SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Prof. L. Sabatino Exam #1

BY 70

Multiple choice: Read each question carefully and choose the best answer from the
choices given. (2 pts. each)

1. The currently accepted theory of development is:

a) preformation of all structures

b) epigenesis

c) information is stored in the oocyte's cytoplasm

d) parthenogenesis in mammals

e) b & c

f) a & c

2. Primordial germ cells (PGC) are unique because they are:

a) the only embryonic cells lacking polar granules

b) capable of both mitosis and at puberty meiosis

c) determined in the gonads at puberty from somatic cells

d) all of the above

3. Irradiation of the vegetal pole of the frog egg, which destroys the polar granules,
results in:

a) adults that are fertile

b) sterile adults with gonads but no spermatogonia or oogonia

c) adults without gonads

d) females only

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 4. During prophase, each chromosome has:

a) 2 chromatids b) 1 chromatid c) 4 centromeres

5. Separation of homologs occurs during:

a) Prophase I b) Anaphase II

c) Metaphase II d) Anaphase I

6. Crossing over occurs:

a) between nonsister chromatids (homologs)

b) during interphase

c) rarely in humans

d) to decrease genetic diversity

e) all of the above

7. The chromosomal makeup of a Secondary Spermatocyte is expressed as:

a) 2n b) n c) 2n d) n

8. In invertebrates (sea urchins):

a) the Zona pellucida is formed around the Secondary Oocyte

b) Nurse cells develop from PGCs that have less than 4 cytoplasmic bridges.

c) 4 equal size ova are formed from one Primary Oocyte

d) all of the above

9. Which of the following is produced by lampbrush chromosomes?

a) the information controlling spermiogenesis

b) proteins controlling spindle apparatus location in the fertilized egg (snail coiling)

c) O+ protein for activation of the embryonic genoma

d) all of the above

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 10. The formation of a 2nd polar body is stimulated by ____ in humans.

a) sperm penetration b) ovulation

c) follicle cell secretions d) puberty

11. Which of the following is equivalent to the zona pellucida in mammals?

a) jelly around sea urchin eggs

b) albumin in birds

c) viteline membrane in frogs

d) acrosome in frogs

12. Capacitation in human sperm cells:

a) is necessary to activate the acrosomal enzymes

b) is stimulated by uterine secretions

c) is essential for fertilization to occur

d) all of the above

13. The following is the electrical change in the oocyte's membrane after sperm
penetration.

+10

mVolts 0

-70

_______________________

time

sperm

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 What would happen if a voltage clamp was used to hold the membrane at +10 mVolts
and then the sperm were added?

a) normal fertilization

b) polyspermy

c) no fertilization

14. Using the diagram in question #13, what would happen if a voltage clamp held the
membrane at -70 mVolts after the sperm were added ?

a) normal fertilization

b) polyspermy

c) no fertilization

15. Which of the following is first to occur after the sperm penetrates the oocyte's
membrane?

a) depolarization of the oocyte's membrane

b) release of cortical enzymes (cortical reaction)

c) syngamy

d) first cleavage division

e) removal of sperm receptors on Zona pellucida

16. The production of a fertilization membrane:

a) provides a longlasting block to polyspermy

b) occurs after the electrical shortblock

c) is due to cortical enzymes

d) all of the above

17. Which of the following is a function of cleavage?

a) production of a multicellular organism

b) restoration of the proper somatic nuclear to cytoplasmic ration (1 to 7)

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 c) formation of blastomeres for differentiation

d) all of the above

18. Which of the following organisms exhibits meroblastic cleavage?

a) frogs b) insects c) humans d) birds

19. Which of the following has an isolecithal egg?

a) frog b) insect c) human d) bird

20.In the following mating:

female O-/O- X male O+/O+

(O+ = normal O protein production; O- = absence of O protein)

All offspring will be heterozygotes (O-/O+) and:

a) will not survive gastrulation

b) will not contain the O protein in the fertilized egg

c) will fail to produce embryonic proteins

d) all of the above

21. The O protein :

a) is necessary to activate the embryonic genome

b) activates genes in the Primary Oocyte

c) is only produced in males

d) all of the above

22. Which of the following procedures will rescue an embryo that develops from an O-
/O- egg?

a) Injection of nucleoplasm from a secondary oocyte (O+/O+)

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 b) injection of cytoplasm from a Primary oocyte (O+/O+)

c) Transplantation of the nucleus from a fertilized egg (O+/O+)

d) Transplantation of the nucleus from late blastula (O+/O+)

23. Experiments with snails and shell coiling indicates that cleavage patterns are
controlled by:

a) the embryonic genome

b) cytoplasmic information from the mother's genome

c) parthenogenesis

d) all of the above

24 & 25. The following is a fate map of the frog embryo.

c.s. #2 #1

______________Blastocoel

#3 ____________future notochord

#4

24. Number 1 in the blastula represents the future:

a) endoderm b) mesoderm

c) neural ectoderm d) epidermal ectoderm

25. Which germ layer undergoes epiboly?

a) #1 b) #2 c)#3 d) #4

26. Gastrulation in birds begins with:

a) the ventral surface b) the albumin

c) the primitive streak d) invagination of the hypoblast

27. Telolecithal eggs:

a) have a small amount of yolk

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 b) undergo meroblastic cleavage

c) will undergo gastrulation by invagination

d) are found in mammals

e) all of the above

28. Predict the results from the following experiment:

Antibodies to the zona pelucida are injected into a female.

a) Secondary oocytes will not be ovulated

b) sperm receptors on the zona will be damaged and fertilization will not occur

c)sperm will not release acrosomal enzymes

d) infertility will be lifelong

29. The sperm cell contibutes ____ to the zygote.

a) polar granules b) diploid nucleus

c) centrioles d) mitochondria

30. Experiments that induced development of neural ectoderm by inserting methylene

blue under the undetermined ectoderm of the blastula indicate that:

a) methylene blue is the inducer in normal development

b) sublethal lysis causes the release of stored proteins in the undetermined ectoderm

c) ectoderm can form from endoderm

d) the sperm induces the development of neural ectoderm

Essays:

(8 pts)1. Briefly, contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Be sure to include:

a) difference in number of gametes produced and size,

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 b) and why these differences are important for fertilization and development.

(12 pts)2. Contrast invagination, involution and immigration.

Be sure to include:

a)the type of organism for each type of gastrulation,

b) and identify the function of gastrulation.

(10 pts)3. The following experiments involve transplantation of blastomeres:

Exp. #1 Donor Frog Blastula Host Frog Blastula

Exp. #2 Donor Frog Blastula Host Frog Gastrula

a) Predict and explain the results from both experiments. Explain any differences in
results between experiments.

b) Identify the source of the Dorsal lip and its hypothesized role in development.

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