (v) : surge, skyrocket, soar

*** giảm sâu (v) : plunge, plummet
*** đạt đỉnh : to peak at + số, reach a peak of
*** chạm đáy : to hit a trough of + số // to bottom out at + số
*** vượt qua nhau : surpass, exceed
*** gần đuổi kịp nhau: seemed to be catching up, seemed to be bridging/closing the gap
*** chững lại: to reach a plateau
*** phục hồi: a sluggish recovery, bounce back with gusto
2. Comparison: gần như bài nào về charts, graphs cũng dùng (khi có 2 đối tượng trở lên)

(adverb)
So sánh bằng nhau/gấp mấy lần nhau: roughly, precisely
So sánh hơn: slightly, substantially
*nêu số: with SỐ as opposed to SỐ
*sử dụng động từ có tiền tố out- : outnumber (có số lượng đông hơn), outperform (thể hiện tốt hơn)
So sánh nhất: by far (hơn hẳn, kém hẳn)
(Xếp hạng)
1. To top the chart: đứng đầu bảng
2. To come second/to rank second/to come in second (3rd, 4th…)
3. S+V, followed by N with số / N which ….
HN is the most densely populated area in VN with 5ppl/m2 , followed by
… HP with 3ppl/m2.
… HP which had the density of 3ppl/m2

3. Proportion
02 công thức xuôi và ngược
• cái gì chiếm bnhieu %
• bnhieu % thuộc về cái gì, nhỏ/khiêm tốn/tương đối/rất lớn, đa số/thiểu số
Các tính từ để nhận xét về tỉ lệ và cấu trúc : A + ADJ + Số
• nhỏ/khiêm tốn/tương đối/rất lớn, đa số/thiểu số

• The overwhelming/vast majority

 • A lion’s share
• Predominant
• A prevail over B: A chiếm phần lớn hơn, chiếm ưu thế hơn B
• A increase at the expense of B: A tăng nhưng đổi lại là B phải giảm
• B lose grounds to A: B mất dần tỉ trọng vào tay A
• evenly/unevenly distributed
• Disproportionately high/low of : cao/thấp một cách mất cân đối
• The ratio of X to Y is 2:3
• Provide a further breakdown of … : phân tích kĩ hơn về ...

Trước khi làm bài task 1

• Hình dung trong đầu là sẽ chọn những nhóm từ nào
• Liệt kê các possible subjects ra trước khi viết

Khi liệt kê số
• Respectively
• The former and the latter
MAP
PROCESS

Cách nối câu, tạo câu nhiều vế

Cold storing => Weighing/Grading
1. Good pears are cooled in storage at a specific temperature. Then, the pears are weighed and graded.
 2. Good pears are cooled in storage at a specific temperature. The next step involves weighing and
grading the pears.
3. Good pears are cooled in storage at a specific temperature. This is followed by the weighing and
grading of the pears.
4. Good pears are cooled in storage at a specific temperature. The subsequent step is called
Weighing/Grading, in which the fruits are classified according to how heavy they are.
5. The pears which have been cooled/refrigerated are now ready to be weighed and graded accordingly.
6. The refrigerated pears are now ready to be weighed and graded accordingly.

06 CẤU TRÚC CẦN NẮM VỮNG CHO TASK 1

1. S+V, V-ing
Expenditure on housing increased substantially, surpassing that on food in 1992 to become the largest
expense.
2. S+V, with S+V-ing
Overall, the population in all four countries experienced an upward trend, with that in America growing
the most dramatically.
Birth rates in both the US and China declined in the first three years, with the former dropping to 7% and
the latter (dropping) to 5%.
Oranges were the most heavily exported among all types of fruits, with 10 million tonnes being sold
overseas in 2018.
3. The number of N + which/who V ||| + V
The number of people who visited VN was higher than that of people who visited Japan in 2012.
4. That/those + preposition
Expenditure on housing increased substantially, surpassing that on food in 1992 to become the largest
expense.
Overall, the population in all four countries experienced an upward trend, with that in America growing
the most dramatically.
5. The former (thứ đc nhắc đến trước) and The latter (thứ được nhắc đến sau)
Birth rates in both the US and China declined in the first three years, with the former dropping to 7% and
the latter (dropping) to 5%.
The spending habit of students in Vietnam and Thailand was radically different. Specifically, the former (ý
nói đến VN) devoted the majority of their allowance to books while the latter (ý nói đến TL) spent the most
of food and drinks
6. There was a/an + adj + N + in ...
There was a significant growth in the market share of Adidas over the course of 15 years.
WRITING TASK 2

Hook/Paraphrase
…. has sparked a lot of controversy lately/of late.
Public opinion seems to be divided/polarized over ….

Thesis:
Agree/Disagree: While ………….., I personally contend that ……..
Discussion (+Opinion): This essay aims to elaborate on the given viewpoints before my personal opinion is
expounded.
Cause Effect/Problem Solution: This essay aims to elaborate on the underlying reasons behind this
phenomenon as well as the impacts it exerts (on…) /// This essay aims to elaborate on adverse impacts it
exerts as well as viable measures to mitigate them.
Advantage Disad: This essay aims to elaborate on pros and cons of this phenomenon (before a valid
comparison between the two is drawn)

Topic sentence body 1 and 2:

On one hand… /// On the other…
Admittedly,… /// That being said,…
There are __ main … /// This phenomenon/trend/issue can be ….

Main idea 1 and 2

Firstly … /// Secondly …
For one … /// For another ….
The main ….. /// In addition …

Summary: While S+V, S+V

Final answer:
Thus,….
Yet,…
As long as,….
COLLOCATIONS FOR WRITING TASK 2
TOPIC 01: Expressing thoughts and Opinions
1. People still have mixed views on whether ….
2. it will be difficult for people to reach a consensus on this issue
3. I think, I believe → I take the view that ………. // It is my opinion that …….
4. ….. has ignited fierce debate = … has been a controversial issue
5. Everybody knows that …. = It is a well-established fact that …

TOPIC 02: SOLUTIONS

1. It helps people …. => It allows/enables people to V = It creates the opportunity for people to V = It
facilitates sth
2. Solution = resolution = measure = approach
3. Áp dụng: implement = adopt
4. Sth is a necessary evil: sth là việc mà dù không thích thì vẫn cần làm

TOPIC 03: DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

1. Inhibit / arrest the development of …: cản trở sự pt của … (society, international trade, ..)
2. Improve >< deteriorate : cải thiện >< trở nên tệ hơn
3. Shift the emphasis/attention/focus from X to Y : chuyển sự chú ý từ X sang Y (nghệ thuật => khoa học ;
nông nghiệp => công nghiệp và dịch vụ ..)
4. Have far-reaching / profound impacts on sth: có ảnh hưởng sâu sắc đến sth