nfXnkfJ u"Ek

frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh Xkofwe tkose

frnkBh fdZs f;zx dk ouBkekb T[BQhthA ;dh d/ nzsb/ fszB djke/ ;B fiBQK
ftu T[BQK B/ gZsoekoh ns/ ;kfjse y/so ftu toDB:'r :'rdkB fdZsk. fJj T[j
;wK ;h id'A tkose Xkofwe ftfPnK d/ Bkb^Bkb ;wkfie ftfPnK bJh th fbyh
ikD bZr gJh ;h.1 frnkBh fdZs f;zx d/ fbyD ekb ;w/A th ;wkfie u/sBk dk
nkXko Xow jh ;h, fJ;/ eoe/ id'A feXo/ fdqPNKs, T[dkjoB iK e'Jh gfoGkPk d/D
dh b'V g?Adh j? sK frnkBh fdZs f;zx r[opkDh ftu'A jh fJ;dh u'D eod/ jB.
;wkfie u/sBk dk nkXko Xow j'D ekoD T[BQK B/ ftPk Gkt/A e'Jh th S{fjnk, T[;B{z
Xkofwe fdqPNhe'D s'A jh g/P ehsk.

frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh g[;se o{g ftu Sgh tkose d/ nkXko T[~ s/ fejk ik
;edk j? fe frnkBh ih dk gqwZ[y ftPk Xow dk T[gd/P ns/ w[Zy o{g ftu f;Zy Xow
d/ n;{bK dk gquko eoBk j?. fiE/ feXo/ th fe;/ nfXnkswe ns/ dkoPfBe B[es/
pko/ uouk eoB dh b'V wfj;{; j'Jh, T[E/ frnkBh ih B/ eftsk dk wkfXnw
ngDkfJnk ns/ id'A T[;d/ Gkt noE ;wMkT[D dh b'V wfj;{; j'Jh, T[d'A tkose dh
tos'A ehsh.2

frnkBh fdZs f;zx Bk e/tb f;zx ;Gk bfjo d/ w'YhnK ftu'A ;B, ;r'A T[j
f;zx ;Gk d/ w[ew
z b gqGkt nXhB th ;B. fJj' ekoD j? fe T[BQK dk fbfynk j'fJnk
;kok jh ;kfjs fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu f;Zy ftfPnK ns/ f;Zy w;fbnK d[nkb/ jh
x[w
z dk j?. frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh Xkofwe tkose B{z j/m fby/ nB[;ko tzfvnk ik
;edk j?L^

1H iBw ;kyh ns/ fJfsjk;w{be ouBktK

(T) iBw;kyh Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih

(n) ihtB eEk Pqh r[o{ nzrd d/t ih

(J) ihtB eEk Pqh r[o{ nwodk; ih

117
(;) ihtB eEk Pqh r[o{ noiB d/t ih

(j) ihtB eEk Pqh r[o{ jfo okJ/ ih

(e) ihtB eEk Pqh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih

(y) d;w r[o{ ih d/ ufoZs.

2H ftnkfynk ns/ Nhekekoh

(T) Pqh r[o{ noiB gqp'X

(n) Bebh f;Zy gqp'X

j[D n;hA f;b;b/tko fJBQK dk nfXn?B eoKr/l

(T) iBw;kyh Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih

frnkBh fdZs f;zx s'A gfjbK Pqh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Bkb ;zpzfXs ;kyhnK ns/
iBw;kyhnK fbyD dh gozgok gzikph ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu Gog{o o{g ftu ojh
j?. fco th frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ ‘iBw;kyh’ Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih fbyh. frnkBh
fdZs f;zx nkgD/ s'A gfjbK fbyhnK rJhnK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dhnK iBw;kyhnK
;zpzXh uouk eodk j? ns/ T[jBK dhnK so[ZNhnK dZ; e/ fJ; rZb dk ;gZPNheoB
fdzdk j? fe T[;B/ fJj iBw;kyh feT[A fbyh< frnkBh fdZs f;zx s'A gfjbK fbyhnK
iBw;kyhnK ftu'A gqwZ[y fJj jBL^

1H g[oksB iBw;kyh (tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh)

2H GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh

3H fwjopkB tkbh iBw;kyh

4H GkJh wBh f;zx tkbh iBw;kyh (frnkB osBktbh)

5H nkfd ;kyhnK (PzG{ BkE tkbh iBwgsoh pkp/ BkBe dh)

fJ; s'A fpBK wZXekbhB eftsk ftZu th r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtB fposKs B{z
;zy/g o{g ftu GkJh r[odk; ih B/ nkgDh gfjbh tko ftu fi;B{z r[o{ BkBe ih dh
tko th fejk iKdk j?, ebwpZX ehsk j?. gqshs jzd
[ k j? fe frnkBh fdZs f;zx B{z

118
T[~ go fbys i/ ;kohnK iBw;kyhnK pko/ gsk BjhA iK T[;B/ ;kohnK iBw;kyhnK

BjhA gVQhnk sK xZN'^xZN tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh, GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh ns/

GkJh r[odk; dh gfjbh tko ftu fby/ j'J/ ihtB fposKs dk T[;B{z g{oh soQK fJbw
;h, e/tb fJbw jh BjhA ;r'A T[;B/ fJjBK dh jo soQK Bkb x'y gVskb th ehsh.
T[;B{z Gkf;nk fe r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk ihtB fposKs xZN'^xZN fJjBK iBw;kyhnK d/
j[zfdnK j'fJnk th mhe Yzr Bkb BjhA fbfynk ik ;fenk. fJ;/ eoe/ T[;B{z b'V
wfj;{; j'Jh fe T[j nkgD/ tb'A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk nfijk ihtB fposKs fby/ fi;
ftu T[j ;kohnK so[ZNhnK d{o ehshnK ikD i' gfjbhnK iBw;kyhnK ftu w"i{d jB.

PkfJd fJ;/ eoe/ nkgDh iBw;kyh Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh G{fwek ftu fJjBK
iBw;kyhnK ftubhnK so[ZNhnK T[s/ T[Arb Xoh j?.

frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ iBw;kyh dh G{fwek ftu T[jBK ;'fwnK dk jtkbk fdsk

j? fijBK s'A T[;B/ iBw;kyh fbyD t/b/ wdd bJh j?. T[BQK ;'fwnK ftu tbkfJs

tkbh iBw;kyh, GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh ns/ GkJh r[odk; dh gfjbh tko dk
T[b/y fwbdk j? fi;s'A nkGk; j[zdk j? fe T[;B/ PkfJd fJBQK ;'fwnK B{z nkgDh
iBw;kyh dk nkXko pDkfJnk j?. fJBQK iBw;kyhnK pko/ frnkBh fdZs f;zx dhnK

nkb'uBkswe fNZgDhnK pVhnK wjZstg{oB jB. fw;kb ti'A T[j GkJh r[odk; dh

gfjbh tko fi;B{z fe r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh tko th fejk iKdk j?, pko/ fbydk j?l

Pqh r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ pfbjko ikJhJ/, fiBQK B/ pVh w/jBs eoe/
;fsr[oK d/ T[gd/P fJeZsq eoe/ Pqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp dh ;kyh fbyh go
pj[s ;zy/g Bkb go pj[s E'Vh fJj ;kyh gqwkDe j? feT[Afe Pqh r[o{
noiB d/t ih wjkoki B/ GkJh r[odk; ih dh pkDh B{z mhe eEB
ehsk j?. go fJj nc;'; j? fe ;kB{z ft;sko Bkb fbyh j'Jh e'Jh
n?;h iBw;kyh BjhA fwbdh i' gqwkDhe j't/, PkfJd e'Jh fbyh jh
BjhA rJh.3

fJ;/ soQK GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh dh gqwkfDesk ftP/P eoe/ fJ; ftubh

fJfsjk;esk B{z b? e/ frnkBh fdZs f;zx d/ wB ftu eJh Pze/ jB fi; eoe/ T[j fJ;
iBw;kyh ;zpzXh th em'o fe;w dh fNZgDh eodk j?. T[j fbydk j?,

119
 “fJe iBw;kyh GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh eoe/ gqf;ZX j?. T[; ftu

fbfynk j? fe ;zws 1601 ftu GkJh pkb/ B/ r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B{z nkgDh :kd Bkb
nkfd gksPkjh dh ;kyh fbytkJh. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih ;zws 1596 ftu i'sh i'fs
;wkJ/ ;B, fJ;s'A f;ZX fe r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh iBw;kyh T[jBK d/ d/jKs s'A gzi
toQ/ fgS'A fbyh rJh ;h. Gkt/A r[o{ BkBe ih wjkoki d/ ;ko/ ufos noEks ihtB
fposKs i' ;Zsq po;K ftu gqrN jzd
[ / oj/ fJe pkb/ dh :kd ftu BjhA ofj ;ed/ ;/,
go fco th fJj pks wzBDh gt/rh fe i/eo r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B/ nkfd r[o{ ih dh
iBw;kyh nkg fbytkJh j? sK T[j ntP: jh mhe ns/ gqwkDhe j?, ns/ T[; ftu
e'Jh ;zdj
/ BjhA j' ;edk go eJh :[eshnK eoe/ fJj rZb wzBDh gt/rh fe r[o{ nzrd

;kfjp tkbh iBw;kyh ni/ sZe BjhA bZGh. fijVh iBw;kyh GkJh pkb/ tkbh eoe/
j[D gqf;ZX j' ojh j?, T[; ftu pj[s ;kyhnK n?;hnK jB i' ykb;k Xow :[esh no
fBnkJ/ d/ fto[ZX jB. fJ;s'A ikDhdk j? fe fJj iBw ;kyh Pqh r[o{ nzrd ih dh
gqwkD ehsh j'Jh BjhA j' ;edh.”4

frnkBh fdZs f;zx t/b/ f;zx ;Gk bfjo nkgD/ g{o/ I'o Bkb ub fBebh ;h
fi;d/ eJh nkdoPK ftu'A fJe nkdoP f;Zy ;kfjs dh y'i Gkb ns/ gqekPBk ;h.
fJ; T[~ dw nXhB iBw;kyhnK ;zpzXh th gVu'b P[o{ j' rJh ;h ns/ T[; t/b/
tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh fijVh fgZS'A g[oksB iBw;kyh nytkJh, pko/ uouk ;h.
w?ekfb| dh fBrokBh nXhB fJj iBw;kyh jk|Ikpkd tkbh iBw;kyh Bk EZb/ 1885
Jh;th ftu gq'L r[ow[y f;zx d[nkok ;zgkfds j' e/ gqekfPs j' u[Zeh ;h. frnkBh fdZs
f;zx y'i gVskb dh fJ; fefonk ns/ tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh tZb ;ze/s eodk
j'fJnk fbydk j?L^

‘nekb g[oy dh feogk eoe/ j[D v{zxh ftuko dk ;wK nk frnk j?,
sjeheks j' ojh j? ns/ jz[dh oj/rh. fJ; sjeheks s'A d' pksK
pVhnK nPuoi fBebdhnK jB noEks fijVh iBw;kyh pVh g[okDh
tbkfJs'A wzrtkJh rJh ;h, T[; ftu GkJh pkb/ dk BkT[A jh BjhA j?.
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ Bkb ofjDk sK fJe gk;/ fojk. d{;ok T[; ftu
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dk iBw ft;ky ;[dh shj ;zws 1523 fpZL
(toswkB) dk fbfynk j?L eZse dh g{oBwkPh dk BjhA. fJj n?;h

120
 io{oh pksK jB i' wjkswk ftdtkB ns/ r[Dh b'rK d/ ftukoB :'r
jB, fJ; S'Nh g[;se ftu (i' ftfdnkoEhnK bJh j?) ;G y'b e/ BjhA
fbfynk ik ;edk.’5

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ fijVhnK T[dk;hnK ehshnK T[jBK pko/ th fJjBK

iBw;kyhnK ftu tZy^tZy XkoBktK fdZshnK rJhnK jB. fi; soQK GkJh pkb/ tkbh

iBw;kyh ftu r[o{ ;kfjp B/ uko T[dk;hnK ehshnK dZ;hnK j'JhnK jB. g[oksB
iBw;kyh ftu r[o{ ih dhnK gzi T[dk;hnK nkT[AdhnK jB. GkJh r[odk; dh
gfjbh tko ftu T[j T[dk;hnK dh frDsh uko iK gzi dZ;dk j?. GkJh pkb/ tkbh
iBw;kyh ftubhnK ;kyhnK ns/ tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh ftubhnK ;kyhnK nkg;
ftu pj[s fwbdhnK jB. fJ;s'A ;gPN jz[dk j? fe GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh ns/
tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh ftubhnK ;kyhnK dh pj[s jZd sZe ;wkBsk j?. (t/y'
;KMhnK ;kyhnK dh ;koDh)

fJjBK iBw;kyhnK dk nrbk d'P fJj j? fe g[oksB iBw ;kyh ftu f;o|

gfjbh T[dk;h ftu jh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ Bkb wodkB/ B{z dZf;nk frnk j?. GkJh

pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh ftu wodkB/ B{z ;kohnK jh T[dk;hnK ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/
Bkb dZf;nk frnk j? ns/ GkJh r[odk; dh gfjbh tko ftu f;oc g{op dh fdPk
dh T[dk;h t/b/ jh wodkB/ dk fIeo ehsk j'fJnk fwbdk j?. fJ; s[bBkswe nfXn?B
dk noE fJj fBebdk j? fe T[~ go ;fEZs fszBk iBw;kyhnK ftu ;fEZs ikDekoh
fJe;ko BjhA, fi; eoe/ gkme d/ wB ftu eJh soQK d/ Pze/ T[giD/ ;[Gkte jh jB.
frnkBh fdZs f;zx dhnK BIoK ftu fJBQK iBw;kyhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk d'P fJjh j?.
n;b ftu frnkBh fdZs f;zx dk ouBk ekb nfijk ;wK ;h id'A fJfsjk; s/
noX^fJfsjk; ns/ ftfrnkBe fJfsjk; d/ fBy/V ;zpzXh u/sBk g?dk j' u[Zeh ;h.
fJ;/ u/sBk eoe/ jh frnkBh fdZs f;zx B{z T[gobhnK iBw;kyhnK ftu nfij/ d'P
bZGd/ jB. ‘skohy’ iK ‘fJfsjk;’ f;ob/y nXhB T[j iBw;kyhnK dh G{fwek ftu
fbydk j?L^

fJj pks ;G ikDd/ fe ;kv/ d/P ftu fJfsjk; fbyD/ dk nfGnk;

w[ZY'A jh BjhA fojk nEtk pj[s E'VQk j'fJnk j?, fJ;/ bJh ;kv/ g[;seK

121
 ftu mhe mhe ‘skohy’ BjhA fwbdh. noEks i/ fe;/ wjkswk d/
ihtB ufoZso fwbd/ jB sK T[jBK d/ gqrN j'D d/ fdB wjhB/ BjhA
fwbd/. ‘stkohy’ iK fJfsjk; fbyD tk;s/ fJj pVh Gkoh ewh j?,
fJ; fpBK ‘skohy’ Bkw jh f;ZX BjhA j[zdk dZ;/A r[o{ ;kfjpK d/ ihtB
ufoZso fbyD ftu'A nkfd r[o{ ih dh ‘skohy’ fbyDh pj[s efmB j?,
feT[Afe T[jBK d/ fgZS/ sK mhe mhe f;bf;bk s[o fgnk ;h noEks
eJh gfss f;Zy ;/te fwb rJ/ ;B, go T[;d/ gfjb/ fJj rb e"D
ikDdk ;h, fe fJj Xow Grsh ns/ frnkB dk ;{oi ;ko/ ;z;ko d/
wb, fty/g ns/ nktoB B{z Bk; eo/rk ns/ gkg ns/ eb:[r dk
gfjok jNk e/ uj[ e{zNh Xow ns/ i' T[jBK d/ ufoZso dk ihtB
fposKs dk t/otk Bkb Bkb fbyh iKdk.6

frnkBh fdZs f;zx B{z fJj iBw;kyh fbyD dh b'V fJ; bJh th gJh feT[Afe
T[BQhthA ;dh d/ nzsb/ djkfenK ftu e[M Xkofwe ftdtkBK B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh
iBw;kyh Bt/A f;foT[A fbyDh P[o{ eo fdZsh ;h. frnkBh fdZs f;zx s/ GkJh tho f;zx
nfij/ ftdtkB ;B fijBK B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtB fposKs B{z fco s'A fbyD dk

phVk T[mkfJnk. T[Ai sK GkJh tho f;zx B/ fijVk r[o{ BkBe uwseko fbfynk

T[;dk nkeko fgZS'A j'o th tZvk j' frnk, go frnkBh fdZs f;zx B{z bZrdk j? fe T[;dh
iBw;kyh dk nkeko u'yk j?. fJ;d/ Bkb jh T[j fJj dbhb th fdzdk j? fe iBw;kyh
dk ftP/rs fusoD pj[s ftPkb j? fi; eoe/ fJ; soQK j' frnk j?. T[;d/ nkgD/
PpdK ftuL^

“fJj iBw;kyh yk; s"o s/ ykb;k ekbi d/ ftfdnkoEhnK bJh fbyh

rJh j?. i' ;fsr[oK dhnK iBw;kyhnK fbyhnK rJhnK jB. T[jBK
ftu'A fJj gfjbh iBw;kyh j?, fi; ftu ;fsr[oK d/ ihtB ufoZso
ns/ T[gd/PK B{z pV/ ft;Eko Bkb g/P ehsk frnk j?. fi; eoe/ fJ;
feskp dk neko tZvk j' frnk j?.”7

fJ; iBw;kyh ftu r[o{ Bkbe d/t ih d/ ihtB ufoZso ns/ T[gd/PK B{z pV/
ft;Eko Bkb g/P ehsk frnk j?. frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh iBw;kyh ftubhnK ;kyhnK
dh frDsh gfjbhnK fbyhnK rJhnK iBw;kyhnK ftubhnK ;kyhnK dh frDsh Bkb'A

122
pj[s xZN j? feT[Afe frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ nkgDh fJe ;kyh ftu eJh EkJhA fJe s'A
finkdk ;kyhnK fdZshnK j'JhnK jB. fit/A “P/y |ohd dh ykBrkj go ikB/ dk
fposKs tkbh ;kyh gke^gNB ns/ Ykek pzrkb tkbh ;kyh Bk jh d/ fdZsh rJh j?.
fJ;/ soQK gkDhgs eoBkb dk fposKs tkbh ;kyh ftu pzdhykB/ tkbh ;kyh s/ pkpo
Bkb w/b tkbh ;kyh fdZsh rJh j?.” pzrkb d/P ftu GowB dk fposKs tkbh ;kyh
ftu ;[Xo;?fD, oki shyD, ;ZiD mZr, e'vk okyP Bkb w/b, ;kyhnK fdZshnK rJhnK
jB. ‘w[V e/ gzikp ftu nkT[D dk fposKs’ ftu e'jVhnK tkbh ;kyh ns/ ‘wZe/ s'
c/o gzikp B{z nkT[D dk fposKs ftu tbh ezXkoh Bkb w/b tkbh ;kyh’ fdZsh rJh j?.

fJj ;kyhnK GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh ns/ tbkfJs tkbh iBw;kyh dh e[b
frDsh p/Pe
Z xZN rJh j?, go w[Zy ;kyhnK nk rJhnK jB. frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh
iBw;kyh ftubhnK ;kyhnK GkJh pkb/ tkbh iBw;kyh ns/ tbkfJs tkbh

iBw;kyh Bkb ek|h jZd sZe fwbdhnK i[bdhnK jB. fJ;s'A f;ZX j[zdk j? fe
frnkBh ih B/ e[M e[ ;kyhnK B{z SZv e/ pkeh ;kyhnK T[BQK iBw;kyhnk ftu'A jh
bJhnK jB fijBK pko/ T[;B/ ;ze/s ehs/ jB. nZr/ s[bBkswe ;koBh ftu frnkBh
fdZs f;zx dh iBw;kyh ftu fdZshnK ;kyhnK dh s[bBk g{opbhnK iBw;kyhnK Bkb
eoe/ n;hA nkgDh rZb B{z tX/o/ ;gZPN sohe/ Bkb oZy ;ed/ jK.

frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh tbkfJs tkbh GkJh pkb/ tkbh

iBw;kyh iBw;kyh iBw;kyh
1H r[o{ ih dk iBw ftosKs j? j?

2H r[o{ ih d/ gVQB/ gkT[B dk ftosKs j? BjhA

3H wjhnK ukoB dk ftosKs j? j?

4H iB/T{ gkT[D dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

5H yo/ ;"d/ dk ftosKs BjhA j?

6H t?d dk ftosKs j? BjhA

7H ;[bskBg[o ftu w'dh ykB/ dk ftosKs j? j?

8H e[VwkJh ns/ ftnkj d ftosKs j? j?

123
9H t/JhA go fJPBkB dk ftosKs j? j?

10H opkp wzrkT[B dk ftosKs BjhA j?

11H phph BkBeh Bkb fwbD dk ftosKs BjhA j?

12H J/wBkpkd ftu bkb' soykD B{z fwbB

dk ftosKs BjhA j?

13H wbe Gkr' dk ftosKs BjhA j?

14H wodkB/ d/ sbtzvh nkT[D dk ftosKs BjhA j?

15H r[o{ ih d/ sbtzvh nkT[D dk ftosKs BjhA j?

16H okfJ p[bko Bkb fwbD dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

17H b'eK d/ r[o{ go T[bKG/ d/D dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

18H sbtzvhU s[oB dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

19H BkBe ws/ dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

20H eby/sq ftu ;{oi rqfjD dk ftosKs BjhA j?

21H rzrk go e[zv d/ w/b/ dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

22H rzrk go p?okrhnK Bkb r'PN dk

ftosKs BjhA BjhA

23H ;zfBnk;hnK Bkb r'PN dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

24H fpzdokpB ftu feqPB bhbk d/yD dk

ftosKs BjhA BjhA

25H eKPh dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

26H usqdk; gzvs Bkb w{osh g{ik dk

ftosKs j? BjhA

124
27H Pk;sq t/d dk ns/ G/y XkohnK dk

ftosKs BjhA BjhA

28H irB BkE dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

29H gzikp ftu w[Ve/ nkT[D dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

30H P/y |ohd dh yKBrkj go ikB/ dk

ftosKs j? BjhA

(T) gkegNB BjhA j?

(n) Ykek pzrkb/ ikDk BjhA j?

31H gkBhgs eoBkb dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

(T) pzdhykB/ ftu BjhA j?

(n) pkpo Bkb w/b BjhA j?

32H pzrkb d/; ftu GowB dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

(T) ;[Xo;?fD BjhA j?

(n) okik GhyD BjhA j?

(J) ;ZiD mZr j? j?

(;) e"vk okeP Bkb w/b j? j?

33H dZyBh d/ t/d gkmhnK dk ftosKs j? BjhA

34H w[Ve/ gzikp nkT[D dk fposKs BjhA BjhA

(T) eo'Vhnk (eo'Vh wZb) j? BjhA

35H fwZmD e'N whJ/ fwm/ dk ftosKs j? BjhA

36H ;{os Pfjo ftu i?BhnK dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

37H wZe/ ikD dk ftosKs j? j?

125
38H wZe/ s'A c/o gzikp B{z nkT[D dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

(T) tbh ezXkoh BjhA j?

39H ekpb s/ w[VB go wodkB/ d/ ubkD/ dk

ftosKs BjhA j?

40H pkb rdkJh d/ fNZb/ go i'rhnK Bkb

r'PN dk ftosKs BjhA j?

41H f;nkbe'N ftu pkp/ dh p/o dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

42H bkj"oh d[Bhuzd dk ftosKs j? BjhA

43H eosko g[o ikD dk ftosKs BjhA BjhA

44H GkJh bfjD/ ih dk ftosKs j? j?

45H GkJh bfjD/ ih dh gqhSk dk ftosKs j? j?

46H r[o{ ih d/ ubkD/ dk ftosKs j? j?

47H r[o{ ih d/ i'sh i'fs ;wkT[B go fjzd{

w[;bwkBK d/ MrV/ dk ftosKs j? j?

48H r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ fBogZy n;{b BjhA BjhA

j'oBK iBw;kyhnK d/ T[bN frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh iBw;kyh ftu BkfJe dh

T[wo dh tzv Gkosh gozgok nB[;ko r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtB fposKs d/ uko fjZ;/
ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJj fjZ;/ fJ; soQK jBL^

fjzdw
{ s nB[;ko ihtB d/ uko doi/L^

(T) pqjwukoh, noEks iB/T{ Xkoe/ t/d gVQB tk;s/ r[o{ d/ gk; (24 toQ/ dh T[wo
sZe) ewkfd fteko fsnkr e/ ofjDk.

(n) fJ; fgZS'A r[o{ dZyDk d/ e/ xo nk e/ fJ;soh ftnkj e/ rqfj;E ihtB

(50 toQ/ dh T[wo sZe) r[IkoBk.

126
(J) fJ; fgZS'A fJ;soh ;w/s nEtk fJeZb/ jh tkBgq;E eoBk, noEks pB ftu
ofj e/ nrBhj'so nkfde Xow eod/ j'J/ fJeKs ihtB fpskT[Dk (ns/ fJ;
dPk ftu 75 toQ/ dh T[wo sZe ofjDk)

(;) fJ; fgZS'A ;zfBnk; Xkoe/ nrBhj'so nkfd ;G eowK dk fsnkr ns/
Ghfynk Bkb ;oho dk fBotkj eoBk.8

mhe fJ;/ soQK dh tzv frnkBh ih B/ th ehsh j?. nkgDh iBw;kyh dh G{fwek
ftu T[j fbydk j?L^

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih wjkoki B/ T[wo dh tzv y{p ehsh j?, gfjb/
pqjwuoi XkoB ehsk gzdot/A toQ/ yok ;"dk ns/ nmkot/A toQ/ 24 i/m
;zws 1544 B{z ftnkj ehsk. 25 toQ/ dh T[wo ftu ;kT[D 1551 ftu
gfjbk ;kfjpIkdk Pqh uzd T[sgzB j'fJnk. d{ik ;kfjpIkdk YkJh toQ/
fgZS'A 19 czrB ;zws 1553 B{z b\wh uzd ih g?/dk j'fJnk. c/o pj[s
po; :ksok eoe/ ;zws 1575 ftu wZe/ rJ/, ns/ nkyo B{z ;zB 1579
ftu eoskog[o v/ok bkfJnk. r[o{ nzrd ih 1588 ftu nk fwb/ no
TBQK nkgDk ezw ;'Ag e/ 59 to?Q 10 wjhB/ ns/ 10 fdB irs dh ;?o
eoe/, nZ;{ ;dh d;th ;zws 1596 B{z i'sh i'fs ;wkJ/.9

fJ; iBw;kyh ftu frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ihtB^fposKs
B{z nkdoP o{g ftu g/P ehsk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih fe nfij/ ftnesh ;B i' fe
n;XkoD ufoZsq d/ ;[nkwh ;B, feT[Afe nfijk e'Jh th y/so BjhA ;h fi; ftu r[o{
BkBe d/t ih B{z w[jkos jk;b Bk j't/. fJj y/so Gkt/ Xow, doPB iK ;kfjs dk
;h. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk ftnefsZst fJe wjkB g[oP tkbk ;h. “T[j BZph th ;B
ns/ BkfJe th, T[j rkfJe th ;B s/ Ykvh th, T[j rqfj;Eh th ;B s/ T[dk;h th.”10
r[o{ ih d/ T[gd/Pe j'D dk gsk T[jBK dh iBw;kyh ftu ;fji/ jh fwb iKdk j?. fi;
soQK ;kyh 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30 nkfd. fJBQK ;kyhnK s'A T[BQK d/ T[gd/Pe
j'D dk gsk bZrdk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;kyh 10 s'A T[BQK d/ Ykvh j'D dk ns/ ;kyh 34 s'A
T[BQK d/ rqfj;Eh j'D dk ns/ T[dk;h j'D dk gsk ubdk j? b/ye B/ nkgD/ BkfJe B{z
j'oBK Xow nkr{nK Bkb'A T[~ uk dZ;D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. T[;dk BkfJe fJe nfijk

127
efbnkDekoh g[oP j? fe T[j fiXo th iKdk j? fi; Bkb th ftuko eodk j?, T[jh
ftnesh T[;dh PoB ftu nk iKdk j?.

b/ye B/ BkfJe dk w/b fJe iBw;kyh ftu eJhnK Bkb eotkfJnk j?. Gkt/A
T[j ftnesh BkfJe dk fgsk, wksk, ukuk iK e'Jh ;ke ;zpzXh iK e'Jh mZr, ok\P,
vke{ i' th ;zgoe ftu nkfJnk, T[j ftnesh gfjbK tork BjhA ofj iKdk ;r'A T[j
BkfJe d/ ftnefsZst s'A jo jkbs ftu gqGkfts j[zdk j?. T[j T[;/ soQK ;'uD bZr
g?Adk j? fi; soQK fe BkfJe ukj[zdk j?. i/eo BkfJe e'Jh w[;hps ftu c; iKdk j? sK
b/ye T[; bJh fe;/ eokwks iK pkDh iK d'jK dk jh ;jkok b? e/ BkfJe d/ ;o{g B{z
T[xkVdk j?. fJ; ;G d/ pkti{d fJj iBw;kyh r[o{ ih d/ ftnefsZst T[~ s/ ntZP jh
pVk :EkoEe gqekP gkT[Adh j? feT[Afe ;kyheko B/ r[o{ BkBe d/ fwfEe BkfJest dk
fusqD iB^wkB; ns/ tksktoB T[~ s/ gJ/ gqGkt dh ebk i[rs okjhA ehsk j?.

b/ye B/ BkfJe B{z pqjw ftZfdnk dk frnksk dZf;nk j?. gKX/ gk; gVQB tkbh
;kyh ftubh ;koh tkoskbkg s'A gsk uZbdk j? fe r[o{ BkBe frnkB B{z pVh uzrh soQK
ikDd/ ;B. fJ;s'A fJbktk ;kyh ftu r[o{ ih t?d Bkb i' uouk eod/ jB ns/ fi;
nfXnkswe ft:'r dh ghVk dk toDB eod/ jB, T[;s'A T[jBK d/ pqjw ftZfdnk d/
frnksk j'D dk gsk uZbdk j?.

;kyheko B/ nkgD/ BkfJe B{z eokwksh g[oP ti'A th g/P ehsk j?. T[jBK d/
eokwksh j'D dhnK MbehnK eJh ;kyhnK, fi; soQK wZMhnK ukoB tkbh ;kyh,
w'dhykB/ tkbh ;kyh, t/AJh Bdh go fJPBkB tkbh ;kyh nkfd ftu'A ;fji/ jh fwb
iKdhnK jB. ;op ;KMk BkfJe j'D d/ gZy s'A th b/ye B/ r[o{ BkBe B{z nfijk jh
dZf;nk j?. r[o{ BkBe dhnK BIoK ftu Bk e'Jh fjzd{ ;h s/ Bk w[;bwkB ;h. T[j
;G B{z fJZe' jh ;wMd/ ;B. P/y |ohd tkbh ;kyh ftu r[o{ ih P/\ |ohd B{z fJ; soQK
T[gd/P eod/ jBL “j/ P/y ih T[; gow/Pto dh fi;B{z s[;hA fJe wzBd/ j' jZd th fJZe'
j?, noEks T[;B/ e'Jh nkdwh fjzd{ iK w[;bwkB BjhA g?dk ehsk. fezs{ T[;B/ fJZe'
fijh pBktN tkb/ nkdwh g?dk ehs/ jB i' Bk fjzd{ jB s/ Bk w[;bwkB: sK s/ s[;hA
fJe' y[dk ikD e/ T[;dh fJj wB[y
Z g[D/ tkbh jZd wzB', ns/ T[;d/ ftu fjzd{ ns/
w[;bwkB g[D/ u G/d nkfd fgnk j?, T[;B{z oZd eo d/t'.11

128
 fJ;h bJh T[j ;G d/ ;KM/ BkfJe ;B. fJ;s'A fpBK BkfJe d/ ftnefsZst B{z
gksoK B/ ;bkfjnk j?. “o'r d/ T[guko bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ t/d B{z T[j ‘g[o d[y G[ziBjko’
gqshs j[zd/ jB. B"eoh d/D tkb/ Btkp d"bs yK B{z T[j Gb? fdnkBsdko Bio nkT[Ad/
jB. t/JhA Bdh ftu'A Bk fBebD ekoB d[yh Btkp T[jBK T[go ‘y[dkfJ eh fBtkfiP’
j'Jh gqshs j[zdh j?.” fJ;/ soQK j'oBK ;kyhnK ftu th r[o{ ih d/ ;o{g s/ eosZt B{z
;bkfjnk frnk j?.

fJ; soQK frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ r[o{ BkBe B{z fJe nkdoPe BkfJe ti'A g/P
ehsk j?. fJe nfijk BkfJe fi;B{z dhB d[BhnK dh e'Jh \po BjhA ns/ jw/Pk jh
gowkswk d/ ozr ftu ozfrnk j'fJnk j?. BkfJe dh wjkBsk ;wkie, ;dkukoe,
;fGnkukoe ns/ okiBhse gZyK s'A th T[xkVh rJh j?.

ihtB eEk r[o{ nzrd d/t ih

frnkBh fdZs f;zx ofus fJfsjk;w{be fJ; g[;se dh gfjbh Skg gqkgs
BjhA j? go nB[wkB nB[;ko g[;se dk ouBk ekb 1888 JhL wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ;
g[;se dh d{ih Skg bkj"o p[e
Z Skg, bkj"o tb'A 1914 JhL ftu gqekfPs j'Jh. fJ;dh
G{fwek frnkBh r[opyP f;zx, ;eZso ykb;k ekbi e"A;b nzfwqs;o tb'A 1914 JhL
ftu fbyh rJh. G{fwek d/ nkozG ftu jh doi j? fe “ykb;k ekbi d/ S'N/
ftfdnkoEhnK bJh i' d; r[o{ ;kfjpK dhnK d; S'NhnK iBw;kyhnK pDkJhnK
rJhnK jB, T[BQK ftu'A fJj iBw;kyh d{;oh gksPkjh Pqh r[o{ nzrd d/t ;kfjp ih dh
j?. fJ; g[;se d/ 92 gzB/ jB ns/ ;koh g[;se eKvK ftu tzvh j'Jh j?. e[b eKv 14
jB. g[;se d/ nkozG ftu gfjbK fszB d'jo/, fJe ;?:
_ k, fco fszB d'jo/ jB ns/ fco
gfjbk eKv P[o{ j[zdk j?. gfjbK d'jok wzrbkuoD dk j?, fi; ftu r[o{ nzrd d/t ih
dh T[;ss rkJh rJh j?. c/o ;?_:/ ftu th r[o{ nzrd d/t ih B{z ‘c/o{ BzdB’ ns/
‘nkBzd e/ uzdowjK’ nky e/ f;|s ;bkj ehsh rJh j?. shi/ Bzpo s/ d'jok j? fi;
ftu fJ; g[;se d/ fby/ ikD dh tij do;kJh rJh j?l

nzfwqs;o wX ykb;k ekbi gqrN:/ nkfd]

:j ;[B ;G r[BhnkB e/ uY:' fus w? ukfJ]

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

129
 Pqh r[o{ nzrd d/t eh eEk ej' wB bkfJ]12

fJ; ihtB^eEk ftu frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ iBw^;kyh gqzgok dk nB[;oD

eofdnK r[o{ nzrd d/t ih d/ iBw ;w/A s'A b? e/ ;oho fsnkrD t/b/ sZe dk jkb
jtkb ;zy/g o{g ftu fpnkB ehsk j?. b/ye B/ GkPk dh otkBh g[oksB ;kyhekoK
tkbh jh oZyh j? go “j?” ns/ “;h” dk gq:r
' j'D eoe/ fJ; ftu ft:'rkswesk nk
rJh j?. frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ gq'H r[ow[y f;zx, dk nB[;oD eofdnK ftfrnkBe
wkgdzvK tkbk fJfsjk; BjhA ofunk, pbfe iBw;kyh gqzgok dhnK ftPtkP e/Adfos
;kyhnK B{z T[t/A jh fbfynk j? fit/A nkw b'eK ftu gqubs ;B. frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/
f;zx ;Gk d/ ftfrnkBe fJfsjk;ekoh d/ nzPe o{g jh ngDkJ/ jB. fJ;/ eoe/ T[j
eow f;zx fj;N'ohnB ns/ gq'H r[ow[y f;zx d[nkok GkJh pkb/ dh j'Ad oZd eoB Bkb
;fjws BjhA jz[dk ns/ nkgDh fJ; ouBk ftu GkJh pkb/ dh j'Ad ;theko eodk j?
ns/ T[jBK dh r[o{ nzrd d/t ih Bkb w[bkeks ns/ ;ztkd doi eodk j?.

sbtzvh s/ GkJh pkbk nk:k doPB gk:k T[j' i'fs T[j' i[rs fJe
ekfJnk gbNh j'Jh fie[o dht/ Bkb dhtk irkJhJ/ sK fJe o{g jzd
[ k
Z g[ZSh.13
j?. uoB pzdBk eoe/ ;[y

fJ; ;zy/g fJfsjk; ftu r[o{ ih dk fBZs eow, T[jBK Bkb tkgohnK nfjw
xNBktK, r[o{ ih d/ ftP/P puB, r[o{ fpzp dh T[;koh bJh r[o{ d/ puB ftubh d?th
;Zfsnk, r[o{ dh Bdfo, gow/Po dh gqkgsh ;pzXh ns/ r[o{ f;Zy ;pzXK gqsh nkfd
ftfPnK pko/ ;zy/g ftuko g/P ehs/ rJ/ jB. tke gqpzX nkX[fBe yBe oZydk j?.
pj[s/ Ppd gqzgokrs jB ns/ e/Adoh wkMh p'bh ftu e[M j'o T[gp'bhnK d/ Ppd th
Pkwb jB.

fJ; ouBk T[go ssekbh u/sBk ns/ u[D"shnK dk gqGkt g?Dk e[dosh j?. T[;
;w/A d/ gzikph ;kfjs ftu f;Zy Xow dh g[Bo ;[oihsh dh bfjo gqwZ[y o{g ftu
gqGktPkbh ;h. fJ;/ eoe/ r[o{ ihtBhnK fbyhnK rJhnK. GkJh tho f;zx B/ th
uwsekoK okjhA r[o{ ihtBhnK jh gq;s[s ehshnK ;B. fJ; soQK fJj ouBk ;kfjs
fJfsjk;e BIohJ/ w[skpe nkgD/ sZsekbh wkj"b Bkb po w/udh j'Jh nkgDk ti{d
rqfjD eodh j?. nzsw eKv ftu r[o{ nzrd d/t ih d/ ;Zuyzv ikD dk toDB fJ;
gqeko j?L^

130
 u/sq ;[dh shi B{z r[o{ nzrd ih B/ eVkj gq;kfd ns/ j'o GKs^GKs d/
G'iB bzro ftu fsnko eokfJe/ pVk :Zr ehsk, nB/e f;y, ;zs,
;kX{ fsSeK B{z fsgs ehsk ns/ XB p;s{ dkB ehs/, u/sq ;[dh u"E B{z
nzfwqqs t/b/ PBkB eoe/ BthA g[Pke gfjoh, Xosh ;[X b/gB eoe/
nk;B ftSkfJe/ gzi gkm Pqh ig[ih d/ ehs/ ns/ ;G gotko B{z Xhoi
no GkD/ wzBD dk T[gd/P d/e/ r[o{ nwodk; ih B{z nkfrnk fdsh i'
s[;hA r'fJzdtkb ftu ofje/ irs B{z sko', ns/ :Ek :'r ;G B{z Xhoi
d/e/ nkg Pqh r[o{ BkBe d/ fXnkB ftu wjkB Pqh tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ dk
T[uko eod/ ;uyzv g;ko/.14

fJ; ouBk dh GkPk T[go pj[sk gqGkt Gkt/A g[oksB iBw;kyh gqzgok tkbk j?
gozs{ fJ; ftu tos/ ‘ns/’ Ppd B/ ns/ ftPokw fuzBQ ‘e"wk’ B/ fJ; dh nkX[fBe
ftP/Psk do;k fdZsh j?.

Pqh r[o{ nwodk; ihtB ufos frnkBh fdZs B/ BthA ghVQh d/ f;Zy
ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK b'VK B{z w[y
Z oZyfdnK ;kyhnK o{gh r[ofJfsjk; fbyDk nozfGnk

;h. fJ;/ eoe/ T[jBK r[o{ nzrd d/t ih tKr r[o{ nwodk; ih dh ihtB Pqh r[o{

nwodk; ihtB ofus f;ob/y j/m fbyh ;h go tes dh fBow'jh ukb B/ fJj
ouBk feXo/ b[gs eo fdZsh. \kb;k nypko bkj"o d/ 1 ;szpo 1899 d/ nze ftu
‘Xow g[;seK’ f;ob/y j/m fJe fJPfsjko Sfgnk ;h. T[; ftu S/ iBw;kyhnK dk
Bkw doi j?. fJjBK S/ ;kyhnK ftu r[o{ nwodk; ihtB ufos th Pkwb j?.

vkH Bfozdo f;zx eg{o B/ g[;se frnkBh fdZs f;zxL ihtB s/ ouBk ftu frnkBh

fdZs f;zx dh T[go'es ouBk dk fIeo ehsk j?.15

fJ; g[;se dk gkm gqkgs Bk j'D ekoB fJ; pko/ tX/o/ ft;Eko e[M BjhA
fejk ik ;edk go T[go'es rtkjhnK s'A fJj rZb ;kfps jz[dh j? fe frnkBh fdZs
f;zx B/ fJj g[;se fbyh ;h go fe;/ ekoB fJj b[gs j' rJh ns/ j[D gqkgs BjhA
j?.

131
ihtB eEk Pqh r[o{ noiB d/t ih

fJj g[;se ykb;k ekbi$;e{b d/ ftfdnkoEhnK bJh 1889 JhH ftu fbyh
;h. fJ; g[;se dh d{ih g[Bo Skg bkj"o p[e Pkg, bkj"o tb'A gqekfPs gqkgs j'Jh
j? gqzs{ fJ; T[~ s/ gqekPB dh fwsh BjhA doi. fJ;/ gqekPe tb'A ihtB eEk r[o{ nzrd
d/ ih ngq?b 1914 JhH ftu Pkwb eoe/ gqekfPs j'Jh fwbdh j?. fJ; g[;se d/ e[b
gzB/ 123 ns/ nfX:kfJ 10 jB. g[;se ftu r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ ihtB fposKs s'A
fJbktk tZy^tZy xNBktK d/ gq;zr ftu r[o{ ;kfjp d[nkok T[ukoB ehs/ PpdK dh
ftnkfynk th ehsh rJh j?.

g[;se dk nkozG “> ;fsr[o gq;kfd” Bkb j[zdk j?. fco g[;se dk f;ob/y
doi ehsk j? ns/ nkozG ftu jh fJe d'jok j?l

Pqh r[o{ noiB d/t e/ gkd gdw T[o X:kfj

uoD'A fsj gktB ufos ihtB ;[ydkfJ]ñ]

fJ; d'jo/ T[gzqs b/ye B/ G{fwek o{gh gq:'iB ;gZPN ehsk j?. b/ye nB[;ko
“ftds j' e/ Pqh r[o{ noiB d/t ih wjkoki d/ ihtB ufosq fbyD fty/ pj[s p[ZXhwkB
ftd_kB goftos j'J/ fe i' fpqsKs T[BQK s/ tos/ T[jBK B{z :Ek :'r gqekfPs eoB fi;
T[wo T[j fpqX wjK g[oy nkgDh nZyh d/y/ nEtk nkgs g[oyK s/ ;[D/ j'J/ ;Zu/ fpqsKs
fbye/ ;kv/ bJh SZv rJ/ jB, w?A T[BQK rzqEK d/ ;ko fJ; S'N/ g[;se d/ fbyD fty/
gqftos j[zdk jK”16 fJ; s'A ;gZPN j? fe fJj g[;se r[o{ noiB d/t ihtB dk ;ko
o{gh ;zy/g jkb j?. fJ;dh G{fwek dh tkose fBo'b fJfsjk;e ;{uBk j'D ekoB
frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh P?bh dk T[~ sw Bw{Bk j?. fJ; ftu ‘;B’ dh EK ‘;/’ Ppd
tofsnk frnk j?.

oki/ b'e goik B{z eb/P d/Ad/ ;/, goik okfinK dk eoe/ nsh d[yh j'
ojh ;h. ekih b'e tZYh b? e/ nBkEK d/ rbQ tZYd/ ;/. pqkjwD b'e
ftfdnk dk BkT[A Gh BjhA ikDd/ ;/. wb/S ;/tk fty/ bZr/ ofjzd/ ;/.17

fJ; tkose dh P?bh g[oksB tkose s'A ;gZPN s"o s/ tZyoh j?. fJ;dk ftPk
Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie ihtB dk :EkoE do;kT[Dk j?. fJ; bJh fJ;d/ PpdK dh u'D
ftP/ d/ fBGkU w[skfpe ehsh rJh j?. tke tX/o/ bzw/ BjhA jB ns/ ‘ekwk’ dh tos'A

132
eoe/ tkezPK dh iVs ehsh rJh j?. ftPokw fuzBQ vzvh ‘.’ g[oksB sohe/ nB[;ko
d'joh vzvh ‘]’ g{oB ftokw bJh tosh rJh j?. g?oQ/ ftu tke ysw j'D s/ fJefjoh
vzvh ns/ g?oQk ysw j'D s/ d'joh vzvh tosh rJh j?.

fJ; g[;se ftu e/Adoh gzikph d/ Bkb Bkb T[gp'bhnK d/ PpdK dh tos'A th
rJh j?. fit/A “fJZe ;w/A dk fpqsKs j? fe Pqh r[o{ okwdk; ih wjkoki d/ tZv/ GkJh
(skJ/ d/ g[s) ;zjkoh wZb B/ bkj"o s'A nke/ gqkoEBk ehsh fe wjkoki nkgd/ Gshi/ dk
fptkj j? ;K s/ nkg w/o/ rqfj fty/ uoB gkJhJ/ fi;s/ ekoi fBofpxB ;wkgs j'D/.
fJ; go Pqh r[o{ okwdk; ih wjkoki B/ fJj T[fus tke T[ukoD ehsk fe ;kvk ikDk
BjhA pDdk feT[Afe Pqh r[o{ nwodk; ih wjkoki w?B{z ;s Xow dk T[gd/Pe fB:[es
eo rJ/ jB, sK s/ w/o/ bJh nB[fus j? fe wjkB ekoi dk ;wK fpDjkfoe ekoiK
fty/ you eoK.”18

fJ; ftu s'A dh EK s/ Ppd tofsnk frnk j?, bkj"o s/ fJ;/ soQK ‘fptkj’
ns/ ‘:K s/’ Ppd th e/Adoh wkMh dh EK g[oksB pqih d/ gqGkt tkbh gzikph d/ Ppd
jB. j'o th pj[s ;ko/ Ppd fit/A ;w[dkfJ, gqshe{bsk, pfoXh, gq;EkB nkfd th pqih
d/ gqGkt nXhB jh tos/ rJ/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ m/m gzikph d/ Ppd fgSkVh, GfbnkJh
wzwsk, xkbDk, xkb, s/o/ g[o, jZE wbd/ ofj ikDk nkfd th tos/ jB.

fJj g[;se fBZe/ fBZe/ fposKsK okjhA r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ ihtB dk jkb
gqGktPkbh o{g ftu g/P eodh j? ns/ fJ; okjhA r[o{ noiB d/t ih dk nb"fee fpzp
;kfink frnk j?. g[oksB tkose tKr fJ;dk w[y
Z wB'oE r[o{ fpzp B{z BkfJest
gqdkB eoBk j?. fJ; ekoi ftu fJj g[;se ekch jZd sZe ;cb ;kfps j[zdh j?.
fposKs okjhA fposKseko nkgDh wBPk nB[;ko gksoK dk ufoZso T[xkV ;edk j?
ns/ nkgD/ ;[Bj
/ / d/ Bkb^Bkb gksoK dk wB'ftPb/PD th g/P eo ;edk j?. fJ;/
gqeko fJ; g[;se ftu fgqEh uzd dk ufoso fusoD g/P j'fJnk j?.

fJ; ouBk dk wjZstg{oB gZy fJj th j? fe fJ; ftu tZy^tZy ;w/A s/ r[o{
;kfjpK d[nkok T[uko/ rJ/ PpdK dh T[jBK d/ ;zdoG do;k e/ ftnkfynk ehsh rJh
j?. r[opkDh d/ eJh Ppd jB i' fe;/^B^fe;/ ftP/P gq;zr ftu T[ukoB ehs/ rJ/
jB. id sZe g{ok gq;r
z iK ;zdoG Bk gsk j't/ ;jh noEK sZe BjhA gj[zfunk ik
;edk. fejk ik ;edk j? fe pkDh gkm (Text) j? ns/ fJfsjk;e gq;r
z ;zdoG

133
(Context) j?. fJ; soQK frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ fJ; ouBk okjhA r[ofJfsjk; d/ Bkb
Bkb r[opkDh ftnkfynk dk ekoi th fBg[zBsk ;fjs ehsk j?.

ihtB eEk r[o{ jfo okfJ ih

fJ; g[;se dh th gfjbh Skg T[gbpX BjhA j?. d{ih g[Bo Skg bkj"o p[Ze
Skg bkj"o tZb'A 1914 JhH ftu gqekfPs ehsh rJh ;h fi;d/ 128 gzB/, 18 nfXnkJ/
jB, fiBQK B{z fXnkT[ dk BK fdZsk j?. frnkBh ih tZb'A ouh g[;se dk Xkofwe gZy
fJj j? fe g[;se ftu doi xNBktK B{z r[opkDh dhnK Y[ethnK N{eK d/ e/ o"ue
pDkfJnk frnk j?. fes/ fes/ ihtB eEk dhnK xNBktK B{z wjK eth GkJh ;zs'y f;zx
u{VkwDh eosk ;{oi gqekP ns/ frnkBh frnkB f;zx d/ jtkb/ Bkb fpnkB ehsk

frnk j?.

fJ; g[;se dk nkozG > ;fsr[o{ gq;kfd] Bkb jzd

[ k j?. fco PhoPe ihtB
eEk r[o{ jfookfJ ih fbye/ d'jok fdZsk frnk j?l

;wdw ;hb d:kfd r[D, :[es wjk pb gk;]

joh okfJ ;[gsw r[o{, i[r gd gdw Bwkfw]ñ]

fJ; s'A pknd G{fwek ftu ;zy/g fNZgDh ti'A doi ehsk j? feL^

fJ; g'Eh fty/ Pqh r[o{ jfo okfJ ;st/A r[o{ dh eEk fbyd/ jK. fJj
r[o{ ih tZv/ ;hs sEk :'rhPto no ;z:wh ;B. T[dko Gh n?;/ fe
E'Vh i/jh ;/tk g[o ohMe/ B" fBXK nNb d/ fdzd/ ;B fijk e[ c{b xokD/
d/ gfNnkbk, BkGk nkfd oki j[D she nkgdhnK T[dkoskJhnK d/ cb
gotko d/ Bw{B/ tKC gqf;ZX gJ/ fd;d/ jB. i/eo ;ko/ ufoZso fbyhJ/
sd tZvk rzqE pD iKdk j?, fJ; bJh ;zfygs ohsh nB[;ko toDB
ehsk frnk j?.19

fJ; s'A ;gZPN j? fe fJj r[o fJfsjk; dh fJj g[;se r[o{ jfo okfJ ih d/
ihtB dk ;zy/g jkb j?. fJ; g[;se ftu r[o{ d/ ihtB dhnK nfjw xNBktK dk
fposKs g/P ehsk frnk j?. fJjBK S'N/^S'N/ fposKse yzvK okjhA r[o{ fpzp dh T[;koh
ehsh rJh j?. r[o{ ih d/ fBs eow, nfjw fJfsjk;e ftneshnK Bkb j'JhnK

134
w[bkeksK, r[opkDh d/ ;[ji noE gqrN eoB bJh r[o{ ih d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ e"se ns/
r[o{ dopko d/ wjkB f;ZyK d/ r[o{ ih gqsh gqw
/ Go/ gq;zrK okjhA fJj g[;se nkgDk
wB'oE g{ok eodh j?.

fJ; fbys dh P?bh frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh gqfsGk dk T[~ sw Bw{Bk j?. fJ; dh
GkPk nbzekoK Bkb ifVQs j?. fJ; dk w[jktok e/Adoh wkMh p'bh tkbk j? ns/ p/o'e
otkBh fJ;dh ftP/P f;|s j?. b/ye d/ nzsjeoD ftu ftP/ dk t/r fJzBk gqpb j? fe
fJ;d/ tke nkw Bkb'A bzw/ j' rJ/ jB. fJ;d/ pkti{d toDB pj[s jh ;zfygssk dk
XkoBh j?. fJj' ekoD j? fe fJ; S'Nh fijh ouBk okjhA jh b/ye B/ r[o{ ih dh
P\;hns d/ pj[s ;ko/ gZyK s'A gkmeK B{z ikD{ eotkT[D ftu ;|bsk gqkgs ehsh j?.

eJh EkJhA r[o{ ih ns/ ;zrs dofwnkB e[M ftfPnK dh ;gPNsk bJh ;ztkd
j'fJnk j?. b/ye B/ fJ; ;ztkd ftu eftsk d/ fB:w nB[;ko r[o{U tku, ethU tku,
;zrsU tku, f;ZfyU tku nkfd ;zp'XBK okjhA ;zpX
' B dk gsk fdZsk j?. ftP/ dh
;gPNsk bJh r[o{ ih d/ puBK dk tkose o{g doi eoB d/ Bkb^Bkb r[opkDh, GkJh
r[odk; ih dh pkDh ns/ eJh EkJhA ;?_^ofus ekft pzdK dh y{p;{os tos'A ehsh j?.

ihtB eEk r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih

fJj g[;se bkj"o p[Ze Pkg, bkj"o tb'A 1914 JhL ftu d{ih tko gqekfPs
ehsh rJh ;h. g[;se d/ 136 gzB/ jB, pkeh g[;seK tKr fJ;B{z nfXnkfJnK ftu
BjhA tzfvnk frnk. g[;se dk nkozG T[; t/b/ dh gqzgok nB[;ko > ;fsr[o
gq;kfd] Bkb ehsk frnk j?. fco f;ob/y doi eoB T[gozs u"gJh ns/ d'jok o{g
ftu wzrbkuoB doi ehsk frnk j?L^

u"gJh

i? r[o{ BkBe nzso:kwh. xN xN e/ I' gkorokwh]

Bw'A Bw'A ;fsr[o T[gekoh. Xow X[ik e/ fi; B/ fp;pkoh]ñ]

;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo Bkw] f;wo/ ik; j'fJ ;G ekw]

rkEk skeh ;[rw ;[Dhi?] ;{ophosk Xow rjhi?]ò]

;fsr[o bhbk ;fsr[o ikB/. nto ekN fenk sfj pykB/]

135
 ;zws ;'bK ;? nmksq. T[Bh wZxo nZXh oksq]ó]

;{oi fdB ikB'A fJstko. ;qh r[o{ B"t/A bJ/ ntsko]

jfor'fpzd r[o{ sKs/ ;[ikB'. wksk BkBeh T[do ;[wkB/]ô]20

d'jok

nzfwqs;o w/A iBw b? Xow oZyk eosko]

fdZsh f;oik ;h; s/ g[zB gj[zu/ r[od[nko]21

fJfsjkf;e gZy'A fJj g[;se nfs wjZstg{oB j?. feT[Afe fJ; g[;se d/ gzBk
÷ T[~ s/ fJj doi j? fe ;qh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih B/ nkgD/ jZEhA pkpk r[ofdZsk ih p/N/ r[o{
jfo okfJ ih B{z ;zws ñ÷úñ wjhBk nZ;{ gqftPN/ ñó B{z r[orZdh go fpmkfJnk ;h
ns/ r[o{ jor'fpzd f;zx ih u/sq gqftPN/ ñõ ;zws ñ÷úñ B{z ehosg[o ;kfjp fty/ i'sh
i'fs ;wkJ/ ;h. g[;se d/ gzBk ò T[s/ doi j? fe ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B/
nzfwqs;o fty/ n?stko ñù wZxo ;zws ñù÷ø B{z wksk BkBeh d/ T[do T[s/ nZXh oksqh
d/ ;w/A S/thA gksPkjh Pqh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ih wjkoki d/ xo iBw bhsk. g[;se d/ gzB/
ñù T[s/ fJj doi j? fe “fpeqwh ;zws ñ÷òñ t?;ky gqftPN/ ù ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo
;kfjp ôó po; ô wjhB/ ñó fdBK dh T[wo d/ j' e/ r[onkJh dh rZdh go fpokiwkB
j'J/. pvk Gkoh dhtkB j'fJnk. ;G ;zrsK B{z ;Zu/ r[o{ dk doPB j'fJnk.” fJ;s'A
T[gozs pkb r'fpzd okfJ dk iBw gNB/ fty/ ;zws ñ÷òó g'j P[eb gZy fsE ÷ fdB
n?stko nZXh oksqh dk ;wK th g[;se d/ õø gzB/ T[s/ doi ehsk j'fJnk j?.22

ouBk d/ fJfsjk;e wjZst d/ Bkb^Bkb id n;hA fJ;dh rZd P?bh d/ gZy s'A
ftuko eod/ jK sK fJj fJ; s'A th rZd ouBk dk T[~ sw Bw{Bk ;kps j[zdh j?. wZyD
Pkj b[pkD/ dk gq;r
z toDB eoB T[;dh wksk BkBeh ih Bkb j'Jh tkoskbkg dh
otkBh s'A fJj rZb f;ZX j[zdh j?.

“f;Zy B/ wksk BkBeh ih gk; p/Bsh ehsh, w?A r[o{ ih dk doPB eoBk j?
wksk ih B/ f;y B{z nkdo Bkb p?mk e/ gqtko dh e[Pb y/w g[ZS e/ c[owkfJnk fe s{z
nzdo ik e/ doPB eo b?. wjkoki d/ ukb/ tZb ik w?A d/ydh jK sK tZvh ;'u j[d
z h j?
gfjb/ sK fJjBK B/ ;z;koh b'eK BKb fwbDk SZv fdZsk j?. d{;ok nkgD/ ;oho dh ;[X

136
BjhA oZyd/ ykDk ghDk ;[s/ j?, b?D/ d/D/ Bkb e[M ezw BjhA, no pkjo w[yh fposh BjhA,
pj[s eoe/ r[gs jh ofjzd/ jB, PKs ;o{gh j' rJ/ jB, BtfJzqdhnK ;ze'u j'JhnK jB,
no nZm' gfjo w;s ofjzd/ jB]”23

fJ; ;ztkd ftu shpo t/rtkB otkBh j?. fJjh otkBh frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh
rZd P?bh dk ftbZyD r[D j?. “frnkBh fdZs f;zx dhnK tkose ouBktK ftu tke ni/
fByVthA ns/ ftbZyD fJekJh BjhA pfDnk ;h. eJh tkoh fJe jh tke ftu eJh
tkeK dh ;kwZroh fby fdZsh iKdh. tke ni/ gqrNkt/ dh fJekJh ti'A ;Ekfgs th
BjhA ;h j'fJnk eJh tke nfij/ ;B. fiBQK ftu eJh rbK B{z s'V s'V e/ fby fdsk
iKdk ;h ns/ fJe tke B{z nkw eoe/ fJe s'A tX/o/ gZyK d/ gqrNkt/ bJh tofsnk
iKdk ;h.”24

frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ eftsk ns/ tkose d'jK jh ;kfjs o{gK ftu ouBk ehsh
j?. eftsk ftu sK T[; B/ pqi GkPk dk jh tX/o/ eoe/ gq:'r ehsk j? gqzs{ tkose ftu
T[j ;[u/s s"o s/ gzikph B{z pqi ns/ cko;h d/ gqGkt s'A w[es eoB dh e'fPP eodk
j?. T[;dh tkose nkw p'bukb dh GkPk ftu j'D ekoB jo/e ;kXkoB ftnesh dh
;wM ftu nkT[D :'r j?.

fJj ouBk fJfsjk;e ikDekoh d/D d/ Bkb^Bkb r[o{ i's d/ nfXnkswe

;zd/P dk gq;ko th eodh j?. fJ; ftu r[o{ ihtB toDBkswe P?bh dh EK
ftnkfynkswe P?bh ftu g/P ehsk frnk j?. ftnkfynk ftu T[j Pesh j? fe :'r
gqwkDK ns/ dbhbK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ftP/P fdqPNhe'D ns/ fynkb gkme dh u/sBk
ftu ;fji/ jh T[sko/ ik ;ed/ jB. b/ye dk T[d/P ssekbh ftfdnkoEh irs B{z r[o
fJfsjk; s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk j?. fJ; bJh T[;B/ eJh ftfdnkoEh b'VK B{z w[Zy oyfdnK
;zy/gsk ns/ ;ziw Bkb jh fposKs toDB ehsk j?. p/bV
' / nbzekoK ns/ T[gwktK
okjhA fpnkB B{z bzwk fyuD dh e'fPP BjhA ehsh.

frnkBh fdZs f;zx, f;zx ;Gk d/ ftfrnkfBe BIohJ/ s'A pj[s gqGkfts ;B
fJ; bJh T[jBK g[oksB iBw ;kyhekoK tKr fwfEjk;e ns/ irwkBh nzPK okjhA r[o{
fpzp f;oiD dh EK e/tb fJfsjk;e sZEK B{z jh T[fus rbgh GkPk okjhA fpnkB ehsk
j?. g[oksB iBw;kyhnK ftu r[o{ ih B{z fjzd{ ntskoK d/ w[ekpb/ g/P eoB dh o[uh
gqpb ;h. f;zx ;Gk nzro/Ih ftfdnk d/ ftfrnkBe BiohJ/ w[skpe fwfEjk; dh EK

137
fJfsjk; B{z tX/o/ wjZst fdzdh ;h. fJ; eoe/ fJ; g[;se ftu fBo'b fJfsjk;e
B[esk fBrkj s'A ;kfjse wZ; tkbh ouBk g/P j'Jh j?.

d;w r[o{ ih d/ ufoZs

fJ; ouBk dh y'i ;zpzXh ;kvk nXko d' ;q's jB. fJe sK gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H
tb'A GkJh fdZs f;zx frnkBh ouBktbh^Gkr B"tK fiE/ fJ;B{z ;zy/g fij/ o{g ftu
gqekfPs ehsk frnk j?. d{ik ;q's ‘ykb;k nypko bkj"o’ j?. fJj ekbw 4 iBtoh
1889 JhH B{z gzBk 4, 5 T[go bVhtko P[o{ j'fJnk ;h. gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H tkb/
;z;eoD ftu f;oc fJsBh ouBk jh Pkfwb j?. 14 ;szpo 1889 ykb;k nypko
bkj"o d/ gzBk 1 T[go ypoK d/ ekbw ftu fJj fJpkos fbyh fwbdh j?L^

;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki d/ ihtB ufosq d/ fbyB dk n;hA

nkozG eoBk ukj[zd/ jK i' E'V/ fdBK se fs:ko j' ikt/rk, fJ; tk;s/
n;hA ;g{oB r:kBhnK ns/ r[od[nkfonK ns/ skohy d/ ikBB/ tkb/
;kfjpK nZr/ gqkEBk eod/ jK i' T[j i' i' rb ikBd/ jB, no fe;/
g[;se ftu ni skJhA ejh BjhA nkfJnk ;' feogk eoe/ io{o
fbyB. d{;ok ;kfjpIkfdnK d/ Pjhd j'B dk ;zB skohy wjhBk fdB
nkfde i/eo ikBd/ j'B sK T[j Gh io{o fbyB, no gfjbK dk jkb
Gh fbyB^ j'o rb ys d_ko/ gqrN eoB.

ykb;k nypko bkj"o ftu fJ; d/ e[M fjZ;/ bVhtko Sg/. T[dkjoB ti'A 1
iBtoh, 1889 d/ nze ftu ‘d;w r[o{ ih d/ uos’ f;ob/y j/m Szd^pZX fJe fjZ;k
t/fynk ik ;edk j?L^

d'jok

ip ;{p/ eh c"I ek v/ok bhB' b{Nk]

G:' nuzGk s[oe e' rJh nk; wB c{Nk]

w[Zy s"o *s/ fJj ouBk nkBzdg[o ;kfjp d/ x/o/ dk jkb j?. w[rbK tb'A r[o{ ih
B{z gZso fbfynk frnk fe nBzdg[o ykbh eo fdU. w[rbK dk ;/te gZso fbnkT[Adk
j? s/ gVQe/ r[o{ ih cowkT[Ad/ jB fe s[;h pj[s |"iK, bPeo b? e/ x/ok gkfJnk j?L

138
 go w/oh fJe UN nekbk. oZSe ;dk jwkoh ukbk.25

r[o{ ih ;gPN T[~ so fdzd/ jBL^

s[wo/ Sb pb jw ;G ikB?A] BjhA pkB jw s[woh wkB/A]26

;{pk ;ojzd wB ftu gSsktk eodk j?L^

i' e[M izr s?j ;' ehBk. pyP d/j[ jw e' by dhBk]27

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx B{z fejk iKdk j? fe s[;h nBzd[go SZv ikU s/ fiE/ ukj' ;[yh
tZ;'. Go r[o{ ih w[rbK dh ukb ;wMd/ ;B, e[M f;Zy wksk r[ioh ih gk; T[es
ejkDh fpnkB eod/ jB s/ wksk ih nkBzdg[o SZvD bJh r[o{ ih B{z gq/od/ jBL

sKs/ ei nkBzdg[o skJh. fdj[ fto'X ;G X[fo fwNkJh]

;eb iwhB s[wkoh j'JhJ/. fJsBh go dkDk feT[A e'Jh J/]28

r[o{ ih nkBzdg[o SZvD bJh ;fjws BjhA j[zd/. w;zd efjzd/ jB fe fpoX
wksk ih dh pks wzB bU. fco r[o{ ih w;zdK B{z ;zpX
' B j[zd/ jBL

nj' w;zd wzdws ;ko/. Bfjs G/d r[o Bfj jfsnko/.

G{ik XkB ykfJ ws wkoh. ;ko n;ko B ;es ftukoh.29

T[gozs wksk r[ioh ih gzuw gksPkj d/ PKs ;[Gkn dk jtkbk fdzd/ jB sK

d;w gksPkj ih nkgDh dbhb ftu S/t/A gksPkj dk jkb toDB eod/ jBL

G[B sKe/ ghS/ r[o g{o/. jor'fpzd ;[s ir wfj ;{o/.

d'fJ s/r ikB/ eN Xkoh. ghoh whoh nkg ;zGkoh]30

nzs r[o{ ih c?;bk ;[DkT[Ad/ jB fe w?B{z e'Jh ;z;k BjhA j? feT[Afe ;kvh e[b
Z
ftu J/;/ soQK j[zdk nkfJnk j?. fJZE/ i' fBopb ePN ;fjzd/ jB w?A T[jBK d/ ;G ;'r
d{o eoKrk. w?Bz{ fi; ekoi bJh gqG{ B/ iZr *s/ G/fink T[jh eoKrk. fJ;s'A nZr/
;wkgsh j?.

139
sZs;ko

fJ; ouBk dk w[Zy ftPk nkBzdg[o ;kfjp d/ x/o/ ;w/A w[rb jkewK tb'A
ykXhnK M[mhnK e;wK, w;zdK dk wksk r[ioh ih B{z ikB pukT[D bJh g/qoBk, wksk ih
d/ r[o{ ih Bkb ;tkb itkp ns/ d;wfgsk dk d{o^nzd/;h dk T[~ so j?. T[j nkgD/
g[ofynK T[s/ wkD eoe/ efjzd/ jB fe ;kB{z nekb B/ ipo I[bw dk BkP eoB bJh
G/fink j? ns/ T[jh nekb dk i' GkDk j'tr
/ k T[j n;hA wzBKr/.

ftnkfynk ns/ NhekekohL ftnkfynk ns/ Nhekekoh d/ nXhB j/m fbyhnK

ouBktK nkT[AdhnK jBL

;qh r[o{ noiB gqp'X (Gkr gfjbk)

fJ; g[;se ftubh ;wZroh ;G s'A gfjbK frnkBh fdZs f;zx tZb'A \kb;k

n\pko bkj"o d/ ;kb 1893^98 JhL d/ nzeK ftu bVhtko Skgh rJh. g[;se o{g
ftu fJjh ;wZroh w?;oI skok f;zx, fePB f;zx wkfbe fdZs joh fvg' tb'A wkou
1932 JhL ftu gqekfPs ehsh rJh. fJj fJ; g[;se dh d{;oh Skg ;h. gqekfPs
o{g ftu gqkgs 1932 JhL tkbh Skg d/ e[b 85 gzB/ jB. g[;se B{z nfXnkfJ iK
eKvK ftu BjhA tzfvnk frnk.

fJ; g[;se ftu ;qh okr ftu r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ PpdK ns/ SzdK dh
ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. ftnkfynk dh p'bh ns/ P?bh ;ob j?. PpdkoE tZyo/ eoB
dh pikfJ ftnkfynk dh b'V nB[;ko tkeK ftu jh eo fdZs/ jB.

fenk s{ oZsk d/fye? g[sq ebsq ;hrko]

o; G'rfj y[Phnk eofj wkDfj ozr ngko]

pj[s eofj c[owkfJ;h tosfj j'fJ ncko]

eosk fus B nktJh wBw[y nzX rtko]ñ]

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

B[esk oZsk ozfr jfo ;G ir wfj ukBD j'fJ]ôô]ñ]

140
 fJ; gftsq Ppd dk Gkt fJj j? fe j/ iht s{z g[sq s/ fJ;sqh:'A e/ fPzrko B{z
t/ye/ fe:k gq;zB s/ fJBQK ftu bZre/ wX[o nwbkfd o;K B{z yKdk y[PhnK eodk nBzd
j' fojk j?. g[Bk ngko ozr wkD fojk j? s/ j'o th nB/e gqeko d/ p;sq;[rzXh nkfdeK
d/ nBzd G'r fojk j? s/ j'o Go b/P BjhA ns/ Ppd ;goPkfd fty:'A ftu tZvk wro{o
s/ nw'V j' e/ tos fojk j? fi; s/ j/ wBw[y rtko g[oP s?Bz{ T[j eosk u/s/ BjhA
nkT[Adk noEks tkfjr[o{ B{z G[b
Z p?mk j? nEtk j/ nfr:kBh rtkb/ g[[oP s{z Xow
n;EkB ikB/ s/ Gh rbkBh oZydk j? ns/ i/ G[b G[b/y/ ik th tV/A sK e'Jh Bk e'Jh
pjkBk eoe/ Phxo jh T[E'A tkg; nk iKdk j? fi; s/ s?Bz{ nkgD/ ouB/ tkbk eosk
edh :kd BjhA nkT[Adk]ñ]31

f;y Xow d/ brGr jo/e ftdtkB B/ d' ezw io{o ehs/ jB. gfjbk
r[o^fJfsjk; ns/ d{ik r[opkDh ftnkfynk dk. frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ th r[opkDh
ftnkfynk dk T[/u/uk :sB ehsk j?. fJ; g[;se ftu e/tb ;qh okr ftu doi gzuw
r[o{ ih dh pkDh dk jh Nhek ehsk frnk j?. fJj Nhek bVhtko ubdk j?. fJ; s'A
nzdkIk brkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe frnkBh fdZs f;zx r[opkDh ftnkfynk d/ fe;/ tZv/
gq'i?eN T[go ekoi eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B i' fe;/ ekoB f;o/ Bk uVQ ;fenk. Nhekekoh d/
y/so ftu th frnkBh fdZs f;zx B/ nkgDh gqfsGk d/ fBnko/gD dk ibtk B[wkfJnk
ehsk j?.

r[opkDh d/ fi; Ppd dh ftnkfynk eoBh j't/ T[; s'A gfjbK tkose o{g ftu
T[j nkgD/ e'b'A fJe gq;zr f;oid/ jB, fco ‘Ppd’ doi eod/ jB ns/ nZr'A fco
ftnkfynk nkozG j[zdh j?. frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh P\;hns gqzgokrs ns/ nkX[fBe
d't/A soQK dh ftfdnk gqDkbh Bkb ;pzfXs j?, fJ; eoe/ T[jBK dh ftnkfynk P?bh
ftu fJjBK d'tK gqDkbhnK dh Mbe fwbdh j?. frnkBh ih dh GkPk P?bh T[go th
gqzgokrs gqGkt ;gZPN Bio nkT[Ad/ jB. ftnkfynk d"okB ft;okw fuzBQK dh tos'A
pj[s xZN ehsh rJh j?. i/eo fJe Ppd d/ uko pzd jB sK jo pzd dh ftnkfynk
fJe g?oQ/ ftu ehsh rJh j?. g{o/ g?o/Q ftu ft;okw fuzBQ dh tos'A BjhA ehsh rJh.
tkeK B{z ft;okw fuzBQK okjhA fBy/VB dh pikJ/ ‘s/’, ‘g[Bk’, ‘ns/’, ‘fi; s/’, ‘noEks’
nkfd dh tos'A eoe/ fJe' tke jh ;ko/ g?oQ/ ftu brksko uZbdk j?.

141
 pqih ns/ fjzdeh gqGkt tkb/ Ppd nkw jh tos/ rJ/ jB. fit/A ‘fJ;sqh:'A e/’,
‘fe:k’, ‘wX[o’, ‘nkfdeK’, ‘ikB/ s/’, ‘;hxo’, ouB/ tkbk nkfd. fJ;dk Gkt j? fe
;wkfie ns/ ftfdne iK ftfrnkBe ftfPnK dh tkose ftu b/ye tX/o/ u/szB o{g
ftu fti'rkswesk dk XkoBh j? ns/ nfXnkswe ftfPnK tkbh tkose ftu
;zi'rkswesk dk XkoBh ofjzdk j?.

fit/A Ppd s'A gfjbK tkose ftu gq;zr oud/ jB T[tA/ jh ftnkfynk s'A pknd
gkmeK bJh fJe gqPB fdzd/ jB. T[j gqPB r[oPpd dh gqfeosh nB[;ko j[zdk j?.
Ppd ftu fi; gqeko dh ihtB P?bh ngBkT[D dh jdkfJs j?, T[; gqsh ;gZPNsk
fbnkT[D ykso T[j gqPB eod/ jB. ;koh g[;se ftu ftu fJjh ftXh ngBkJh rJh
j?. fJ; ftXh Bkb gkme B{z ifrnk;k dh gZXo s/ T[s/fis ehsk frnk j? sK fe T[j
nfXnkswe frnkB B{z ;z;koe nwbh gZXo s/ ngBkT[D tZb nro;o j' ;e/.

Bebh f;Zy gqp'X

frnkBh fdZs f;zx dh P\;hns pko/ ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu fJj rZb gqtkfBs j? fe
frnkBh ih ftnzr ns/ eNkyP d/ ;[nkwh ;B. ftnzr T[jBK dh eEBh ns/ fbys dh

ti{dkswe ftP/Psk ;h. Bebh f;y gqp'X T[BQK dh ftnzrkswe P?bh dh Pkjeko
ouBk j?. fJj ftnzr e/tb u'G eoB ns/ ;[nkd b?D dh fdqPNh s'A BjhA ehsk frnk,
pbfe fJ; ftu rzGho fuzsB neZN fgS'eV ti'A Pkfwb j?.

fJ; g[;se d/ SgD pko/ 26 nes{po, 1893 JhL d/ \kb;k n\pko bkj"o

ftu ;{uBk fdZsh rJh ;h. fJ; g[;se dh J/Bh fteoh j'Jh fe fJ;d/ fszB ;z;eoD
frnkBh ih d/ ihtB ftu jh Sg u[Ze/ ;B. fJ;dh u"Eh Skg ;qh r[o{ f;zx ;Gk
Pskpdh ew/Nh nzfwqs;o tZb'A cotoh 1974 JhL ftu SgtkJh rJh. fJ;d/ e[b
Z 133
gzB/ jB ns/ g[;se B{z tZy^tZy f;ob/yK nXhB nfXnktK ftu tzfvnk frnk j?. e[b
f;ob/y 14 jB.

fJ; g[;se dh ouBk ftP/P T[d/P dh g{osh fjZs ehsh rJh j?. fJ; pko/
b/ye B/ G{fwek ftu jh ;gZPN eo fdZsk j?L^

w/o/ fgnko/ gkme' I' e[S w?A fJ; g'Eh fbfynk j? ;' e'Jh feZ;k ejkDh
:k fe;/ soQK d/ fdb d/ gqukt/ dh eEk BjhA j?, fezs{ fJ; ftu T[jBk

142
 neqsxBk g[oPK dk toDB j? fiBQK B/ nkgD/ d;w r[o{ ih d/ tZv/ tZv/
T[gekoK B{z G[bk fdZsk j? i' T[BQK B/ nkgD/ xo, XB, wkb, fg:ko/ g[sq
ns/ ;oho B{z Gh fJjBk go e[opkB eoe/ ehsk ;h ns/ T[;dk pdbk
nZi eZbQ d/ f;Zy fJj d/Ad/ jB fe T[BQK d/ n;bh Xkowe T[gd/PK dh
Beb eod/ jB, fJ;h tk;s/ fJ; g'Eh dk BkT[A ‘Bebh f;y gqp'X’
oZfy:k j? noEks Bebh f;yK gqfs T[gd/P.32

fJ; s'A ;gZPN j? fe fJj g[;se rzGho T[d/P dh g{osh fjZs ouh rJh. T[d/P
dh rzGhosk nB[;ko jh ftP/ dk fBGkU j[zdk j?. fJ; eoe/ fBGkU ftu th T[Bh jh
rzGhosk j?.

gfjb/ uko nfXnkJ/ ‘fjzd{nK dk jkb’, ‘w[;bwkBK dk jkb’, fJ;kJhnK dk

jkb ns/ f;yK dk jkb jB. fJjBk ftu fJjBk XowK d/ nB[:kJhnK dh ihtB P?bh
B{z fpnkB ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ftu T[jBK d/ ntskoK ns/ g?rzpoK nkfd d/ ihtB
dhnK xNBktK ftu'A g?dk j[zdh B?fsesk ns/ nB?fsesk dk toDB j? fit/Al

‘d/y' ;qh okw uzdq ih wjkoki i' okik dPoE d/ g[Zsq ;/ Uj fJZe xo d/
MrV/^wso/Jh d/ d[Zy^ s/ pBtk; B{z G/i/ rJ/ ;/. ;hsk ih i' T[BQK dh
gshpqsk ;[gsBh ;h ;' nkgD/ Xow gkbB bJh T[BQK d/ Bkb ubh rJh
;h fi;B{z oktD jzekoh B/ Sb Bkb xo fbnk e/ e?d oZfynk. T[; go
;qh okw uzdqo ih B/ nkgDh fJ;sqh dh gqhfs ns/ d[PN g[oP d/ gzi/
ftu'A eZYD d/ fy:kb Bkb ;[rqht nkfde okfinK B{z nkgDhnK G[iK dk
pb fdyk e/ pkbh B{z wko ns/ tZvk Gkoh db ;ki e/ bzek go ik e/
Xktk ehsk ns/ bVkJh ehsh no oktD B{z wko e/ nkgDh ;[gsBh B{z
xo nKdk. fJj ;koh okwkfJD dh ;zy/g eEk dk sksgoi j? fi; s/
f;XKs J/j fBebdk j? fe ;qh okw uzdq ih izr fjzd[;skB d/ bkG :k
GbkJh d/ Bkb fJsBk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA oZydk ;h e/tb nkgDh fJ;sqh
dh gqhs dk ;kok ;kXB ;h ns/ fJj ntZP: eoBk ukjhdk ;h feT[Afe
nZi eZb Gh i/ e'Jh fe;/ dh fJ;sqh B{z Sb eo b? ikt/ sd T[; dk
wkbe i/ y[d w[ysko j't/ sK fJj' ezw eo/.33

143
 fJ; soQK T[jBK B/ ;qh feqPB ih d/ ihtB dk ;ko d/ e/ T[jBk dh eoBh ftu'A
T[sgzB j[d
z / Xow pko/ fNZgDh ehsh j?l

;qh feqPB d/t ih B/ nkgD/ wkw/ ez; B{z i' T[BQK Bkb gzvsK dh rb go
ftPtk; oZy e/ fto'X eodk ;h, wko fdZsk. fJ; s/, s[;hA d/y ;ed/
j' fe T[jBK B/ Gkos toP dk :k fjzd{ e"w dk fe:k Gbk ehsk j?.
ftuko e/ d/y' sK e[S BjhA feT[Afe nZi ebQ th i/ e'Jh nkgD/ d[PwD
wkw/ B{z wko dt/ sK T[;B{z nkgDk bkG j? gqzs{ b'eK B{z BjhA ns/ Bk j'Dk
ukjhJ/. d{;ok T[jBK dh ;{ophosk dk ;ko jkb id'A n;hA gVd/ jK
sd T[;s/ Gh nzs B{z J/j Bshik fBebdk j? fe i' e[S nZi eZb fJ;
d/; dh J/j d[orsh j' ojh j?. fJj ;' ;koh Pqh feqPB d/t ih wjkoki
d/ gqskg eoe/ j' ojh j?.34

u"Ek uzdqktB, okXk nkfde gokJhnK fJ;sohnK Bkb itkB nt;Ek ftu
gqhsh eoBh. fJ; s'A Gh s[;hA ;'u bt/ i' ;kB{z fe:k f;Zfynk fwbdh j? :k w[be ns/
e"w dh GfbnkJh feE'A sZe jz[dh j?. Gkt/A ;kfjs: d/ fgnkfonK B{z Pqh feqPB d/t ns/
Pqh wfs okXk ih d/ nbzeko d/D eo e/ T[BQK d/ g[;seK B{z tZvk bkG gj[zfunk j?,
feT[Afe i/ fe;/ j'o d/ pkg dkd/ ns/ fe;/ dh Xh G?D pkps fJ; soQK e'Jh fbydk sK
Io{o j? fe T[j bkfJpb (s'jhB) d/ w[ew
Z d/ ftu frqcsko j' e/ oki dzv gkT[Adk, gqzs{
Pqh feqPB d/t wjkoki d/ Bkw go b'eK B/ pj[s p/gVd rzqE ns/ s;thoK pDk SZvhnK
jB. T[BQK d/ d/yD ns/ gVB s/ s[;hA ;'u ;ed/ j' fe feE'A sZe e"wh :k d/;h GbkJh
j?<35

fJjBK jtkfbnK s'A n;hA ;wM ;ed/ jK fe T[jBK dk nkgDh rZb B{z g/P eoB
dk Yzr fezB/ ftPkb e?Bt; dk XkoBh j?. T[j B?fsesk ns/ nfXnksfwesk B{z Xow
dk Io{oh bZSD ;wMd/ jB. T[go'es jtkfbnK dk B?fsesk ns/ nfXnksfwesk d/
tkX/ Bkb fe;/ gqeko dk e'Jh ;pzX BjhA j?. pbfe fJjBK s'A gq/fos j' e/ B?fsesk ns/
nfXnksfwesk dh jkBh Io{o j' ;edh j?. fJ;/ gqeko w[;bwkBK d/ jkbks toDB
ehs/ jBL^

jIos w[jw
z d ;kfjp d/ gqZsq I?d B/ id nkgDh fJ;sqh I?Bp B{z sbke
d/ fdZsk sK jIos B/ nkg T[;B{z nkg xo ftZu gk bhsk, noEks T[j

144
 fJ;sqh nkgDh eo bhsh fJ; go Gh w[;bwkB nkyd/ jB fe T[BQK B{z
fJbjkw j'fJnk ;h fe n?;k eo', jIos B/ \[dkd/ j[ew Bkb fJj ezw
ehsk. nfijhnK j'o e'Jh pksK d{i/ nkyd/ jB. fiBQK d/ d/P :k e"w
B{z e'Jh bkG BjhA gj[zudk, fezs{ B[e;kB gj[zudk j?l feT[Afe id b'e
fJj fynkb eod/ jB fe i/ BphnK d/ fJj jkb j'J/ jB sK ;kvk eh
/ k< fJ; s/ fJ\bke B{z Io{o B[e;kB gj[zudk j?.36
jkb j'tr

fJj jtkbk th B?fsesk d/ B[esk^J/^fBrkj s'A jh g/P ehsk frnk j?. fJ;
ftu nkw b'eK ftu B?fsesk d/ gsB dh rfjo rzGho ;wZf;nk fgZS/ ezw eodh
Xkofwe ns/ nfXnkswe gqtkDrh B{z gSkD e/ p/ god ehsk frnk j?. Bkb jh T[BQK
B/ fJj th doi ehsk j? fe “Gkt/A fJ; rZb B{z pj[s b'e p[ok Gh nkyd/ jB go sK th
n;hA fJsBk Io{o ejKr/ fe fJj ;kok g[okykoE dhB fJ;bkw dh feqZsr:sk dk fuzBQ
j? i' nkgfDnk tZfvnK d/ T[geko :k ;ke/ B{z Gkt/A Uj fe;/ gqeko feT[A Bk j'D, fdb'A
BjhA G[bkT[Ad/.”37 fJ; fNZgDh okjhA T[jBK do;kfJnk fe fJj e"wK nkgD/ tv/fonK
dk fJfsjk; G[bkT[Ad/ BjhA Gkt/A fe fJjBK ftu'A nB?fsesk jh fBebdh j?. fJ; s'A
pknd fJe gqPB doi ehsk j? fe s[;hA dZ; ;ed/ j' fe f;yK B/ th ;kfjpIkfdnK d/
efjo tkb/ ;ke/ dh e'Jh :kdrko pDkJh j't/ iK r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih d/ ;h; dh
:kdrko dk th e[M fBPkB iK fynkb oZfy:k j't/<

fJ;/ gqeko Jh;kJhnK dk jkb f;ob/y j/m Jh;k w;hj d/ w"s dK c[owkB
;[De/ ezp ikD ns/ ;koh oks p/u?B ofjD dk nzihb d/ jtkb/ Bkb fposKs doi ehsk
j? fe fe; gqeko T[;B{z fuZbkT[Ad/ j'J/ B{z ;{bh s/ ukfVQnk frnk. fJjBK d/ fposKs
toDB okjhA f;y Xow d/ n;{bK B{z do;kfJnk frnk j?.

nrb/ nfXnkfJnK ftu r[opkDh, GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK, d;w rqE
z dh
pkDh ns/ ;?_ ofus eftsk d/ okjhA ftfGzB ftfPnK dh ;gZPNsk ehsh rJh j?. fJj
;kok ekoi fJe jh ftXh Bkb ;zgzB ehsk frnk j?. gfjbK ekft ouBk d'jo/ u"gJh,
Ppd ns/ g"VhnK doi eoe/ fJjBK dh ftnkfynk g/P ehsh rJh j?. fJ;
ftnkfynk ftu r[oT[gd/PK okjhA f;yK d/ ftnefsZst dh T[;koh d/ f;XKs g/P ehs/
rJ/ jB. fJ; ;koh g[;se ftu d{;o/ XowK d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B okjhA fJj

145
do;kfJnk frnk j? fe f;Zy Xow d/ f;XKsK okjhA fe; gqeko dh B?fsesk ns/
ftnefsZst g?dk j[zdk j?.

fJ; g[;se dh P?bh ftnkfynkswe ns/ ftnzrkswe j?. fJ; ftu fjzd{nK,
w[;bwkBK, Jh;kJhnK ns/ f;ZyK B{z ;wkB o{g ftu eNk\P ns/ ftnzr d/ gkso
pDkfJnk frnk j?. f;ZyK dhnK efunkJhnK ns/ nB?fsesk Go/ ekoiK dk toDB
eofdnK ;ze'u BjhA ehsk frnk. p'bh ;[u/s gZXo s/ e/Adoh oZyh rJh j?.

^^^^^^ 0 ^^^^^^

146
 jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1H Bfozdo f;zx eg{o, frnkBh fdZs f;zx ihtB s/ ouBk, gzBk 126H

2H T[jh, gzBk 138H

3H GkJh fdZs f;zx r:kBh, iBw;kyh Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih, gzBk 3H

4H T[jh, gzBk 3^4H

5H T[jh, gzBk 5H

6H T[jh, gzBk 2H

7H T[jh, gzBk 1H

8H GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk, wjkB e'P, gzBk 463H

9H GkJh fdZs f;zx r:kBh, iBw;kyh Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih, gzBk 7H

10H osB f;zx iZrh, g[oksB gzikph tkose ftek; ns/ ftPb/PD, gzBk 41H

11H GkJh fdZs f;zx r:kBh, iBw;kyh Pqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih, gzBk 318H

12H gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H, gzE osB GkJh fdZs f;zx frnkBh ouBktbh^ Gkr

S/tK, gzBk 21H

13H T[jh, gzBk 42H

14H T[jh, gzBk 75H

15H Bfozdo f;zx eg{o, frnkBh fdZs f;zx ihtB s/ ouBk, gzBk 47H

16H gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H, gzE osB GkJh fdZs f;zx frnkBh ouBktbh^ Gkr

S/tK, gzBk 83H

17H T[jh, gzBk 84H

18H T[jh, gzBk 86^87H

147
19H gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H, gzE osB GkJh fdZs f;zx frnkBh ouBktbh^ Gkr

;stK, gzBk 22H

20H T[jh, gzBk 80H

21H T[jh, gzBk

22H T[jh, gzBk 78H

23H gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H, gzE osB GkJh fdZs f;zx frnkBh ouBktbh^ Gkr

;ZstK, gzBk 85H

24H Bfozdo f;zx eg{o, frnkBh fdZs f;zx, ihtB s/ ouBk, gzBk 132H

25H ykb;k nypko bkj"o, 20 d;zpo 1895, gzBk 4H

26H T[jh, 3 iBtoh 1896, gzBk 3H

27H T[jh, 31 iBtoh 1896, gzBk 5H

28H T[jh, 28 cotoh 1896, gzBk 3H

29H T[jh, 6 wkou 1896, gzBk 3H

30H T[jh, 3 ngqb

? 1896, gzBk 3H

31H gqhsw f;zx n?wHJ/H, gzE osB GkJh fdZs f;zx frnkBh ouBktbh^ Gkr
nZmtK, gzBk 19^20H

32H T[jh, gzBk 99H

33H T[jh, gzBk 105H

34H T[jh, gzBk 108H

35H T[jh, gzBk 110H

36H T[jh, gzBk 112H

37H T[jh, gzBk 113H

148