SECTION 1

Science
● Used to eliminate the things that are unknown to gain a deeper understanding of the things surrounding
you
● Product of human curiosity -- we are instinctively curious and have a predisposition of exploring
concepts that are beyond our understanding
● Process of knowing
● Is tentative
○ Affected by the advancement of technology → as we become more advanced, we tend to
discover a lot more
○ In science, we study the nature of our surroundings and what makes science tentative and
uncertain is that our world is very complex → it involves complex processes
● Scientific Method
○ Observation -> Question -> Hypothesis -> Gathering Data through observation and investigation
-> Examine -> Analyze -> Create evidences
● Is a social endeavor
○ Involves collaboration
● Biodiversity
○ Involves the world around us and the natural world, more specifically living organisms → we try
to know the diversity of all living organisms
● Biotic and Abiotic factors
○ Biotic = living component
○ Abiotic = non-living, ex. Temperature, wind speed
Pseudoscience
● Popper: pseudoscience seeks confirmation, science seeks falsification
○ In science, you check more than one understanding and test it repeatedly

BIODIVERSITY
● all the variety of life that can be found on Earth (plants, animals, fungi, and micro-organisms) as well as
to the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.
● Biological Organization: The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest
to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations,
communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.
● Genetic diversity: variation in the genetic composition among individuals of a population, a species, an
assemblage, or a community
● Species diversity: taxonomic hierarchy, number of species, and abundance of each species that live in
a particular location
● Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world
● Measures of biodiversity
○ Species richness: number of species present in a certain area
○ Species evenness: how evenly spread the population is across the species in an area are
○ Relative abundance: number of individuals per species
● Two concepts: hierarchical levels and dynamic

MICROSCOPE
● Resolving power: ability of microscope to distinguish two adjacent points as separate

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 ○ Higher resolving power: details are more clear
○ Affected by numerical aperture and limit of resolution
■ Limit of resolution is inversely proportional to resolving power
■ The smaller the value of the limit of resolution, the higher the resolving power
○ Field of vision
■ Gets smaller as magnification increases
Techniques
● Wet mount: for observing live specimens (can detect movement)
○ Put a drop of liquid on the specimen on the glass slide
○ Drop the coverslip at an angle to avoid bubbles forming
● Smearing: use bacterial samples
○ Work in a sterile environment to prevent contaminating the samples
○ Obtain a bacterial or broth sample and smear it on the slide
○ You can put a stain on the sample (ex. Methylene blue)
○ Put the cover slip and air dry
● Hay infusion
○ Put hay/grass in a jar, together with water from a pond or river
○ Leave this for 5 days
○ Can observe diff organisms present

SPECIMENS
Collection techniques
● Direct/manual (using a net)
● Traps and repulsion methods
● Herping

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