CH 9 Variations

9 Variations
9 Variations
For the 2 kg pack of washing powder:
$35.8
Price per kg 
2 kg
Review Exercise 9 (p. 9.5)  $17.9 / kg
∴ The 2 kg pack of washing powder is more economical.
12 km
1. The required rate 
2 hours 10. The required ratio  24 : 30
 6 km / h 24

30
$180  4:5
2. The required rate 
72
$180
 11. Fraction of the number of female members 
8

8
72 5  8 13
dozens
12 Let x be the total number of members in the music club.
 $30/dozen 8
x   64
13
4800 immigrants 13
3. The required rate  x  64 
30 days 8
 160 immigrants/day  104
∴ There are 104 members in the music club.
18
4. 18 : 36  12. P ercentagechangein theprice of the notebookcomputer
36 3000 5000
1   100%
 5000
2   40%
 1: 2
13. P ercentagechangein theadmissionfee

500 g
5. 500 g : 15 kg  225  180
15 000 g   100%
180
1   25%

30
 1 : 30
14. 2 x  y  7 (1)

300 seconds  x  y  1 (2)
6. 300 seconds : 5 minutes 20 seconds  From (2), we have
(5  60  20) seconds
y  x  1 (3)
15
 By substituting (3) into (1), we have
16 2 x  ( x  1)  7
 15 : 16 2x  x  1  7
3x  6
7. ∵ 7x  8y x2
x  By substituting x  2 into (3), we have
∴ 
y 7 y  2 1
∴ x: y  8:7 3
∴ The solution is x  2 , y  3 .
8. ∵ x : 4  21: 12
x 21 15. 3x  y  4 (1)
∴  
4 12  4 x  3 y  1 (2)
x
21
4 (1)  3 : 9 x  3 y  12 (3)
12 (2)  (3) : (4 x  3 y )  (9 x  3 y )  1  12
7
13x  13
x 1
9. For the 3 kg pack of washing powder:
By substituting x  1 into (1), we have
$53.8
Price per kg  3(1)  y  4
3 kg
y 1
 $17.93/ kg (cor. to 2 d.p.)
∴ The solution is x  1 , y  1 .
107
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
16. Let x cm be the length of the screen of the TV. 2. (a) No. The value of xy remains unchanged when the
Then the width of the screen of the TV is (90  x) cm . values of x and y change.
x : (90  x)  16 : 9
1500
x

16 (b) y
90  x 9 x
9x  16(90  x)
3. (a)
9x  1440 16x
25x  1440
x  57.6
When x  57.6 , 90  x  90  57.6  32.4 .
∴ The length and width of the screen of the TV are
57.6 cm and 32.4 cm respectively.
Activity
Activity 9.1 (p. 9.6)

1. (a) increase
(b)
Number of tickets
1 2 3 4 5 …
bought (x)
Amount of money (b) (i) The graph of y against x is a curve.

80 160 240 320 400 … (ii) No, the graph does not pass through the origin.
required ($y)
Activity 9.3 (p. 9.42)
y 1. E = 5000 + 2000n
x
80 80 80 80 80 …
2. (a) (i) Total points 2 x
(ii) Total points 3 y
2. (a) no
(b) y  80x (b) S  2x  3 y
3. (a) (c) (i) No. Let x0, y0 and S0 be the original values of x, y
and S respectively. New value of S
 2(2 x0 )  3 y0  4x0  3 y0  2S0
(ii) No, Let x0, y0 and S0 be the original values of x, y
and S respectively. New value of S
 2 x0  3(2 y0 )  2x0  6 y0  2S0
Maths Dialogue
Maths Dialogue (p. 9.14)

No. For any two quantities x and y in direct variation, the graph
(b) (i) a straight line of y against x must be a straight line passing through the origin.
(ii) yes In case 3, y and x are in direct variation.
Activity 9.2 (p. 9.19) Classwork

1. (a) decrease
Classwork (p. 9.8)
(b)
(a) y = kx2 (b) yk x
Number of
1 2 3 4 5 … (c) r = kw3 (d) W = kL
people (x)
Amount of soft (e) P = kr2
drink each Classwork (p. 9.21)

1500 750 500 375 300 …
person gets k k
(a) w (b) y
t3 x2
(y mL)
xy 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 …
108
9 Variations
k k For any two pairs of a and b, say (a1, b1) and (a2, b2), we have
(c) y (d) C
w3 a1 a
x
3
 k and 23  k
b1 b2
k a1 a2
(e) t ∴ 3
 3
v b1 b2
By substituting a1  54 , b1  3 and b2  5 into the equation,
Classwork (p. 9.33)
we have
(a) X = kyw2 (b) P  kx y 54 a 2

33 5 3
kh km 54
(c) V  (d) F a2   125
r3 ad 2 27
 250
kn  ∴ When b = 5, a  250 .
(e) R
m2
Quick Practice 9.3 (p. 9.12)
Classwork (p. 9.44) (a) ∵ y  x
k k2 ∴ y  kx , where k  0
(a) P = k1  2 (b) S  k1 
y y3 By substituting x  8 and y  4 into the equation, we have
4  k (8)
k2 1
(c) W  k1x  k2 x 2 (d) u  k1v 2  k
v 2
1
∴ The variation constant is .
k 2
(e) W  31  k2 3 u
t
(b)
Quick Practice

(a) ∵ p varies directly as q2.
∴ p = kq2, where k  0
By substituting p  175and q  5 into the equation, we have
175  k (5) 2
175
k
25
7 (c) From the graph,
∴ p  7q 2 when y  2 , x  4 ,
i.e. p  4
(b) When q = 7,
when x  10 , y  5 ,
p = 7(7)2 = 343
i.e. q  5
1
Quick Practice 9.2 (p. 9.10) From (a), y x.
∵ a varies directly as the cube of b. 2
∴ a = kb3, where k  0 ∴ When x  26 ,
By substituting a  54 and b  3 into the equation, we have 1
y  (26)
54  k (3)3 2
54  13
k i.e. r  13
27
2
∴ a  2b 3
∵ y  x2
When b  5 ,
a  2(5)3 ∴ y  kx 2 , where k  0
 250 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively, i.e.
y0  kx0 .
2
Alternative Solution
∵ a varies directly as the cube of b. New valueof x  (1  10%) x0
∴ a = kb3, where k  0  0.9 x0
a
k
b3
109
New valueof y  k (0.9 x0 ) 2 By substituting x = 4 and y = 12 into the equation, we have

k
 0.81kx0
2
122 
4
 0.81y0
k  576
0.81y0  y0
∴ P ercentagechangein y   100% ∴ y2 
576
y0 x
(0.81  1) y0 When x = 9,
  100%
y0 576
y2 
  19% 9
 64
y  8 or  8 (rejected)
(a) ∵ C  r2 Alternative Solution
∵ The square of y varies inversely as x.
∴ C = kr2, where k  0
k
By substituting r = 6 and C = 20 into the equation, we have ∴ y 2  , where k  0
20  k (6) 2 x
20 y2 x  k
k For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), we have
36
y1 x1  k and y 2 x2  k
2 2
5

y1 x1  y 2 x2
2 2
9 ∴
∴ C r
5 2 By substituting x1  4 , y1  12 and x2  9 into the equation, we
9 have
122 (4)  y2 (9)
2
(b) (i) When C = 45,
y2  64
2
5
45  r 2
9 y2  8 or  8 (rejected)
r 2  81 ∴ When x  9 , y  8 .
r  9 or  9 (rejected)
∴ The radius of the hemisphere is 9 cm. Quick Practice 9.8 (p. 9.24)
(ii) When radius = 0.18 m = 18 cm, i.e. r = 18, (a) ∵ y varies inversely as the square of x.
5 k
C  (18) 2  180  200 ∴ y  2 , where k  0
9 x
∴ Heidi can coat a hemisphere of radius 0.18 m. By substituting x = 2 and y = 72 into the equation, we have
k
72  2
Quick Practice 9.6 (p. 9.21) 2
(a) ∵ y varies inversely as 3 x . k  288
k ∴ The variation constant is 288.
∴ y , where k  0 288
3
x ∴ y 2
x
By substituting x = 8 and y = 2 into the equation, we have
k
2 3 (b) When x  a and y  8 ,
8
288
k4 8 2
a
4
∴ y a 2  36
3
x a  6 or  6 (rejected)
(b) When x  64 , When x  12 and y  b ,

4 288
y3 b
64 122
4 2

4
1

∵ The square of y varies inversely as x.
k
∴ y 2  , where k  0
x
110
9 Variations
(c) k
New value of P 
1.05N 0
 k 

1  
1.05  N 0 

1
 P0
1.05
∴ Percentage decrease in P
1
P0  P0
 1.05  100%
P0
 1 
1   P0
1.05 
  100%
P0
 2.41% (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
∴ The unit price of the shirt is decreased by 2.41%.
Quick Practice 9.9 (p. 9.25) (b) When the number of shirts produced is increased by 16%,
1 new value of N  (1  16%) N 0
(a) ∵ t 
P  1.16N 0
k
∴ t  , where k  0 k
P new value of P 
By substituting t  6 and P  900 into the equation, we have 1.16N 0
k  k 
6 
1  
900 1.16  N 0 

k  5400
1
5400  P0
∴ t 1.16
P
∴ Percentage change in P
(b) (i) When P  1200 , 1
P0  P0
5400
t  1.16  100%
1200 P0
 4 .5  1 
∴ The time required for cooking the fish is   1 P0

1.16 
4.5 minutes if the power of the microwave oven is  100%
1200 Watts. P0
(ii) When P  500 ,  7.15% (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
5400 ∴ The unit price of the shirt will be reduced by 7.15%
t
500 when the number of shirts produced is increased by
 10.8 16%.
∴ The manufacturer’s claim is incorrect.
 11
∴ It takes less than 11 minutes to cook the fish.
∴ The fish can be cooked within 11 minutes using a
500-watt microwave oven. (a) ∵ p varies jointly as r and s.
∴ p  kr s , where k  0
Quick Practice 9.10 (p. 9.27) By substituting r = 15, s = 25 and p = 150 into the equation,
(a) ∵ P varies inversely as N . we have
k 150  k (15)( 25 )
∴ P , where k  0
N k 2
Let N0 and P0 be the original values of N and P ∴ p  2r s
k
respectively, i.e. P0  .
N0 (b) When p  18 and r  3 ,
New value of N  (1  5%) N 0 18  2(3)( s )
 1.05N 0 s 3
s9
111
Quick Practice 9.12 (p. 9.34) (b) When F = 4500 and S  5400,
(a) ∵ T varies directly as s2 and inversely as r. 420(4500)
5400 
ks 2 I
∴ T , where k  0
r
I  350
By substituting s = 2, r = 12 and T = 10 into the equation,
we have I  122 500
∴ The annual family income of the student is $122 500.
k ( 2) 2
10 
12 Quick Practice 9.15 (p. 9.37)
k  30 Let $C, t mm and d cm be the cost, the thickness and the
30s 2 diameter of a gold coin respectively.
∴ T
r ∵ C  td 2
∴ C = ktd 2 , where k  0
(b) When T = 8 and s = 4, Let t1 mm, d1 cm and $C1 be the thickness, the diameter and the
30(4) 2 cost of the first gold coin, and t2 mm, d2 cm and $C2 be those of
8
r the second gold coin respectively.
r  60 ∴ C1  kt1d1  (1)
2
C2  kt2 d 2
2
 (2)
Quick Practice 9.13 (p. 9.35) 2
C1 kt1d1
y2 (1)  (2): 
∵ x C2 kt2 d 2 2
z
2
ky 2 C1 t1 d1
∴ x , where k  0  
z C2 t 2 d 2 2
Let y0, z0 and x0 be the original values of y, z and x respectively, 16 3 4 2
2  
ky 27 4 d 2 2
i.e. x0  0 .
z0 3 27 2
d2 
 4
2
New value of y  (1  20%) y0 4 16
 1.2 y0  20.25
New value of z  (1  20%) z0 d 2  4.5 or  4.5 (rejected)
 0.8 z0 ∴ The diameter of the second gold coin is 4.5 cm.
k (1.2 y0 ) 2
New value of x  Quick Practice 9.16 (p. 9.45)
0 .8 z 0
(a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x 2 .
 ky 2  ∴ y  k1  k2 x 2 , where k1, k2  0
 1.8 0 
 z 
 0  By substituting x  1 and y  3 into the equation, we
 1.8 x0 have
1.8 x0  x0  3  k1  k2 (1) 2
∴ Percentage change in x   100%
x0 k1  k2  3  (1)
0.8 x0 By substituting x  4 and y  78 into the equation, we
  100%
x0 have
  80%  78  k1  k2 (4) 2
k1  16k2  78  (2)
Quick Practice 9.14 (p. 9.36) (1) – (2): 15k2  75
(a) ∵ S 
F k2  5
I By substituting k2  5 into (1), we have
kF k1  (5)  3
∴ S , where k  0
I k1  2
By substituting F = 8400, I = 90 000 and S = 11 760 into
the equation, we have ∴ y  2  5x2
k (8400)
11 760  (b) When x = 3,
90 000
y  2  5(3) 2
k  420
  43
420F
∴ S
I
112
9 Variations
Quick Practice 9.17 (p. 9.46) (b) When C = 3.3,

(a) ∵ P partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely 4000
3.3  2.5 
as y . n
n  5000
k2
∴ P  k1 x  , where k1, k2  0 ∴ 5000 copies should be printed such that the cost of
y each copy is $3.3.
1
By substituting x  2 , y  and P  4 into the equation, (c) When n  2000,
4
we have 4000
C  2.5 
k2 2000
4  k1 (2) 
1  4.5
4 7  4.5
Profit per cent   100%
k1  k2  2  (1) 4.5
By substituting x  1 , y  4 and P  5 into the equation,  55.6% (cor. to 1 d.p.)
we have
k Quick Practice 9.19 (p. 9.49)
 5  k1 (1)  2 (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as n and partly varies directly
4
1 as n 2 .
 k1  k2  5  (2) ∴ C  k1n  k 2 n 2 , where k1, k2  0
2
3 By substituting n  30 and C  1500into the equation,
(1) + (2): k2  3
2 we have
k2  2 1500  k1 (30)  k2 (30) 2
By substituting k2  2 into (1), we have k1  30k2  50  (1)
k1  (2)  2 By substituting n  40 and C  2200into the equation,
k1  4 we have
2200  k1 (40)  k2 (40)2
2
∴ P  4x  k1  40k2  55  (2)
y
(2) – (1): 10k2  5
(b) When P  8 and x  4 , k2  0.5
2 By substituting k2  0.5 into (1), we have
8  4( 4) 
y k1  30(0.5)  50
1 k1  35
y
4 ∴ C  35n  0.5n2
1
y
16 (b) When n  36 ,
C  35(36)  0.5(36) 2
Quick Practice 9.18 (p. 9.47)  1908
(a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as n. ∴ The cost is $1908 if there are 36 participants.
k
∴ C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
n (c) Let $C1 be the cost of the party for n participants and $C2
By substituting n = 2500 and C = 4.1 into the equation, we be the cost of the party for 2n participants.
have ∴ C1  35n  0.5n2
k
4.1  k1  2 and C2  35(2n)  0.5(2n)2
2500
2500k1  k 2  10 250  (1)  70n  2n 2
By substituting n = 8000 and C = 3 into the equation, we  2(0.5n 2  35n  0.5n 2 )
have  2(0.5n 2  35n)  n 2
k
3  k1  2  2C1  n 2
8000
8000k1  k 2  24 000  (2)  2C1
∴ The cost of the party will not be doubled even though
(2)  (1) : 5500k1  13 750
the number of participants is doubled.
k1  2.5
By substituting k1 = 2.5 into (1), we have Quick Practice 9.20 (p. 9.50)
2500(2.5)  k 2  10 250 (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
k 2  4000 ∴ C  k1  k2n, where k1, k2  0
4000 From the graph,
∴ C  2.5  when n  0 , C  40 000 ; when n  200 , C  170000 .
n
113
By substituting n  0 and C  40 000 into the equation, we 20  k (5) 2

have 20
40 000  k1  k2 (0) k
25
k1  40 000 4

By substituting k1  40 000 , n  200 and C  170000 into 5
the equation, we have 4
∴ C  r2
170 000  40 000  k2 (200) 5
k2  650
C  40 000  650n 4 2 4
∴ (b) When r = 1, C  (1)  ;
5 5
(b) When n  400 , 4 2 36
when r = 3, C  (3) 
C  40 000  650(400) 5 5
 300 000  4 36 
∴ Total cost of painting  $ 5   10  
∴ The total amount required to hold a wedding banquet  5 5 
with 400 guests is $300 000.  $76
(c) When C  240000 ,

Further Practice (p. 9.27)
40 000  650n  240 000
1
n  307.69 1. ∵ ( S  2)  3
x
∵ The maximum value of n is 307.
k
∴ At most 307 guests can be invited. ∴ S  2  3 , where k  0
x
By substituting x = 2 and S = 6 into the equation, we have
Further Practice k
62  3
2
Further Practice (p. 9.14)
k  64
1. . (a) ∵ r varies directly as s.
64
∴ r  k s , where k  0 ∴ S2 3
x
By substituting s = 16 and r = 8 into the equation, we When S  14 ,
have 64
14  2  3
8  k 16 x
k
8 x3  4
4 x  1.59 (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
2 ∴ When S  14 , x is not an integer.
∴ r2 s ∴ It is impossible that S  14 if x is an integer.
(b) Let s0 and r0 be the original values of s and r 2. Let d be the number of days that the food can last and n be
respectively, i.e. r0  2 s0 . the number of people trapped on a desert island.
1
New value of s  (1  19%) s0 ∵ d
n
 0.81s0 k
∴ d  , where k  0
New value of r  2 0.81s0 n
dn  k
 2  0.9 s0
Thus, 30  10  d  (10  2)
 0.9r0
d  25
0.9r0  r0 ∴ When 2 more people come ashore onto the island, the
∴ Percentage change in r   100%
r0 food will last for 25 days.
(0.9  1)r0
  100% 1 1
r0 3. (a) ∵ x and y 
  10% y z
k1
∴ x , where k1  0  (1)
2. (a) ∵ C  r 2 y
∴ C = kr2, where k  0 and y 
k2
, where k 2  0  (2)
By substituting r = 5 and C = 20 into the equation, z
we have By substituting (2) into (1), we have
k k
x  1  1 z, where k1 , k 2  0  (3)
k2 k2
z
114
9 Variations
∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants. k 1 k 2

∴ R1  and R2 
k1 A1 A2
∴ is also a non-zero constant.
k2 k 1 k 2
A1   (1) and A2   (2)
k R1 R2
By letting C  1 , we have
k2 k1
x = Cz, where C is a non-zero constant. A1 R R    R  3 80 16
i.e. x  z (1)  (2) :  1  1 2   1  2    
A2 k 2  2 R1   2  R1  5 27 9
∴ x varies directly as z.
R2
(b) By substituting z = 3 and y = 2 into (2), we have ∴ The ratio of their cross-sectional areas is 16 : 9.
k
2 2 Further Practice (p. 9.51)
3
1. (a) ∵ w partly varies directly as s and partly varies
k2  6
directly as s2.
By substituting k2 = 6, z 
1
and x = 4 into (3), we ∴ w = k1s + k2s2, where k1, k2  0
3 By substituting s = 3 and w = 27 into the equation, we
have have
4
k1 1
 27  k1 (3)  k2 (3)2
6 3 k1  3k2  9  (1)
k1  72
1 1
72 By substituting s  and w   into the equation,
∴ x 2 2
y we have
2
1 1 1
Further Practice (p. 9.38)   k1    k2  
1. ∵ z  xy
2 2 2
∴ z = kxy, where k  0 2k1  k2  2  (2)
z (1)  2  (2) : 5k 2  20
x
ky k2  4
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z By substituting k2  4 into (1), we have
z
respectively, i.e. x0  0 . k1  3(4)  9
ky0 k1  3
New value of y  (1  50%) y0 ∴ w  3s  4s 2
 1.5 y0
New value of z  (1  12.5%) z0 (b) When w  52 ,
 1.125z0 52  3s  4s 2
1.125z0 4s 2  3s  52  0
New value of x 
k (1.5 y0 ) ( s  4)(4s  13)  0
 z  s  4  0 or 4s  13  0
 0.75 0 
13
 ky0  s  4 or s (rejected)
 0.75x0 4
0.75x0  x0
∴ Percentage change in x   100% 2. ∵ z partly varies directly as x and partly varies
x0
inversely as y2.
(0.75  1) x0 k
  100% ∴ z  k1 x  22 , where k1, k2  0
x0 y
  25% By substituting x = 4, y = 1 and z = 32 into the
equation, we have
2. Let  , A and R be the length, the cross-sectional area k
and the electrical resistance of a wire respectively. 32  k1 4  22
(1)

∵ R 2k1  k 2  32  (1)
A
By substituting x = 9, y = 2 and z = 38 into the
k
∴ R= , where k  0 equation, we have
A k
Let  1 , A1 and R1 be the length, the cross-sectional area and 38  k1 9  2 2
(2)
the electrical resistance of wire P, and  2 , A2 and R2 be 12k1  k 2  152  (2)
those of wire Q respectively. (2)  (1) : 10k1  120
k1  12
115
By substituting k1 = 12 into (1), we have (b) When x = 24,

2(12)  k 2  32 2
y  (24)
k2  8 3
8  16
∴ z  12 x 
y2
2. (a) ∵ P  r
1
When x  and z = 21, ∴ P = kr, where k  0
16
1
1 8 By substituting r  and P = –5 into the equation,
21  12  3
16 y 2 we have
y2 
4 1
 5  k 
9 3
2 2 k  15
y  or  (rejected)
3 3 ∴ The variation constant is –15.
1 ∴ P  15r
When x = 25 and y  ,
2
(b) When P = –60,
8
z  12 25  2
60  15r
1 r4
 
2
 92 3. (a) ∵ y is directly proportional to x2.
When y  2 and z = 8, ∴ y = kx2, where k  0
8 By substituting x = 4 and y = 48 into the equation, we
8  12 x  2 have
2
1 48  k (4) 2
x
2 k 3
1 ∴ y  3x 2
x
4
(b) (i) When x  4 ,
3. (a) (i) Parking fee for the first hour = $30 y  3(4 2 )
Parking fee for the subsequent hours  48
= $20(x – 1)
∴ C  30  20( x  1) (ii) When y = 75,
 10  20x 75  3x 2
(ii) The relation between C and x is a partial variation. x 2  25
This is because C is the sum of two parts, one part x  5 or x  5 (rejected)
is a constant while the other part varies directly as
x.
4. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x.
(b) When C  130 , ∴ y = kx, where k  0
130  10  20x By substituting x = 12 and y  3 into the equation, we
x6 have
∴ He has parked his car in the car park for 6 hours. 3  k (12)
1
k 
Exercise 4
1
Exercise 9A (p. 9.15) ∴ y x
4
Level 1
When y  6 ,
1. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x.
∴ y = kx, where k  0 1
6   x
By substituting x = 9 and y = 6 into the equation, we 4
have x  24
6  k (9) When y  8 ,
2
k  1
8   x
3 4
∴ The variation constant is
2
. x  32
3
When x = 40,
2
∴ y x 1
y   (40)
3 4
  10
116
9 Variations
When x = 60, (ii) From the graph,

1 when y = 12, x  8 .
y   (60)
4
  15 6. (a) ∵ y varies directly as x.
∴ y = kx, where k  0
(b) ∵ y is directly proportional to the cube of x. ∵ (2, 5) lies on the graph.
∴ y = kx3, where k  0 ∴ 5  k ( 2)
By substituting x = 2 and y = 24 into the equation, we 5
have k
2
24  k (2) 3 5
k 3 ∴ y x
2
∴ y  3x 3 Alternative Solution
When x  1 , Consider two points (0, 0) and (2, 5) which lie on the
graph, which is a straight line.
y  3(1) 3
50 5
3 Slope of the straight line = 
20 2
When y  81 , Since the straight line passes through the origin, the
81  3 x 3 5
required equation is y  x .
2
x 3  27
x3 (b) (i) When x = 8,
When y = 192, 5
y  (8)
192  3 x 3 2
 20
x 3  64
Alternative Solution
x4
From the graph,
When x = 6, when x = 8, y  20 .
y  3(6) 3
 648
When y = 5184,
5184  3 x 3
x 3  1728
x  12
5. (a) ∵ y is directly proportional to x.

∴ y = kx, where k  0
By substituting x = 2 and y = 3 into the equation, we
have (ii) When y = 45,
3  k ( 2) 5
3 45  x
k 2
2 x  18
3
2 7. (a)
(b)
(b) (i) From the graph,

when q = 3, p  2 .
∵ pq
(c) (i) From the graph, ∴ p = kq, where k  0
when x = 4, y  6 .
117
By substituting q  6 and p  4 into the By substituting p1  4 , q1  36 and p2  2 into the equation,

equation, we have we have
4  k (6) 4 2

2
k  36 q2
3
6
2 q2  2
∴ p q 4
3 3
(ii) When p  16 ,
q2  9
2
 16   q ∴ When p = 2, q  9 .
3
q  24
10. ∵ V is directly proportional to d 3 .
∴ V  kd 3 , where k  0
8. ∵ y3 x
V
∴ y  k 3 x , where k  0 k
d3
By substituting x  27 and y  6 into the equation, we have For any two pairs of V and d, say (V1, d1) and (V2, d2), we
6  k 3 27 have
V1 V
6  3k 3
 k and 23  k
d1 d2
k 2
V1 V2
∴ y  23 x ∴ 3
 3
d d2
When x  64 , 1
By substituting V1  32 , d1  4 and V2  500 into the

y  23 64
equation, we have
 2 ( 4)
32 500
8 
43 d 2 3
Alternative Solution 64
d2   500
3
∵ y3 x 32
∴ y  k 3 x , where k  0  1000
y d 2  10
k
3
x ∴ When V  500 , d  10 .
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2),
we have 11. ∵ y  x2
y1 y
 k and 2  k ∴ y = kx2, where k  0
3 x
1
3 x
2
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively,
i.e. y0  kx0 .
2
y1 y2
∴ 
3 x1 3 x2 New value of x = (1 – 75%)x0
= 0.25x0
By substituting x1  27 , y1  6 and x2  64 into the New value of y  k (0.25x0 ) 2
equation, we have
 0.0625kx0
2
6 y
3
 2  0.0625y0
27 3 64
6 0.0625y 0  y 0
y2   4 ∴ Percentage change in y   100%
3 y0
8 (0.0625 1) y 0
  100%
When x  64 , y  8 . y0
  93.75%
9. ∵ p varies directly as q .
12. ∵ y varies directly as the square root of x.
∴ p  k q , where k  0
∴ y  k x , where k  0
p
k Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively,
q
i.e. y0  k x0 .
For any two pairs of p and q, say (p1, q1) and (p2, q2), we
have New value of x  (1  21%) x0
p1 p  1.21x0
 k and 2  k
q1 q2 New value of y  k 1.21x0
p1 p2
∴   1.1k x0
q1 q2
 1.1 y 0
118
9 Variations
1.1 y 0  y 0 9.6  k ( 4) 2
∴ Percentage change in y   100%
y0 3
k
(1.1  1) y 0 5
  100%
y0 3
∴ t  x2
  10% 5
When x = 5,
3
13. (a) ∵ T is directly proportional to the cube of n. t  (5) 2  15
5
∴ T = kn3, where k  0
∴ The time taken for Phyllis to paint a cubic block
Let n0 and T0 be the original values of n and T
of side 5 cm is 15 minutes.
respectively, i.e. T0  kn0 .
3
New value of n  (1  10%) n0 (b) When x = 3,

 0.9n0 3
t  (3) 2 
27
5 5
New value of T  k (0.9n0 ) 3
∴ The time taken for Phyllis to paint a cubic block
 0.729kn0
3
27
of side 3 cm is minutes.
 0.729T0 5
0.729T0  T0 Number of blocks Phyllis can paint within an hour
∴ Percentage change in T   100%
60
T0 
(0.729  1)T0 27
  100% 5
T0
100
  27.1%   11
9
∴ Phyllis can paint at most 11 blocks within an
(b) Let n0 and T0 be the original values of n and T hour.
respectively, i.e. T0  kn0 .
3
New value of n  (1  10%)n0 16. (a)

 1.1n0
New value of T  k (1.1n0 ) 3
 1.331kn0
3
 1.331T0
1.331T0  T0
T0
(1.331 1)T0
  100%
T0
  33.1%
(b) From the graph,

14. (a) ∵ y varies directly as w.
when x  180 , y  30 .
∴ y  kw , where k  0
∴ The cost of a 180 g bag of jelly beans is $30.
By substituting w  25 and y  20 into the equation,
we have (c) From the graph,
20  k (25) When y  25 , x  150 .
4 ∵ The cost of a 150 g bag of jelly beans is $25.
k
5 ∴ Paul has enough money to buy a 150 g of jelly
4 beans.
∴ y w
5
Level 2
(b) When y  35 , 17. (a) ∵ y2  x3
∴ y2 = kx3, where k  0
4
35  w By substituting x = 3 and y = 18 into the equation, we
5 have
w  43.75 (18) 2  k (3)3
∴ The wind speed is 43.75 km/h.
k  12
15. (a) ∵ t varies directly as the square of x. ∴ y 2  12x3
∴ t = kx2, where k  0
By substituting x = 4 and t = 9.6 into the equation, we
have
119
2 xb
(b) When y  , ∴ is a constant.
3 y
2
2 (ii) For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and
   12x
3
(x2, y2), we have
3
x1  b x b
1  k and 2 k
x3  y1 y2
27
x1  b x2  b
x
1 ∴ 
3 y1 y2
By substituting x1  3 , y1  4 , x2  9 and
18. (a) ∵ P is directly proportional to the cube root of Q. y2  16 into the equation, we have
∴ P  k 3 Q , where k  0 3b 9b

By substituting Q  64 and P  24 into the equation, 4 16
16(3  b)  4(9  b)
we have
48  16b  36  4b
24  k (3 64 )
 12b  12
k 6
b1
∴ P  63 Q
(b) By substituting x1  3 , y1  4 , x2  19 and b  1 into

(b) Let P0 and Q0 be the original values of P and Q
the equation, we have
respectively, i.e. P0  63 Q0 .
3  1 19  1
Q0 
New value of Q  4 y2
2 4
y 2  18 
Q 2
New value of P  6 0 3
2  36
63 Q0 ∴ When x  19, y  36.

3
2
P0 P0 21. (a) ∵ ( y  1)2  ( x  A)
 
2 3 2 ∴ ( y  1)2  k ( x  A) , where k  0 .
∴ The value of P is not halved when Q is halved. By substituting x  1 and y  1 into the equation, we
∴ Peter’s claim is disagreed. have
(1  1) 2  k (1  A)
19. (a) ∵ y  ( x  1)2 k (1  A)  0
∴ y  k ( x  1)2 , where k  0 1 A  0
By substituting x = 4 and y = 100 into the equation, we A  1
have
100  k (4  1) 2
(b) By substituting x = 11, y  9 and A  1 into the
100
k equation, we have
25 (9  1) 2  k[11  (1)]
4
100  10k
∴ y  4( x  1) 2
k  10
∴ ( y  1)  10( x  1)
2
(b) When x = 8,
y  4(8  1) 2 ( y  1) 2
x 1 
 324 10
( y  1) 2
x 1
(c) ∵ When x  4 , y  100 and 10
when x  8 , y  324 .
( y  1) 2
324  100 (c) From (b), x  1 .
∴ P ercentagechangein y  100% 10
100
  224% ∵ ( y  1)2  0
∴ x 1
∴ The minimum value of x is 1.
i.e. It is impossible for the value of x to be 0.
20. (a) (i) ∵ y varies directly as (x – b).
∴ y = k(x – b), where k  0
x b 1
∵  which is a constant
y k
120
9 Variations
22. (a) (i) ∵ y  x2 ∴ It takes 5 s to reach the ground.

∴ y = kx2, where k  0
y 24. Let $V be the value of a diamond and w carats be its weight.
k (a) ∵ V varies directly as the cube of w.
x2
∴ V = kw3, where k  0
16 4
 By substituting w = 2 and V = 120 000 into the
t 2
(t  1) 2 equation, we have
4(t  1) 2  t 2 120 000  k (2) 3
[2(t  1)]2  t 2  0 k  15 000
[2(t  1)  t ][2(t  1)  t ]  0 ∴ V  15 000w3
(3t  2)(t  2)  0 When w = 3.5,
2 V  15 000 (3.5)3
t  or t  2
3  643125
(ii) The larger value of t is 2. ∴ The value of the diamond weighing 3.5 carats is
By substituting x = 1 and y = 4 into y = kx2, we $643 125.
have
4  k (1) 2 (b) When w = 1, V = 15 000(1)3 = 15 000
Percentage loss in value
k 4 120 000  2 15 000
∴ y  4x 2  100%
120 000
 75%
(b) y = 4x2
y
i.e. x 25. (a) ∵ F varies directly as the square of d.
4
∴ F  kd 2 , where k  0
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
By substituting d  0.5 and F  30 into the equation,
y0 we have
respectively, i.e. x0  .
4 30  k (0.5) 2
∴ New value of y  (1  36%) y0 k  120
 0.64y0 ∴ F  120d 2
0.64 y0
New value of x  (b) When d  0.3,
4
y0 F  120(0.3) 2
 0 .8  10.8
4
∴ The flow rate of water in a pipe of diameter 0.3 m
 0 .8 x 0
is 10.8 m 3 /s .
∴ Percentage change in x
0.8 x0  x0 (c) When F  4 ,
  100%
x0 4  120d 2
(0.8  1) x0
  100% d2 
1
x0 30
  20% 1 1
d or  (rejected)
30 30
23. (a) ∵ d varies directly as the square of t. 1
∴ d = kt2, where k  0 ∵  0.1826
By substituting t = 3 and d = 45 into the equation, we 30
have  0.2
45  k (3) 2 ∴ The diameter of a pipe is less than 0.2 m if water
k 5 in the pipe flows at a rate of 4 m 3 /s .
∴ The engineer’s claim is agreed.
∴ d  5t 2
26. (a) ∵ B varies directly as C.
(b) (i) When t  4 ,
∴ B  kC , where k  0
d  5(4) 2 By substituting C  200 and B  350 into the equation,
 80 we have
∴ The height of building B is 80 m. 350  k (200)
(ii) Height of building C  (45  80) m  125 m 7
When d = 125, k
4
125  5t 2 7
∴ B C
t 2  25 4
t  5 or t  5 (rejected)
121
(b) Electricity consumed in May  200(1  10%) units When v  22 ,

 220 units 23
D  222
Electricity consumed in June  200(1  10%) 2 units 216
 242 units  51.5 (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
Electricity consumed in July  200(1  10%) 3 units  50
∴ Paul can win the competition if the initial
 266.2 units
speed of his discus is 22 m/s.
∴ Total amount paid by Mr Chan for the
electricity bills in these three months 28. ∵ yx
7 7 7 
 $  220   242   266.2  ∴ y  kx , where k  0
 4 4 4  2y y
 $1274.35 (a) ∵ 
2x x
k
27. (a) (i) ∵ D varies directly as v 2 . ∴ 2 y  2x
∴ D  kv2 , where k  0 ∴ The statement is correct.
By substituting v  18 and D  30 into the
equation, we have (b) Let k  2 .
30  k (18) 2 y  2 2x  2

324k  30 x2 x2
x2 x
5  
k x2 x2
54
x
5 1 which is not a constant
∴ The variation constant is . x2
54
∴ The statement is incorrect.
5
(ii) ∵ The variation constant is .
54 2
y2  y 
5 2 (c) ∵  
∴ D v x2  x 
54
 k 2 which is a constant
(b) (i) Let k0, v0 and D0 be the original values of k, v and ∴ y 2  x2
D respectively, i.e. D0  k 0 v0 .
2
∴ The statement is correct.
New value of k  (1  15%) k0 Exercise 9B (p. 9.27)
Level 1
 1.15k0 1. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x.
New value of v  (1  20%) v0 k
∴ y  , where k  0
x
 1.2v0
have
New value of D  1.15k0 (1.2v0 )
2
k
 1.15k0  1.44v0
2 12 
30
 1.656D0 k  360
∴ The variation constant is 360.
∴ Percentage increase in D
360
∴ y
1.656D0  D0 x
  100%
D0
(b) When x = 45,
(1.656  1) D0
  100% 360
D0 y
45
 65.6% 8
∴ The horizontal distance is increased by
65.6%.
2. (a) ∵ y varies inverselyas x .
(ii) ∵ k is increased by 15% after adjustment. k
∴ y , where k  0
5 x
∴ New value of k  (1  15%)
23 have
 k
216 2
23 2 16
∴ D v
216 k 8
8
∴ y
x
122
9 Variations
When y  8 ,
4
(b) When y  , 8
56
3 x
4

8 x7
3 x When x = 8,
x 6 56
y
x  36 8
7
3. (a) ∵ m is inverselyproportional to n3 . When y  2 ,
k 56
∴ m  3 , where k  0 2
n x
1 x  28
By substituting n = 10 and m  into the equation,
8
we have
(b) ∵ y is inverselyproportional to x .
1 k
 k
8 103 ∴ y , where k  0
k  125 x
125
∴ m 3 have
n k
30 
25
1
(b) (i) When n  , k  150
2
150
m
125 ∴ y
1
3 x
  When y = 75,
2
150
 1000 75 
x
(ii) When m = 8,
x 2
125
8 3 x  22
n
125 4
n 
3
8 When x = 9,
5 150
n y
2 9
 50
4. (a) ∵ y varies inverselyas x. When y = 37.5,
k 150
∴ y  , where k  0 37.5 
x x
x 4
have
k x  42
14 
4  16
k  56 When y = 25,
56 150
∴ y 25 
x x
When x = 2,
x 6
56
y x  62
2
 28  36
5. ∵ F is inverselyproportional to d 2 .
k
∴ F  2 , where k  0
d
Fd 2  k
123
For any two pairs of F and d, say (d1, F1) and (d2, F2), we 1.25P0  P0
have ∴ Percentage change in P   100%
P0
F1d1  k and F2 d 2  k
2 2
(1.25  1) P0
  100%
F1d1  F2 d 2
2 2
∴ P0
1   25%
By substituting d1  , F1  16 and d 2  6 into the equation,
2
we have k
2 (b) P
1 w
16   F2 (6) 2
2 k
i.e. w  .
1 P
F2 
9 Let w0 and P0 be the original values of w and P
1 k
∴ When d  6, F  . respectively, i.e. w0  .
9 P0
1 New value of P  (1  60%)P0
6. ∵ y 3
x  0.4P0
k k
∴ y , where k  0 New value of w 
3
x 0.4 P0
y x k
3 1  k 
  
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), 0.4  P0 

we have  2.5w0
y1 3 x1  k and y 2 3 x2  k 2.5w0  w0
∴ Percentage change in w   100%
∴ y1 x1  y 2 x2
3 3 w0
(a) By substituting x1  27, y1  32 and x2  8 into the (2.5  1) w0
  100%
equation, we have w0
32(3 27 )  y 2 (3 8 )   150%
2 y 2  96
8. ∵ y variesinverselyas the squareroot of x.
y 2  48
k
∴ When x  8, y  48. ∴ y , where k  0
x
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively,
(b) By substituting x1  27, y1  32 and y2  16 into the k
equation, we have i.e. y0  .
x0
32(3 27 )  163 x2 New value of x  (1  36%)x0
3 x2  6  0.64x0
x2  6 3 k
New value of y 
 216 0.64x0
∴ When y  16, x  216. k

0 .8 x 0
1
7. ∵ P  1.25 y0
w
1.25 y 0  y 0
k
∴ P  , where k  0 ∴ Percentage change in y   100%
y0
w
(a) Let w0 and P0 be the original values of w and P (1.25  1) y 0
  100%
k y0
respectively, i.e. P0  .
w0   25%
New value of w  (1  20%)w0
 0.8w0 9. (a) (i) ∵ y varies inverselyas the squareof x.
k k
New value of P  ∴ y  2 , where k  0
0.8w0 x
By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation,
1  k 
   we have
0.8  w0 
 k
4 2
 1.25P0 2
k  16
124
9 Variations
16 (b) When x  30 ,
(ii) From (a)(i), we have y  .
x2 10
y
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y 30
16 1
respectively, i.e. y0  2 . 
x0 3
New value of x  (1  25%)x0
 1.25x0 12. (a) Let L cm be the level of the green tea inside the
16 cylindrical mug and A cm2 be its base area of the mug.
New value of y  1
(1.25x0 ) 2 ∵ L
A
16
 k
1.5625x0
2
∴ L  , where k  0
A
 0.64 y 0 By substituting A = 50 and L = 13 into the equation,
0.64 y 0  y 0 we have
∴ Percentage change in y   100%
y0 k
13 
(0.64  1) y 0 50
  100% k  650
y0
  36% 650
∴ L
A
When A  65 ,
(b) Yes, because the corresponding percentage change
650
does not depend on the value of the variation L
constant. 65
 10
10. (a) ∵ p is inverselyproportional to q. ∴ The level of the green tea is 10 cm if it is poured
k into a mug of base area 65 cm2 .
∴ p  , where k  0
q
By substituting q = 4 and p = 15 into the equation, we (b) When A  42 ,
have 650
L
k 42
15 
4  15.4762
k  60  14
60 ∴ The green tea will overflow if it is poured into a
∴ p
q cylindrical mug of base area 42 cm2 and height
14 cm.
(b) When p  5,
60 1
5 13. ∵ f 
q l
12 k
1 ∴ f  , where k  0
q l
∴ q  12 (∵ q > 0) When l  20 ,
k
∴ The range of values of q when p  5 is q  12. f 
20
11. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as x. When l  24 ,
k k
∴ y  , where k  0 f 
x 24
∵ The graph passes through (1, 10). ∴ Percentage change in f
∴ By substituting x  1 and y  10 into the k k

equation, we have  24 20 100%
k k
10 
1 20
k  10  1 1 
  k
10  24 20 
∴ y  100%
x 1
k
20
2
  16 %
3
125
Level 2 1
(ii) ∵ y
14. (a) (i) The relation between x and y is a direct variation x
k
x ∴ y  , where k  0
because  30 , which is a constant. x
y
∵ The graph passes through (2, 100).
(ii) The relation between x and z is an inverse 1
∴ By substituting = 2 and y = 100 into the
variation because xz = 30, which is a constant. x
equation, we have
100  2k
(b) ∵ x y k  50
∴ x  k1 y , where k1  0
x
 k1 (b) The equation is y 
50
.
y x
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x1, y2), (i) x 2 4 5 10 20 25
y 25 12.5 10 5 2.5 2
we have
x1 x (ii)
 k1 and 2  k1
y1 y2
x1 x2
∴ 
y1 y 2
By substituting x1  60, y1  2 and x2  10 into the
equation, we have
60 10

2 y2
1
y2 
3
1
∴ When x  10, y  .
3
1
1 16. ∵ ( y  1) 
∵ x x
z
k
k ∴ y 1  , where k  0
∴ x  2 , where k2  0 x
z ( y  1) x  k
xz  k 2
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), we
For any two pairs of x and z, say (x1, z1) and (x2, z2),
have
we have
( y1  1) x1  k and ( y 2  1) x2  k
x1 z1  k 2 and x2 z 2  k 2
∴ ( y1  1) x1  ( y 2  1) x2
∴ x1 z1  x2 z 2
By substituting x1  4, y1  0 and x2  1 into the equation,
By substituting x1  15, z1  2 and x2  10 into the
we have
equation, we have
(0  1)(4)  ( y 2  1)(1)
15(2)  10z 2
y2  3
z2  3
∴ When x  1 , y  3 .
∴ When x  10, z  3 .
17. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as ( x  1) .

15. (a) (i) The relation between x and y is an inverse
1 k
variation because the graph of y against is a ∴ y , where k  0
x x 1
straight line passing through the origin, but
By substituting x  14 and y  6 into the equation,
excluding it.
we have
126
9 Variations
k ∴ Percentage change in y
6
14  1
 1 
k  90   y0  y0

0.6724
 100%
90 y0
∴ y
x 1
 1 
  1 y 0
   100%
0 .6724
(b) When y  12 , y0
  48.7% (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
90
 12
x 1
15
x 1 (∵ x  1  0 ) 19. ∵ y
1
2 x3
13
x ∴
k
y  3 , where k  0
2 x
∵ x0 k
x3
∴ The possible integral values of x are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y
(a) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
and 6.
k
respectively, i.e. x0  3 .
y0
18. (a) ∵ x varies inversely as the square root of y.
New value of y  (1  27.1%)y0
k  0.729y0
∴ x , where k  0
y k
New value of x  3
0.729y 0
By substituting x  15 and y  64 into the equation,
we have 1 k
 3
k 0 .9 y 0
15 
64 10
 x0
k  120 9
10
120 x0  x0
∴ x ∴ Percentage change in x  9  100%
y x0
 10 
  1 x 0
   100%
9
(b) From (a),
x0
k
x 1
  11 %
y 9
k
y 
x (b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
k2 k
y 2 respectively, i.e. x0  3 .
x y0
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y New value of y  (1  33.1%)y 0
k 2  1.331y0
respectively, i.e. y0  2
.
x0 k
New value of x  3
1.331y 0
New value of x  (1  18%)x0
 0.82x0 
1
3
k
1 .1 y 0
k2
New value of y  
10
x0
(0.82x0 ) 2 11
k2
 2
0.6724x0
 1 
  y0
 0.6724
127
10 1
x0  x0 22. (a) ∵ y
∴ Percentage change in x  11  100% x
x0 k
∴ y  , where k  0
 10  x
  1 x0

11  By substituting x = 12.5 and y = 14.4 into the
 100% equation, we have
x0
k
1 14.4 
 9 % 12.5
11
k  180
180
20. (a) ∵ y is inverselyproportional to x. ∴ y
x
k
∴ y  , where k  0 When x = 50,
x 180
xy  k y
50
Thus, a (8)  b(10)  3 .6
a 5 ∴ When the speed of the car is 50 km/h, the travel

b 4 time is 3.6 h.
a :b  5:4
(b) (i) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
180
(b) (i) From (a), respectively, i.e. y0  .
x0
5
a b New value of x = 2x0
4
180
5
a b  bb New value of y 
4 2 x0
b 1 180
a b   
4 2 x0
(ii) ∵ xy = k y0

∴ b(10)  (a  b) y 2
b ∴ The travel time is halved.
b(10)    y (ii) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
4
180
∴ y  40 respectively, i.e. y0  .
x0
x0
1 New value of x =
21. (a) ∵ y  2
xc
180
k New value of y 
∴ y , where k  0 x0
xc 2
y x  c  k ......(1)  2
180
3 1 x0
Thus, 6c  38  c
2 2  2 y0
9(6  c)  38  c ∴ The travel time is doubled.
8c  16
1
c2 23. ∵ T 
n
k
3 ∴ T  , where k  0
(b) By substituting c = 2, x = 6 and y  into (1), we have n
2
By substituting n  3 and T  4 into the equation, we have
3
62  k k
2 4
3
k 3
k  12
3
∴ y 12
x2 ∴ T 
n
(c) When x = 27, When T  3 ,
12
y
3 3
n
27  2
n4
3
 ∴ Additional number of pipes needed  4  3  1
5
128
9 Variations
24. (a) Let n be the number of workers and m be the number By substituting r  0.1 and E  5 into the equation,
of months needed to complete the job. we have
1 k
∵ m 5
n 0.12
k
∴ m  , where k  0 k  0.05
n 0.05
By substituting m = 21 and n = 56 into the equation, ∴ E 2
r
we have
k (b) When E  20 ,
21 
56 0.05
k  1176 20  2
r
1176 r 2  0.0025
∴ m
n
r  0.05 or  0.05 (rejected)
When m = 30,
1176 ∴ The radius of the wire is 0.05 cm.
30 
n (c) From (a),
n  39.2 0.05
∴ The minimum number of workers needed to E
complete the job in 30 months is 40. r2
0.05
r2 
(b) When n  56  110  166 , E
1176 0.05
m r
166 E
 7.0843 Let E0 and r0 be the original values of E and r
7 0.05
respectively, i.e. r0  .
∴ The job cannot be completed in 7 months if an E0
additional 110 workers are employed.
E0
New value of E =
1 2
25. (a) ∵ n
r3 0.05
New value of r 
k  E0 
∴ n  3 , where k  0  
r  2 
By substituting r = 6 and n = 4000 into the equation,
2  0.05
we have 
k E0
4000  3
6  2 r0
k  864 000 ∴ Percentage change in r
864 000 2 r0  r0
∴ n   100%
r3 r0
When n = 864,
864 000 ( 2  1)r0
864    100%
r3 r0
r 3  1000  41.4% (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
r  10 ∴ The percentage change in the radius of the wire is
∴ Diameter of each gold bead +41.4%.
= 2  10 mm
= 20 mm 1
27. (a) ∵ T 
W
(b) When r  4.2 , k
∴ T , where k  0
864 000 W
n 30
4.23 By substituting W  1500 and T   2 into the
 11 661.8076 15
equation, we have
 13 500
k
∴ Hailey cannot get enough gold beads from the 2
piece of gold. 1500
k  3000
1 3000
26. (a) ∵ E  ∴ T 
r2 W
k
∴ E  2 , where k  0
r
129
(b) When W  2500 , (b) ( x  y ) 2  kxy

3000 x 2  2 xy  y 2  kxy
T
2500
x 2  y 2  (k  2) xy
 1.2
xy 1
 1 .5 
∴ The speed of the lift will be slower than 1.5 m/s if x2  y 2 k  2
the total weight of the goods carried by the lift 1
∵ is a non-zero constant, provided that k  2.
reached 2500 kg. k 2
∴ The manufacturer’s claim is incorrect. ∴ xy  (x2  y2)
1 Exercise 9C (p. 9.38)

28. (a) ∵ n 
d Level 1
k 1. (a) z  kxy
∴ n  , where k  0
d kx3
(b) s
By substituting d = 40 and n = 800 into the equation, w
we have kv 2
k (c) u 4
800  w
40
(d) y  kx3 z 2
k  32 000
krq2
32 000 (e) W 
∴ n u
d
k
(f) W2  3
(b) When n = 640, uy
32 000
640 
d 2. ∵ P varies jointly as m and n.
d  50 ∴ P  kmn, where k  0
∴ The diameter of the front wheel of the bicycle is By substituting m  3, n  5 and P  120 into the equation,
50 cm if it makes 640 revolutions in travelling we have
1 km. 120  k (3)(5)
(c) (i) For every kilometre travelled, k 8
number of revolutions the front wheel of Angel’s ∴ P  8mn
32 000
bicycle makes =  640 3. ∵ a varies directly as b and inversely as c2.
50
number of revolutions the front wheel of Ken’s kb
∴ a  2 , where k  0
32 000 c
bicycle makes =  400 3
80 By substituting b  c  2 and a  into the equation, we
Distance travelled  (18  2.5) km 2
 45 km have
∴ Difference in the number of revolutions the 3 k ( 2)

front wheel of their bicycles make 2 ( 2) 2
 45 (640  400) k 3
 10 800 3b
∴ The front wheel of Angel’s bicycle would ∴ a 2
c
make 10 800 more revolutions than that of
Ken’s bicycle.
4. (a) ∵ z varies jointly as x and y2.
(ii) No, because the distance travelled remains
unchanged. ∴ z  kxy2, where k  0
By substituting x  3, y  2 and z  3 into the equation,
1 we have
29. (a) ∵ ( x  y)  3  k (3)(2) 2
1 1

x y 1
k
k 4
∴ x y  , where k  0
1 1 1
 ∴ The variation constant is .
x y 4
kxy
x y  1 2
x y (b) From (a), we have z  xy .
4
( x  y)2 When x  5 and y  4,
k
xy 1
z  (5)(4) 2
∴ ( x  y) 2  xy 4
 20
130
9 Variations
5. (a) ∵ p  3 qr 12  k (2)(3)
k 2
∴ p  k 3 q r , where k  0
∴ a  2bc
By substituting q  8, r  3 and p  30 into the When b  3 and c  6,
equation, we have
a  2(3)(6)
30  k (3 8 )(3)
 36
k 5
When a  64 and c  4,
∴ p  53 q r 64  2b(4)
b8
(b) When p  10 and q  27,
1
10  5(3 27 )r When a  10 and b  ,
4
2 1
r 10  2 c
3 4
c  20
6. (a) ∵ y varies directly as u2 and inversely as t .
ku 2 1
∴ y , where k  0 (b) ∵ a
t bc
By substituting u  2, t  9 and y  4 into the equation, k
∴ a , where k  0
we have bc
k ( 2) 2 By substituting b  3, c  2 and a  8 into the equation,
4 we have
9
k
k 3 8
(3)(2)
k  48
3u 2 48
(b) From (a), we have y  . ∴ a
t bc
When a  12 and b  4,
When y  12 and u  4,
48
3( 4) 2 12 
12  4c
t 12  12c
t 4 c 1
t  16
When b  6 and c  8,
48
a
u3 (6)(8)
7. (a) ∵ F
v2 1
ku 3
∴ F  2 , where k  0 1
v When a  and c  12,
2
By substituting u  6, v  3 and F  16 into the
1 48
equation, we have 
2 12b
k (63 )
16  2 1 4
3 
2 b
216k  144
b8
2
k
3
r3
2u 3 9. ∵ T
∴ F 2 s
3v
kr 3
∴ T , where k  0
(b) When F  9 and v  4, s
2u 3 By substituting r  3 , s  9 and T  18 into the equation,
9 we have
3( 4 2 )
k (33 )
u 3  216 18 
9
u6 3k  18
k 6
8. (a) ∵ a  bc
6r 3
∴ a  kbc, where k  0 ∴ T
s
By substituting b  2, c  3 and a  12 into the
equation, we have
131
When T  4 and r  2 , 1.3824z0  z0

∴ Percentage change in z   100%
6( 2 3 ) z0
4
s (1.3824 1) z0
48   100%
s z0
4   38.24%
 12
(b) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z

10. ∵ z  x2 y respectively, i.e. z 0  kx0 y0 3 .
∴ z  kx 2 y , where k  0 New value of x  (1  30%)x0
By substituting x  4, y  9 and z  6 into the equation, we  1.3x0
have New value of y  (1  10%)y0
 0.9y0
6  k ( 4) 2 ( 9 )
New value of z  k (1.3x0 )(0.9 y0 )3
1
k  0.9477kx0 y0
3
8
1 2  0.9477z0
∴ z x y
8 0.9477z0  z0
∴ Percentage change in z   100%
(a) When x  3 and y  16, z0
1 (0.9477  1) z0
z  (3) 2 ( 16 )   100%
8 z0
9
   5.23%
2
l
(b) When z  4 and y  64, 13. ∵ p
1 w
4  x 2 ( 64 ) kl
8 ∴ p , where k  0
x2  4 w
x2 (a) Let l0, w0 and p0 be the original values of l, w and p
kl
respectively, i.e. p0  0 .
pq w0
11. ∵ W
r2 New value of l  (1  15.5%)l0
kpq  1.155l0
∴ W  2 , where k  0 New value of w  (1  21%)w0
r
 1.21w0
By substituting p  4, q  3, r  2 and W  15 into the
.
k (1.155l0 )
equation, we have New value of p 
k ( 4)(3) 1.21w0
15 
( 2) 2  kl 
k 5  1.05 0 
 w 
 0 
5 pq
∴ W 2  1.05 p0
r
When W  6, p  3 and r  5, 1.05 p0  p0
∴ Percentage change in p   100%
5(3)q p0
6
(5) 2 (1.05  1) p0
  100%
q  10 p0
  5%
12. ∵ z  xy 3
∴ z = kxy3, where k  0 (b) Let l0, w0 and p0 be the original values of l, w and p
(a) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z kl
respectively, i.e. p0  0 .
respectively, i.e. z 0  kx0 y0 .
3
w0
New value of x  (1  20%)x0 New value of l  (1  14%)l0
 0.8x0  0.86l0
New value of y  (1  20%)y0 New value of w  (1  44%)w0
 1.2y0  1.44w0
New value of z  k (0.8 x0 )(1.2 y0 )
3
 1.3824kx0 y0
3
 1.3824z0
132
9 Variations
k (0.86l0 ) When d  75 and V  200 ,

New value of p 
1.44w0 72(75)
T
200
43  kl0   27

60  w0  ∴ The helicopter will arrive at the scene at
 
43 10:(00 + 27) a.m., i.e. 10:27 a.m.
 p0
60
(b) When d  110 and T  40 ,
∴ Percentage change in p
72(110)
43  40
p0  p0 V
 60  100% 72(110)
p0 V (∵ V > 0)
40
 43 
  1 p0 V  198

60  ∴ The minimum average speed of the helicopter is
 100%
p0 198 km/h.
1
  28 % 17. ∵ C  td 2
3
∴ C  ktd 2, where k  0
Let d0, t0 and C0 be the original values of d, t and C
A
14. (a) ∵ n respectively, i.e. C0  kt0 d0 .
2
d
kA New value of d  (1  40%)d0
∴ n , where k  0  1.4d0
d
New value of t  (1  20%)t0
By substituting A  40 000, d  240 and n  20 000
 0.8t0
into the equation, we have
New value of C  k (0.8t0 )(1.4d 0 ) 2
k (40 000)
20 000   1.568kt0 d 0
2
240
k  120  1.568C0
120A 1.568C0  C0
∴ n ∴ Percentage change in C   100%
d C0
(1.568  1)C0
(b) When A  35 000 and d  150,   100%
C0
120(35 000)
n  56.8%
150
∴ The percentage change in the cost of baking the cake is
 28 000
+56.8%.
∴ 28 000 people visit the shopping mall each day on
average. Level 2
x
15. (a) ∵ I  rt 18. ∵ y
∴ I  krt, where k  0 z
By substituting r  4, t  3 and I  3000 into the ∴ y
kx
, where k  0
equation, we have z
3000  k (4)(3) y k
(a)  which is not a constant
k  250 x z
∴ I  250rt y
∴ is not a constant.
x
(b) When r  5 and t  4,
I  250(5)(4)
 5000 (b)
y z
 k which is a constant
∴ The interest obtained by Peter is $5000. x
y z
d ∴ is a constant.
16. (a) ∵ T x
V
kd
∴ T  , where k  0 (c)
x

1
which is a constant
V y z k
By substituting d  90 , V  240 and T  27 into
x
the equation, we have ∴ is a constant.
k (90) y z
27 
240
k  72
72d
∴ T
V
133
19. (a) ∵ V  r2h p

i.e. q  , where k  0
∴ V  kr2h, where k  0 kr 3
By substituting r  3, h  4 and V  108 into the ∵ p remains unchanged.
equation, we have p
∴ is a constant.
108  k (3) 2 (4) k
k 3 k' p
∴ q  3 , where k'  .
∴ V  3r 2h r k
∴ q varies inversely as the cube of r when p remains
(b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h and V unchanged.
respectively, i.e. V0  3r0 h0 .
2
r0 (b) (i) From (a), we have p  kqr3

New value of r 
2 1
By substituting q  , r  3 and p  18 into the
New value of h  2h0 6
2 equation, we have
r 
New value of V  3 0  (2h0 ) 1
2 18  k  (3) 3
6
1
 (3r0 h0 )
2
k 4
2
1 ∴ p  4qr 3
 V0 (ii) When p  54 and q  4,
2
New valueof V 1 54  4( 4) r 3
i.e. 
V0 2 27
r3 
∴ The required ratio  1 : 2 8
3
r
20. (a) ∵ When v remains unchanged, 2
1
u 2
w 22. (a) ∵ y  ( x  2) z 2
and when w remains unchanged, ∴ y  k ( x  2) z 2 , where k  0
u v By substituting x  2 , z  1 and y  2 into the
v equation, we have
∴ u 2  k (2  2)(12 )
w2
1
k v k
∴ u , where k  0 2
w2
1
By substituting v  36, w  2 and u  1 into the ∴ y  ( x  2) z 2
equation, we have 2
k ( 36 )
1 (b) When x  1 and z  4 ,
22
1
2 y  (1  2)(42 )
k 2
3
 24
2 v
∴ u
3w 2 (c) From (a),
1
2 y ( x  2) z 2
(b) When u  50 and w  , 2
5
2y
z2 
50 
2 v x2
2
2 2y
3  z
5 x2
v  12 Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
v  144 2 y0
respectively, i.e. z0  .
x0  2
21. (a) ∵ When r remains unchanged, New value of x  x0
pq
New valueof y  (1  36%) y0
and when q remains unchanged,
 0.64 y0
p  r3
∴ p  qr3
∴ p  kqr3, where k  0
134
9 Variations
2  0.64 y0 ∴ The minimum power of the oven needed is

New valueof z  817 Watts.
x0  2
 2 y0  1000nd
 0.8  (c) From (a), T 
 x0  2  P
  Let n0, d0, P0 and T0 be the original values of n, d, P
 0.8 z0
1000n0 d 0
0.8 z0  z0 and T respectively, i.e. T0  .
∴ P ercentagechangein z   100% P0
z0
New value of n  2n0
(0.8  1) z0
  100% New value of d  2d0
z0
P0
  20% New value of P 
2
1000( 2n0 )(2d 0 )
rt 2 New value of T 
23. ∵ p P0
q 2
krt2  1000n0 d 0 
∴ p , where k  0  8 

q  P0 
r 1  8T0
By substituting p  t  3 and  into the equation,
q 6 8T0  T0
we have T0
1 (8  1)T0
3  k  (3) 2   100%
6 T0
k2   700%
2rt 2
p
q p
25. (a) ∵ C
p 2t 2
∴  n
r q kp
∴ C , where k  0
3 1
By substituting q  and t  into the equation, we n
4 2 By substituting n  400 , p  10 and C  1.5 into the
have equation, we have
2
1 k (10)
2  1. 5 
  
p 2 400
r 3 k 3
4
3p
2 ∴ C
 n
3
∴ p:r  2:3
(b) (i) When p  8 and n  250 ,
3(8)
nd C
24. (a) ∵ T 250
P
 1.52 (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
knd
∴ T , where k  0 ∴ The unit cost of printing the September issue
P
is $1.52.
By substituting P  800 , d  8 , n  5 and T  50 into (ii) When p  12 and n  500 ,
3(12)
k (5)(8) C
50  500
800
k  1000  1.61 (cor. to 3 sig.fig.)
1000nd ∴ The unit cost of printing the October issue
∴ T is $1.61 which is more than that of the
P
September issue.
∴ Brian’s claim is disagreed.
(b) When d  7 , n  7 and T  60 ,
1000(7)(7)
 60 s2
P 26. (a) ∵ D

1000(7)(7)
P ( P  0) ks 2
60 ∴ D , where k  0
2450 
P ( 816.6667)
3
135
By substituting s  60,   0.3 and D  100 into the in the second kettle, the power of the second electric kettle
equation, we have and the time required to boil the second kettle of water
k (60) 2 respectively.
100  kV
0 .3 ∴ x1  1 …… (1)
1 P1
k
120 kV2
x2  …… (2)
s2 P2
∴ D
120 kV1
x1 P
(1)  (2) :  1
(b) When s  50 and   0.3, x2 kV2
502 P2
D
120(0.3) V1 P2
 
625 V2 P1

9 9 9 13
 
 80 x2 13 12
∴ The train can stop without hitting the obstacle.
x2  12
27. (a) Let n, d min and c be the number of days taken by ∴ The time required to boil the other kettle of water is
Derek to create an animation, the duration of the 12 min.
animation and the number of characters respectively.
29. ∵ When x is constant,
∵ n  dc2
zy
∴ n  kdc2 , where k  0 and when y is constant,
By substituting d  6, c  3 and n  12 unto the 1
z
equation, we have x
12  k (6)(3) 2 y
∴ z
2 x
k
9 k1 y
∴ z , where k1  0 ……(1)
2 x
∴ n  dc2
9 1
∵ y
When d  6  2  8 and c  3  3  6, x
2 k2
n  (8)(6) 2 ∴ y , where k2  0
9 x
 64 k
∴ 64 days are required to create the animation. x 2 ……(2)
y
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
2 2
(b) From (a), n  dc z 1
k y
9 k2
Let d0, c0 and n0 be the original values of d, c and n y
2
respectively, i.e. n0  d 0 c0 .
2
k1 2
9  (y )
k2
d
New value of d  0 k1
2 ∵ is a non-zero constant.
New value of c  2c0 k2
∴ z  y2
2  d0 
New value of n   ( 2c0 ) 2
9 2  Exercise 9D (p. 9.51)
2 2 Level 1
 2 d 0c0 
9  1. (a) D  k1  k2u 3
 2n0
∵ The time taken to create the animation is doubled. k2
(b) P  k1t 
∴ Derek’s claim is agreed. v
V (c) y  k1  k2ab
28. ∵ x
P
kV k1 k2
∴ x , where k  0 (d) U  
P x x2
3
Let V1 cm , P1 Watts and x1 min be the volume of the water
in the first kettle, the power of the first electric kettle and
the time required to boil the first kettle of water respectively,
and V2 cm3, P2 Watts and x2 min be the volume of the water
136
9 Variations
2. ∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely (b) When w = 5,

as x. 5  2  3t
k
∴ y  k1 x  2 , where k1, k2  0 t  1
x
5. (a) ∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
k
1  k1 (2)  2 inversely as x.
2
k
4k1  k 2  2  (1) ∴ y  k1 x  2 , where k1, k2  0
x
k
5  k1 (4)  2 have
4 k
16k1  k 2  20  (2) 41  k1 1  2
1
(2)  (1) : 12k1  18 k1  k 2  41  (1)
k1 
2 have
3 k
By substituting k1  into (1), we have 19  k1 9  2
2 9
3 27k1  k 2  171  (2)
4   k 2  2
2 (2)  (1) : 26k1  130
k 2  4 k1  5
3 4 By substituting k1 = 5 into (1), we have
∴ y x 5  k 2  41
2 x
k 2  36
3. ∵ z partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies directly 36
as y. ∴ y5 x 
x
∴ z = k1x2 + k2y, where k1, k2  0
By substituting x = 0, y = 2 and z = 1 into the equation, we (b) When x = 4,
have 36
1  k1 (0) 2  k 2 (2) y 5 4 
4
k2 
1  19
2
1 6. (a) ∵ z partly varies inversely as x and partly varies
By substituting x = 2, y = 10, z = 17 and k 2  into the
2 inversely as y .
equation, we have
k1 k 2
1 ∴ z  , where k1, k2  0
17  k1 (2) 2   (10) x y
2
4k1  12 By substituting x = 1, y = 9 and z = 5 into the equation,
we have
k1  3
k k
1 5 1  2
∴ z  3x 2  y 1 9
2
3k1  k 2  15  (1)
4. (a) ∵ w is partly constant and partly varies directly as t. By substituting x = 8, y = 36 and z = 1 into the
equation, we have
∴ w = k1 + k2t, where k1, k2  0
k k
By substituting t = 1 and w = –1 into the equation, we 1 1  2
have 8 36
1  k1  k 2 (1) 3k1  4k2  24  (2)
k1  k 2  1  (1) (2)  (1) : 3k2  9
By substituting t = 2 and w = –4 into the equation, we k2  3
have By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
4  k1  k 2 (2) 3k1  3  15
k1  2k 2  4  (2) k1  4
(2) – (1): k2 = –3 4 3
By substituting k2 = –3 into (1), we have ∴ z 
k1  (3)  1 x y
k1  2
∴ w  2  3t
137
1 (ii) When y = –1,

(b) When x = –4 and y  ,
4 1  x  6x2
z
4

3 6x  x 1  0
2
4 1 (3x  1)(2 x  1)  0
4 1 1
x or x 
5 3 2
7. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies directly as y3. 9. (a) ∵ p partly varies directly as q3 and partly varies
∴ z = k1 + k2y3, where k1, k2  0 inversely as r.
By substituting y = 1 and z  27 into the equation, we k
∴ p  k1q 3  2 , where k1, k2  0
have r
27  k1  k2 (1)3 By substituting q = –3, r = 4 and p = 5 into the
equation, we have
k1  k2  27  (1)
k
By substituting y  3 and z = 79 into the equation, we 5  k1 (3) 3  2
4
have
108k1  k 2  20  (1 )
79  k1  k2 (3)3
2
k1  27k2  79  (2) By substituting q = 2, r = 3 and p   into the
3
(2)  (1) : 26k2  52 equation, we have
k2  2 2 k
  k1 (2) 3  2
By substituting k2  2 into (1), we have 3 3
k1  2  27 24k1  k 2  2  (2)
k1  25 (1)  (2) : 132k1  22
1
∴ z  25  2 y 3
k1  
6
When y  4 , 1
(b) (i) By substituting k1   into (2), we have
6
z  25  2(4)3
 1
 153 24    k2  2
 6
(ii) When z  275 ,
k2  2
275  25  2 y 3
1 2
∴ p   q3 
y 3  125 6 r
y5
(b) (i) When p = 11 and r = 6,
1 2
8. (a) ∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies 11   q 3 
directly as x2. 6 6
∴ y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0 q 3  64
By substituting x = 2 and y = –22 into the equation, we q4
have
(ii) When p = q = –2,
 22  k1 (2)  k 2 (2) 2 1 2
k1  2k 2  11  (1 )  2   (2)3 
6 r
By substituting x = 3 and y = –51 into the equation, we 3
have r
5
 51  k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 2
k1  3k 2  17  (2) 10. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x.
(2) – (1): k2 = –6 ∴ y  k1  k2 x , where k1, k2  0
By substituting k2 = –6 into (1), we have
From the graph,
k1  2(6)  11
when x  0, y  8; when x  2, y  15.
k1  1
By substituting x  0 and y  8 into the equation, we
∴ y = x – 6x2 have
8  k1  k2 (0)
1
(b) (i) When x  , k1  8
2
2 By substituting k1  8, x  2 and y  15 into the
1 1
y     6  equation, we have
2 2 15  8  k2 (2)
 1 7
k2 
2
138
9 Variations
7 By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have

∴ y 8 x
2 4  k 2  2
k 2  6
(b) (i) When x  3 , ∴ a  4b  6c
y 8
7 4b  a
2
(3) i.e. c 
6
 18.5
(ii) When y = 36, (b) When a = 10 and b = 13,
7 4(13)  10
36  8  x c
2 6
x8 7
11. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2. 4b  a

(c) By substituting b  3a into c  , we have
∴ z = k1 + k2x2, where k1, k2  0 b
13 4(3a )  a
By substituting x = 3 and z  into the equation, c
2 6
we have 11a

13 6
 k1  k 2 (3) 2
2 11a
∴ c:a  :a
2k1  18k 2  13  (1) 6
By substituting x = 4 and z = 10 into the equation, we  11 : 6
have
10  k1  k 2 (4) 2 13. (a) ∵ E is partly constant and partly varies directly as x.
k1  16k 2  10  (2) ∴ E = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2  0
(2)  2  (1) : 14k 2  7 By substituting x = 300 and E = 1050 into the equation,
we have
1
k2  1050  k1  k2 (300)
2
k1  300k2  1050  (1)
1
By substituting k 2  into (2), we have By substituting x = 450 and E = 1350 into the equation,
2
we have
1 1350  k1  k2 (450)
k1  16   10
2 k1  450k2  1350  (2)
k1  2
(2)  (1) : 150k2  300
1 2
∴ z  2 x k2  2
2
By substituting k2 = 2 into (1), we have
(b) When z = 2x, k1  300(2)  1050
1 2 k1  450
2x  2  x
2 ∴ E = 450 + 2x
x2  4x  4  0
(b) When x = 380,
( x  2) 2  0
E  450  2(380)
x2
 1210
∴ The expenditure of hiring the taxi yesterday was
1 2 $1210.
(c) Minimum value of z = 2  (0)  2
2
14. (a) ∵ A is partly constant and partly varies directly as P.
12. (a) ∵ a partly varies directly as b and partly varies ∴ A = k1 + k2P, where k1, k2  0
directly as c. By substituting P = 100 and A = 5000 into the equation,
∴ a = k1b + k2c, where k1, k2  0 we have
By substituting b = c = 2 and a = –4 into the equation, 5000  k1  k2 (100)
we have k1  100k2  5000  (1)
4  k1 (2)  k2 (2) By substituting P = 120 and A = 5300 into the equation,
k1  k2  2  (1) we have
By substituting b = 6, c = 3 and a = 6 into the equation, 5300  k1  k2 (120)
we have k1  120k2  5300  (2)
6  k1 (6)  k 2 (3)
(2)  (1) : 20k2  300
2k1  k 2  2  (2)
k2  15
(2) – (1): k1 = 4
139
By substituting k2 = 15 into (1), we have (b) When w  2 ,

k1  100(15)  5000 C  700  80(2)
k1  3500  860
∴ A = 3500 + 15P When w  1.5 ,
C  700  80(1.5)
(b) When A = 6200,  820
6200  3500 15P When w  1.1 ,
P  180 C  700  80(1.1)
∴ The oil price is $180/unit when the price of the  788
ticket is $6200. ∴ Total cost of buying all the curtains
 $[2(860)  820  2(788)]
15. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as
n.  $4116
k
∴ C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
n 17. (a) ∵ t is partly constant and partly varies directly as s.
By substituting n = 2000 and C = 225 into the ∴ t  k1  k2 s, where k1, k2  0
equation, we have From the graph,
225  k1  2
k when s  0 , t  4 ; when s  400 , t  20 .
2000 By substituting s  0 and t  4 into the equation, we
2000k1  k 2  450 000  ( 1 ) have
By substituting n = 5000 and C = 210 into the 4  k1  k 2 (0)
equation, we have k1  4
k
210  k1  2 By substituting k1  4 , s  400 and t  20 into the
5000
equation, we have
5000k1  k 2  1 050 000  (2)
20  4  k2 (400)
(2)  (1) : 3000k1  600 000
k2  0.04
k1  200
∴ t  4  0.04s
2000(200)  k 2  450 000 (b) When s  6000 ,
k 2  50 000 t  4  0.04(6000)
50 000  244
∴ C  200
n ∴ The time required to download a file of size
6000 MB is 244 seconds (i.e. 4 minutes and
(b) When n = 8000, 4 seconds).
50 000 ∴ Mr Chan cannot obtain the file in time for the
C  200  meeting.
8000
 206.25
Level 2
∴ The cost of producing a copy of the video game is
$206.25.
directly as x2.
16. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies directly as ∴ y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
w. By substituting x  1 and y  7 into the equation,
∴ C  k1  k2 w , where k1, k2  0 we have
By substituting w = 1.3 and C = 804 into the equation,  7  k1 (1)  k2 (1)2
we have  k1  k2  7  (1)
804  k1  k2 (1.3) By substituting x  6 and y  0 into the equation, we
k1  1.3k2  804  (1) have
By substituting w = 2 and C = 860 into the equation, 0  k1 (6)  k2 (6) 2
we have k1  6k2  0  (2)
860  k1  k2 (2)
(1)  (2) : 7k2  7
k1  2k2  860  (2)
k2  1
(2)  (1) : 0.7k2  56
By substituting k2  1 into (1), we have
k2  80
k1  (1)  7
k1  1.3(80)  804 k1  6
k1  700 ∴ y  6x  x2
∴ C  700 80w
140
9 Variations
(b) When y = 5, 2
(b) When u = 9 and v  ,
5  6x  x2 3
x2  6x  5  0 18  2 
9  3  w
( x  1)( x  5)  0 2 3
x  1 or x  5 3
9  27  2 w
w  9
(c) y  6x  x2
 ( x 2  6 x ) 21. (a) ∵ p partly varies jointly as q and r, and partly varies
 ( x 2  6 x  32  32 ) directly as r2.
 ( x 2  6 x  9)  9 ∴ p = k1qr + k2r2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting q = 7, r = 2 and p = 20 into the
 9  ( x  3) 2 equation, we have
∴ The maximum value of y is 9. 20  k1 (7)(2)  k 2 (2) 2
19. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies jointly as m 7k1  2k 2  10  (1)
and n. 15
By substituting q = 15, r  and p = 18 into the
∴ y = 10 + kmn, where k  0 5
By substituting m  5 , n  2 and y  5 into the equation, we have
2
equation, we have  15   15 
5  10  k (5)(2) 18  k1 (15)   k 2  
 5  5
1 18  45k1  9k 2
k 
2 5k1  k 2  2  (2)
1
∴ y  10  mn (2)  2  (1) : 3k1  6
2
k1  2
(b) When m  4 and n  6 , By substituting k1 = –2 into (2), we have
1 5(2)  k2  2
y  10  (4)(6) k2  12
2
2 ∴ p = –2qr + 12r2
(b) When p = 5 and q = 2,

20. (a) ∵ u partly varies inversely as v and partly varies
jointly as v and w. 5  2(2)r  12r 2
k 12r 2  4r  5  0
∴ u  1  k 2 vw , where k1, k2  0
v (2r  1)(6r  5)  0
By substituting v = 3, w = –1 and u = –3 into the 1 5
equation, we have r or r 
2 6
k
 3  1  k 2 (3)(1)
3
k1  9k 2  9  ( 1 ) directly as x2.
By substituting v = 6, w 
1
and u = 5 into the ∴ y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
9 The points (2, 12) and (4, 16) lie on the graph.
equation, we have By substituting x = 2 and y = 12 into the equation, we
k 1 have
5  1  k 2 (6) 
6 9 12  k1 (2)  k 2 (2) 2
k1  4k 2  30  (2) k1  2k 2  6  (1)
(2)  (1) : 13k 2  39 By substituting x = 4 and y = 16 into the equation, we
have
k2  3
16  k1 (4)  k 2 (4) 2
k1  4(3)  30 k1  4k 2  4  (2)
k1  18 (2)  (1) : 2k 2  2
k 2  1
18
∴ u  3vw By substituting k2 = –1 into (1), we have
v
k1  2(1)  6
k1  8
∴ y = 8x – x2
141
(b) By substituting u  v  1 and z  8 into the equation,

we have
8  k1 (1)(1)  k2 (1)2
k1  k2  8  (1)
By substituting u  2 , v  3 and z  52 into the
equation, we have
52  k1 (2)(3)  k2 (2)2
3k1  2k2  26  (2)
(i) From the graph, when y = 15, x  3 or x  5 (2)  (1)  2 : 　k1  10
(ii) From the graph, when the value of y is the By substituting k1  10 into (1), we have
greatest, the value of x is 4. 10  k2  8
k2  2
23. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x.
∴ y  k1  k2 x , where k1, k2  0 ∴ z  10uv  2u 2
The points (1,  1) and (2, 2) lie on the graph.
(b) When u  0 and v  0 ,
By substituting x = 1 and y  1 into the equation, we
z  10(0)(0)  2(0) 2
have
1  k1  k2 (1) 0
When u  5 and v  1 ,
k1  k2  1  (1)
z  10(5)(1)  2(5) 2
have 0
2  k1  k2 (2) ∵ In this case, the value of z does not increase when
both u and v increase.
k1  2k2  2  (2)
∴ Peter’s claim is disagreed.
(2)  (1) : k2  3
By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have 25. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as r2 and partly varies
k1  3  1 directly as r3.
k1  4 ∴ C = k1r2 + k2r3, where k1, k2  0
By substituting r = 3 and C = 27 into the equation, we
∴ y  4  3x
have
 5 27  k1 (3) 2  k2 (3)3
∵ The point  q,   lies on the graph.
 2
k1  3k2  3  (1)
5
∴ By substituting x  q and y   into the By substituting r = 5 and C = 95 into the equation, we
2 have
equation y  4  3x , we have 95  k1 (5)2  k2 (5)3
5
  4  3q 5k1  25k2  19  (2)
2 (2)  (1)  5 : 10k2  4
3
3q  k2  0.4
2
By substituting k2 = 0.4 into (1), we have
1
q k1  3(0.4)  3
2
k1  1.8
∴ C = 1.8r + 0.4r3
2
(b) The graph of y  4  3x is a straight line.
Slope of the graph of y  4  3x (b) When r = 6,
3 C  1.8(6) 2  0.4(6)3
Slope of 3x  y  7  0
 151.2
3
 Total profit  $(180  151.2)  200
(1)
 $5760
3  $5700
∵ The two straight lines have the same slope.
∴ Terry can make a total profit of more than $5700.
∴ The graph of y  4  3x is parallel to
3x  y  7  0. 26. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as n and partly varies
∴ The student’s claim is agreed. directly as n 2 .
∴ C  k1n  k2n2 , where k1, k2  0
24. (a) ∵ z partly varies jointly as u and v and partly varies
By substituting n = 20 and C = 1520 into the equation,
directly as u 2 .
we have
∴ z  k1uv  k2u 2 , where k1, k2  0 1520  k1 (20)  k2 (20)2
k1  20k2  76  (1)
142
9 Variations
By substituting n = 40 and C = 3680 into the equation, 28. (a) ∵ P partly varies directly as x and partly varies
we have directly as x2.
3680  k1 (40)  k2 (40)2 ∴ P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
k1  40k2  92  (2) By substituting x = 160 and P = 0 into the equation, we
have
(2)  (1) : 20k2  16
0  k1 (160)  k2 (160)2
k2  0.8
k1  160k2  0  (1)
By substituting k2 = 0.8 into (1), we have
k1  20(0.8)  76 By substituting x = 80 and P  32 000 into the
equation, we have
k1  60
32 000  k1 (80)  k2 (80) 2
∴ C  60n  0.8n2 k1  80k2  400  (2)
(b) When n = 30, (1)  (2) : 80k2  400
C  60(30)  0.8(30) 2 k2  5
 2520 By substituting k2  5 into (1), we have
∴ The cost is $2520 if there are 30 participants. k1  160(5)  0
k1  800
(c) When n  120,
∴ P  800x  5x2
C  60(120)  0.8(120) 2
 18 720 (b) When x = 20,
Total amount collected  $150 120 P  800(20)  5(20) 2
 $18 000  14 000
 $18 720
∴ The total amount collected cannot cover the cost (c) P  800x  5 x 2
of the camp.
 5( x 2  160x)
27. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as l and partly varies  5( x 2  160x  802  802 )
directly as w2.  5( x 2  160x  802 )  32 000
∴ C = k1l + k2w2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting l = 1, w = 20 and C = 200 000 into the  5( x  80) 2  32 000
equation, we have ∵ P attains its maximum when x  80 .
200 000  k1 (1)  k 2 (20) 2 ∴ The price of the paper windmill should be $80 in
k1  400k 2  200 000  (1) order to obtain the maximum profit.
By substituting l = 1.5, w = 10 and C = 150 000 into 29. (a) (i) ∵ F is partly constant and partly varies directly
as n.
150 000  k1 (1.5)  k 2 (10) 2 ∴ F  k1  k2n, where k1, k2  0
3k1  200k 2  300 000  (2) From the graph,
(2)  2  (1) : 5k1  400 000 when n  0 , F  120 ; when n  4 , F  240 .
k1  80 000 By substituting n  0 and F  120 into the
By substituting k1 = 80 000 into (1), we have equation, we have
80 000  400k 2  200 000 120  k1  k2 (0)
k 2  300 k1  120
∴ C = 80 000l + 300w2 By substituting k1  120 , n  4 and F  240 into
(b) When l = 2 and w = 15, 240  120  k2 (4)
C  80 000(2)  300(15) 2 k2  30
 227 500 ∴ F  120 30n
∴ The cost of building the railway is $227 500. (ii) When n  7 ,
F  120  30(7)
C  300w2  330
(c) l
80 000 ∴ Marcus will have to pay $330 that month.
When l  1.5 and w  12 ,
C  300(12) 2 120  30n
 1.5 (b)  55
80 000 n
C  163 200 120  30n  55n
∴ The building cost will be less than $163 200 if the 25n  120
length of the railway is less than 1.5 km. n  4 .8
∴ Victor’s claim is agreed. ∴ By visiting the health club more than 4 times in a
month, type A membership will be more
143
economical than type B membership. 4

∴ y
x
30. (a) ∵ P is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
When y  0.1,
∴ P = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2  0
4
By substituting n = 4 and P = 8600 into the equation, 0 .1 
we have x
8600  k1  k 2 (4) x  40
k1  4k 2  8600  (1)
By substituting n = 7 and P = 11 300 into the equation, 5. ∵ h varies jointly as a and b.
we have ∴ h  kab, where k  0
11 300  k1  k 2 (7) By substituting a  6, b  7 and h  14 into the equation, we
k1  7k 2  11 300  (2) have
14  k (6)(7)
(2)  (1) : 3k 2  2700
1
k 2  900 k
3
1
k1  4(900)  8600 ∴ h  ab
3
k1  5000
∴ P = 5000 + 900n 6. ∵ q is partly constant, and partly varies inversely as r.
k
(b) When n  5 , ∴ q  k1  2 , where k1 , k 2  0
r
P  5000 900(5)
By substituting r  2 and q  8 into the equation, we have
 9500 k
∴ A 6 days/5 nights Tokyo package will cost  8  k1  2
2
$9500.
2k1  k2  16 ......(1)
(c) When n = m, P = 5000 + 900m By substituting r  4 and q  1 into the equation, we have
Expenditure for food and transport  $500(m  1) k
1  k1  2
∵ Amy has a budget of $17 800. 4
∴ (5000 900m)  500(m  1)  17 800 4k1  k2  4 ......(2)
5000 900m  500m  500  17 800 (2)  (1) : 　
2k1  20
1400m  12 300 k1  10
m  8.79 By substituting k1  10 into (1), we have
∴ The largest possible value of m is 8.
2(10)  k2  16
k2  36
Check Yourself (p. 9.60)
1. (a)  (b)  36
∴ q  10 
(c)  (d)  r
(e)  (f)  When r  6,
36
2. (a) inverse q  10 
6
(b) partial 4
When q  6,
(c) direct
36
6  10 
3. ∵ yx 2 r
r 9
∴ y  kx 2 , where k  0
By substituting x  3 and y  36 into the equation, we have
Revision Exercise 9 (p. 9.61)
36  k (3) 2 Level 1
k 4 1. (a) The relation between x and y is a direct variation,
∴ The variation constant is 4. y 1
because  , which is a constant.
x 2
1
4. ∵ y
x 1
k 2
∴ y  , where k  0
x
By substituting x  1 and y  4 into the equation, we have
(b) The relation between x and y is an inverse variation,
k
4 because xy = 9, which is a constant.
1
k4 ∴ The variation constant is 9.
144
9 Variations
2. (a) ∵ V varies directly as r3. 1 k

 
∴ V = kr3, where k  0 3 (4)(6)
By substituting r = 3 and V = 36 into the equation, we k  8
have
8
36  k (3) 3 ∴ z
xy
4
k
3
1
4 (b) When x  2 and y  ,
∴ The variation constant is . 9
3
8
z
1
4 3 (2) 
(b) From (a), V  r 9
3
When r  6 ,   36
4
V  ( 6) 3 6. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies inversely
3
 288 as x.
k
∴ y  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
x
3. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as t . By substituting x = 10 and y = 251 into the equation,
k we have
∴ y , where k  0
k
t 251 k1  2
1 10
By substituting t  9 and y  into the equation, we 10k1  k 2  2510  (1)
9
have By substituting x = 1 and y = 260 into the equation, we
1 k have
 k
9 9 260  k1  2
1
1 k1  k 2  260
k  (2)
3
(1)  (2) : 9k1  2250
1
∴ y k1  250
3 t
(b) When y  2 , 250  k2  260
1 k2  10
2
10
3 t ∴ y  250
1 x
t 
6
(b) When y = 252,
1
t 10
36 252  250 
x
x5
4. (a) ∵ p varies jointly as q2 and r.
∴ p = kq2r, where k  0
By substituting q = 5, r = 2 and p = 100 into the 7. (a) ∵ w partly varies directly as x and partly varies
equation, we have directly as y.
100  k (5) 2 (2)
∴ w  k1 x  k 2 y , where k1, k2  0
k2
By substituting x = 4, y = 9 and w = 13 into the
equation, we have
13  k1 4  k 2 9
(b) From (a), p  2q 2r
2k1  3k 2  13  (1)
When p  24 and q  2 ,
By substituting x = 9, y = 16 and w = 18 into the
24  2(2) 2 r equation, we have
r 3 18  k1 9  k2 16
3k1  4k2  18  (2)
5. (a) ∵ z varies inversely as x and inversely as y. (1) × 3 – (2) × 2: k2 = 3
k By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
∴ z , where k  0
xy 2k1  3(3)  13
1 k1  2
By substituting x  4 , y  6 and z   into the
3 ∴ w 2 x 3 y
equation, we have
145
(b) When x = 16 and y = 25, 11. ∵ a varies jointly as b and the reciprocal of c.
w  2 16  3 25 kb
∴ a  , where k  0
 23 c
ac
k
8. (a) The relation between x and y is an inverse variation b
because xy  k , where k is a constant. By substituting a  4, b  10 and c  2 into the equation, we
have
(b) By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into xy = k, we have ( 4)(2)
k
(4)(3)  k 10
k  12 4
k
∴ xy  12 5
12 4b
i.e. y ∴ a
x 5c
When a  60 and b  25 ,
3 4( 25)
(c) When x  , 60 
5 5c
4( 25)
y
12 c
3 5(60)
5 1

  20 3
9. ∵ y x 12. ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2.

∴ z = k1 + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
∴ y  k x , where k  0
By substituting x = 3 and z = 19 into the equation, we have
y
k 19  k1  k2 (3)2
x k1  9k2  19  (1)
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), we
have By substituting x = 5 and z  51 into the equation, we have
y1 y 51  k1  k2 (5) 2
 k and 2  k
x1 x2 k1  25k2  51  (2)
y1 y2 (2)  (1) : 16k2  32
∴ 
x1 x2 k2  2
By substituting x1  144, y1  6 and y2  4.5 into the By substituting k2  2 into (1), we have
equation, we have k1  9(2)  19
6 4. 5 k1  1

144 x2 ∴ z  1  2x2
When z  9 ,
x2  9
9  1  2x2
x2  81
∴ When y  4.5, x  81. x2  4
x2
10. ∵ P is inversely proportional to w2.
k 1
∴ P  2 , where k  0 13. ∵ y
w x3
Pw2  k k
∴ y  3 , where k  0
For any two pairs of w and P, say (w1, P1) and (w2, P2), we x
have Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively,
P1w1  k and P2 w2  k
2 2 k
i.e. y 0  3
∴ P1w1  P2 w2
2 2 x0
By substituting w1  2, P1  5 and w2  6 into the equation, New value of x  (1  50%) x0

we have  0.5 x0
5(2) 2  P2 (6) 2 New value of y 
k
5 (0.5 x0 )3
P2 
9  k 
 8 3 
5 x 
∴ When w  6, P  .  0 
9
 8 y0
146
9 Variations
8 y0  y0 1.2 w0
∴ Percentage change in y   100% New value of s 
y0 k (0.8t0 ) 2
(8  1) y0  w 
  100%  1.875 02 
y0  kt 
 0 
  700%
 1.875s0
1.875s0  s0
∴ Percentage change in s   100%
14. ∵ y3 x s0
∴ y  k 3 x , where k  0 (1.875  1) s0
  100%
(a) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y s0
respectively, i.e. y0  k 3 x0 .   87.5%
New value of x  (1  48.8%) x0
 0.512x0 x2
16. ∵ z
y
New value of y  k 3 0.512x0
kx 2
 0.8k 3 x0 ∴ z , where k  0
y
 0.8 y0 Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
0.8 y0  y0 kx
2
∴ Percentage change in y   100% respectively, i.e. z 0  0 .
y0 y0
(0.8  1) y0 New value of x = 2x0
  100%
y0 y
New value of y  0
  20% 2
k ( 2 x0 ) 2
New value of z 
y0
(b) y  k3 x
2
3
 y  kx 2 
i.e. x  .  8 0 
k  y0 
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y  
3  8 z0
y 
respectively, i.e. x0   0  . 8 z0  z0
 k  ∴ Percentage change in z   100%
z0
New value of y  (1  20%) y0
(8  1) z0
 1.2 y0   100%
z0
3
 1 .2 y 0    700%
New value of x   
 k 
3
y  17. (a) ∵ y  x
 1.728 0 
 k  ∴ y = kx, where k  0
 1.728x0 By substituting x  9 and y  27 into the equation,
1.728x0  x0 we have
∴ Percentage change in x   100% 27  k (9)
x0
k  3
(1.728  1) x0
  100% ∴ The variation constant is 3 .
x0
  72.8% (b) (i)
15. ∵ w  st2
∴ w = kst2, where k  0
w
i.e. s  2 .
kt
Let s0, t0 and w0 be the original values of s, t and w
w
respectively, i.e. s0  02 .
kt 0
New value of w  (1  20%) w0
 1.2w0
New value of t  (1  20%) t 0
 0.8t 0
147
(ii) From the graph, For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), we
when y  3 , x  1 . have
y1 y
 k and 2  k
1 x1 x2
18. (a) ∵ y
x2 y1 y2
∴ 
k x1 x2
∴ y  2 , where k  0
x By substituting x1  t 2 , y1  20, x2  t  15 and y2  5 into the
∵ The graph passes through (1, 8). equation, we have
∴ By substituting x = 1 and y = 8 into the equation, 20 5
we have 
t 2 t  15
k
8 2 4

1
1 t 2 t  15
k 8
4t  60  t 2
8
∴ y t 2  4t  60  0
x2
(t  6)(t  10)  0
(b) When x = 24, t   6 or t  10
8
y 2
24 1
1 22. (a) ∵ y
 x3
72 k
∴ y , where k  0
x3
19. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as 3
(x – 2)2. By substituting x = 1 and y  into the equation,
2
∴ y = k1 + k2(x – 2)2, where k1, k2  0 we have
∵ The graph passes through (2, 3) and (4, 7). 3 k
∴ By substituting x = 2 and y = 3 into the equation, 
2 1 3
we have k 6
3  k1  k 2 (2  2) 2
6
k1  3 ∴ y
x3
By substituting k1 = 3, x = 4 and y = 7 into the 6
equation, we have ∴ x3
y
7  3  k 2 (4  2) 2
6
k2  1 x  3
y
∴ y = 3 + (x – 2)2
3
(b) (i) When y = 19, (b) When y  ,
x
19  3  ( x  2) 2
6
( x  2) 2  16 x 3
3
x  2  4 x
x  6 or x  2 (rejected) x  2x  3
(ii) From the graph, the minimum value of y is 3. x3
20. ∵ u v (c) When x  9,

∴ u  k v , where k  0 6
39
u y
i.e. k 6
v  12
y
u2
 k 2 , which is a constant. 1
v 2
y
u2
∴ is a constant. 1
v y (∵ y > 0)
2
21. ∵ yx 1
∴ The range of values of y is y  .
∴ y  kx, where k  0 2
y
k
x
148
9 Variations
23. (a) ∵ p
q u a v b
r2
u b
kq 
∴ p  2 , where k  0 v a
r
1 b
By substituting q = 10, r = 2 and p  into the 
2 a
equation, we have 16
1 k (10) 
 9
2 ( 2) 2 4

1 3
k
5 ∴ u:v  4:3
q
∴ p 2
5r 25. (a) ∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
directly as x2.
2 ∴ y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
(b) When q = 20 and r  ,
3 By substituting x = –1 and y = 2 into the equation, we
20 have
p
2  k1 (1)  k 2 (1) 2
2
2
5 
3 k1  k 2  2  (1)
9 By substituting x = 3 and y = 42 into the equation, we
have
(c) p :q  9:5 42  k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 2
p 9 k1  3k 2  14  (2)

q 5 (2)  (1) : 4k2  16
q 5 k2  4
i.e. 
p 9 By substituting k2 = 4 into (1), we have
q k1  4  2
p
5r 2 k1  2
q ∴ y = 2x + 4x2
r2 
5p
(b) (i) When y = 12,
1 5
  12  2 x  4 x 2
5 9
1 2x 2  x  6  0

9 ( x  2)(2 x  3)  0
1 3
r x   2 or x 
3 2
(ii) When y = 5x,
1 5x  2x  4x 2
24. ∵ y
x 4 x 2  3x  0
k x(4 x  3)  0
∴ y , where k  0
x 3
x  0 or x 
y x k 4
a : b  9 : 16
26. Let $V and d cm be the value and the diameter of the gold
a 9
 plate respectively.
b 16 ∵ V  d2
b 16 ∴ V = kd 2, where k  0
i.e. 
a 9 Let $V1 and d1 cm be the value and the diameter of the
For any two pairs of x and y, say (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), we smaller gold plate, and $V2 and d2 cm be those of the larger
have gold plate respectively.
y1 x1  k and y2 x2  k ∴ V1  kd1
2
.......(1)
V2  kd 2
2
∴ y1 x1  y2 x2 .......(2)
By substituting x1  a, y1  u, x2  b and y2  v into the
equation, we have
149
V1 d
2 ∴ The percentage change in the thickness of the
(1)  (2) :  1 Christmas ornament is 25%.
V2 d 2 2
2
V1  d1  A
  29. ∵ C
V2  d 2  n
2 kA
2000  2  ∴ C , where k  0
  n
V2 3 Let $C1, A1 cm2 and n1 be the unit cost, the area and the
V2  4500 number of copies of the birthday card, and $C2, A2 cm2 and
∴ The value of the larger plate is $4500. n2 be those of the Christmas card respectively.
kA
27. Let T be the time taken by Hilary to drink a bottle of cola ∴ C1  1 ......(1)
n1
and d be the diameter of the straw.
kA2
1 C2  ......(2)
∵ T 2 n2
d
k A1
∴ T  2 ,k0 C1 n1
d (1)  (2): 
Let T0 and d0 be the original values of T and d respectively, C2 A2
k n2
i.e. T0  2 .
d0 C1 A1 n2
 
New value of d = 2d0 C2 A2 n1
k 8 5 n
New value of T    2
( 2d 0 ) 2 5 2 1200
 k  n2 16

 0.25 2  1200 25
d 
 0  n2  768
 0.25T0 ∴ The number of copies of the Christmas card printed is
0.25T0  T0 768.
T0
30. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as
(0.25  1)T0
  100% T.
T0 k
∴ C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
 75% T
∴ The percentage change in the time taken is 75%. By substituting T  24 and C  300 into the equation,
we have
28. Let S , d and r be the manufacturing cost, the thickness and k
the radius of the Christmas ornament respectively. 300  k1  2
24
∵ S  dr2 24k1  k2  7200  (1)
∴ S  kdr2 , where k  0 By substituting T  6 and C  600 into the equation,
S we have
i.e. d  2
kr k
600  k1  2
Let S0 , d0 and r0 be the original values of S, d and r 6
S 6k1  k2  3600  (2)
respectively, i.e. d 0  02 .
kr0 (1)  (2) : 18k1  3600
New value of S  3S0 k1  200
New value of r  2r0 By substituting k1  200 into (2), we have
3S 0 6(200)  k2  3600
New value of d 
k ( 2r0 ) 2 k2  2400
3 S  2400
  02  ∴ C  200 
4  kr0  T
2400
3  C  200
 d0 T
4
2400
3 T
d0  d0 C  200
∴ Percentage change in d  4  100%
d0
3 
  1 d 0

4 
 100%
d0
 25%
150
9 Variations
(b) When C  800 , When x = 10,

2400 300
200   800 y
T 10
2400  30
 600 When x = 20,
T
T  4 (∵ T ≥ 0) 300
y
∴ The shortest possible delivery time is 4 hours if 20
Mr Chan is willing to spend at most $800 to  15
deliver a parcel. ∴ The graph passes through (5, 60), (10, 30) and (20, 15).
(or any other reasonable answers)
31. (a) ∵ H partly varies inversely as T and partly varies
inversely as B. 33. Possible relation among P, x and y:
k k For non-zero constants k1, k2 and k3,
∴ H  1  2 , where k1, k2  0 P  k1 x  k 2 y
T B
30 9 i.e. P partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly
By substituting T  60 , B  50 and H  4  as y.
60 2
P  k1  k2 xy
into the equation, we have
9 k1 k2 i.e. P is partly constant and partly varies jointly as x and y.
  P  k1  k2 x  k3 y
2 60 50
5k1  6k2  1350  (1) i.e. P is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and
partly varies directly as y.
40 14
By substituting T  50 , B  60 and H  4  into
60 3 34. (a) ∵ The expenditure ($E) of the party includes the
the equation, we have costs of Christmas gifts and food. $400 is spent
14 k1 k2 on the gifts and the expenditure on food is $F.
 
3 50 60 ∴ E = 400 + F and it is in partial variation.
6k1  5k2  1400  (2)
(b) ∵ 2 L of champagne is provided for N people and
(2)  5  (1)  6 :  11k2  1100
each participant gets x mL of the champagne.
k2  100 2000
By substituting k2  100 into (1), we have ∴ x and it is in inverse variation.
N
5k1  6(100)  1350
5k1  750 (c) ∵ The cost of food for each participant is $40 and
the expenditure on food is $F.
k1  150
∴ F = 40N and it is in direct variation.
150 100
∴ H 
T B Level 2
1
(b) Let the speed of the bus be 82 km/h which is higher 35. (a) ∵ y
ax  1
than 80 km/h.
k
When T  80 and B  82 , ∴ y , where k  0
ax  1
150 100
H  k  y(ax  1)
80 82
4 4
 3.0945 Thus, (2a  1)  (4a  1)
3 7
3
7(2a  1)  3(4a  1)
∴ Clara cannot arrive town Q within 3 hours.
∴ Clara’s claim is disagreed. 14a  7  12a  3
2a  4
32. ∵ y varies inversely as x. a2
k
∴ y  , where k  0
x 4
(b) By substituting a = 2, x = 2 and y  into
By substituting x = 15 and y = 20 into the equation, we have 3
20 
k k  y(ax  1) , we have
15 4
k  300 k  [2(2)  1]
3
∴ y
300 4
x 4
∴ y
When x = 5, 2x  1
300
y
5
 60
151
(c) When y = 4x, (b) When y = 2w = 2x = 2z, i.e. w = z = x and y = 2x,

4 2x2 2x
4x  x
2x 1 x3
2x 2  x 1  0 5
(2 x  1)( x  1)  0 x4  2 2 x 2
3 3
1
x or x  1 x2  22
2
x2
36. (a) ∵ Ru v 1

38. (a) ∵ T and r  s
∴ R  ku v , where k  0 r2
By substituting u  2 , v  25 and R  120 into the k
∴ T  12 (1)
equation, we have r
120  k (2) 25 and r  k2 s (2)
10k  120 where k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
k  12 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
k1 k
∴ R  12u v T  1
(k2 s ) 2 k2 2 s 2
R
v ∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
12u k1
R2 ∴ 2
is also a non-zero constant.
v k2
144u 2
k1
By letting C  2
, we have
(b) When R  9 and u  3 , k2
(9) 2 C
v T  , where C is a non-zero constant.
144(3) 2 s2
1
1 i.e. T  2
 s
16
∴ T varies inversely as s 2 .
1 C
(c) ∵ R is not greater than 24 and u is not smaller than By substituting s  and T  9 into T  2 , we have
6. 9 s
∴ v attains its maximum when R  24 and u  6 . 9
C
2
When R  24 and u  6 , 1
 
(24) 2 9
v
144(6) 2 9  81C
1 1
 C
9 9
1 1
∴ The maximum value of v is . ∴ The variation constant is .
9 9
x2 y 1
37. (a) ∵ w (b) From (a), T  .
z 3 9s 2
5
kx 2 y When s  ,
∴ w , where k  0 6
z3
1
By substituting x = y = z = 4 and w = 1 into the T 2
equation, we have 5
9 
k ( 4) 2 ( 4 ) 6
1 4
( 4) 3 
k2 25
2x2 y
∴ w 39. (a) ∵ p partly varies directly as q2, and partly varies
z3
directly as r and inversely as q.
k r
∴ p  k1q 2  2 , where k1, k2  0
q
By substituting q = 1, r = 2 and p = –34 into the
equation, we have
152
9 Variations
k 2 (2) 41. (a) ∵ A  rn

 34  k1 (1) 2 
1 ∴ A = krn, where k  0
k1  2k 2  34  ( 1 ) A
k n
By substituting q = 4, r = 15 and p = 21 into the r
equation, we have 16 54
k (15)
Thus, 
21  k1 (4) 2  2 2 n 3n
4 16 2 n
64k1  15k 2  84  (2) 
54 3n
From (1), we have n
2 8
k1  2k2  34 ......(3)   
By substituting (3) into (2), we have  
3 27
3
64(2k2  34)  15k2  84 2
 
 113k2  2260 3
k2  20 n3
By substituting k2 = 20 into (3), we have
k1  2(20)  34 A
(b) By substituting n = 3, A = 16 and r = 2 into k  , we
6 rn
20r have
∴ p  6q 2  16
q k
23
(b) When p = 14 and q = –3, 2
20r ∴ A = 2r3
14  6(3) 2 
3
(c) When A = 250,
r  6
250  2r 3
40. (a) ∵ y is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and r 3  125

partly varies directly as x2. r 5
∴ y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2, k3  0
By substituting x = 0 and y = 5 into the equation, we 42. (a) ∵ y partly varies directly as (x + 1) and partly varies
have directly as (x – 3)2.
5  k1  k 2 (0)  k 3 (0) 2 ∴ y = k1(x + 1) + k2(x – 3)2, where k1, k2  0
k1  5 By substituting x = 4 and y = 44 into the equation, we
By substituting k1 = 5, x = 2 and y = 15 into the have
equation, we have 44  k1 (4  1)  k2 (4  3) 2
15  5  k 2 (2)  k 3 (2) 2 5k1  k2  44  (1)
k 2  2k 3  5  (1) By substituting x = 5 and y = 64 into the equation, we
By substituting k1 = 5, x = –2 and y = 11 into the have
equation, we have 64  k1 (5  1)  k 2 (5  3) 2
11  5  k 2 (2)  k3 (2) 2 3k1  2k 2  32 (2)
k 2  2k3  3  (2) (1)  2  (2) : 7k1  56
(1)  (2) : 2k 2  2 k1  8
k2  1 By substituting k1 = 8 into (1), we have
(1)  (2) : 4k 3  8 5(8)  k 2  44
k3  2 k2  4
∴ y = 5 + x + 2x2 ∴ y  8( x  1)  4( x  3) 2
 8 x  8  4 x 2  24x  36
(b) When y = 12x,
 4 x 2  16x  44
12x  5  x  2 x 2
2 x 2  11x  5  0 (b) y  4 x 2  16x  44
(2 x  1)( x  5)  0  4( x 2  4 x)  44
1
x or x  5  4( x 2  4 x  22  22 )  44
2
 4( x 2  4 x  22 )  16  44
 4( x  2) 2  28
∴ The minimum value of y is 28.
153
43. (a) ∵ y partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies 3(1.36V0 )

directly as x3. New value of r 
h0
∴ y = k1x2 + k2x3, where k1, k2  0
By substituting x = 1 and y = 3 into the equation, we  3V0 
 1.36  
have  h0 
 
3  k1 (1) 2  k2 (1)3
 1.36r0
k1  k2  3  (1)
∴ Percentage change in r
have 1.36r0  r0
  100%
16  k1 (2) 2  k2 (2)3 r0
k1  2k2  4  (2) ( 1.36  1)r0
  100%
(2)  (1) : k2  1 r0
By substituting k2 = 1 into (1), we have  16.6% (cor. to 1 d.p.)
k1  1  3 ∴ The percentage change in the base radius of the
k1  2 solid is +16.6%.
∴ y  2 x 2  x3
1 2
(c) ∵ V hr and r remains unchanged.
(b) When y  3 , 3
∴ V  k'h for some real number k'
3  2 x 2  x3
Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h and V,
x3  2 x 2  3  0 and r1, h1 and V1 be the new values of r, h and V
( x  1)( x 2  3x  3)  0 respectively.
r1  r0
x  1  0 or x 2  3x  3  0
r0 5 r1 4
 3  32  4(1)(3)  and 
x  1 or x h0 4 h1 5
2(1) 4 5 5
h0  r0 and h1  r1  r0
3 3 5 4 4
 (rejected)
2 4
V0  k'h0  k'r0
∴ There is only one value of x such that y  3 . 5
∴ The student’s claim is agreed. 5
V1  k'h1  k'r0
4
44. (a) ∵ V  hr2 V1  V0
∴ V = khr2, where k  0 Percentage change in V   100%
V0
By substituting r = 4, h = 30 and V = 160 into the
5 4
equation, we have k'r0  k'r0
 4 5  100%
160  k (30)(4) 2 4
1 k'r0
k 5
3 5 4
1 2   k'r0

∴ V  hr 4 5
3  100%
4
When h = 45 and V = 540, k'r0
5
1  56.25%
540  (45)r 2
3 ∴ The percentage change in the volume of the solid
r 2  36 is +56.25%.
r  6 or r  6 (rejected)
45. (a) ∵ T is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
∴ The base radius of the solid is 6 cm.
∴ T  k1  k2n , where k1, k2  0
1 2 By substituting n  150 and T  1 into the equation, we
(b) ∵ V hr have
3
1  k1  k2 (150)
3V
∴ r k1  150k2  1  (1)
h
Let V0, h0 and r0 be the original values of V, h and r By substituting n  1200 and T  2.75 into the
equation, we have
3V0 2.75  k1  k2 (1200)
respectively, i.e. r0  .
h0
k1  1200k2  2.75  (2)
New value of V  (1  36%)V0 (2)  (1) : 1050k2  1.75
 1.36V0 1
New value of h = h0 k2 
600
154
9 Variations
1 ∴ The cost of manufacturing a rice cooker is $190.

By substituting k2  into (1), we have
600 225 000
Profit per rice cooker  $
 1  500
k1  150  1
 600   $450
3 ∴ Selling price of each rice cooker
k1   $(190  450)
4
3 1  $640
∴ T  n
4 600
47. (a) ∵ P partly varies directly as x and partly varies
(b) When n  300 , directly as x2.
3 1 ∴ P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
T  (300) By substituting x = 20 and P = 60 000 into the
4 600
 1.25 equation, we have
∴ 1.25 hours is required if Jessica needs to make 60 000  k1 (20)  k 2 (20) 2
300 stitches. k1  20k 2  3000  (1)
By substituting x = 30 and P = 75 000 into the
(c) Let T0 hours and T1 hours be the time required to finish equation, we have
the embroidery X and Y respectively. Let n1 be the
75 000  k1 (30)  k 2 (30) 2
number of stitches in the piece of embroidery Y.
3 1 k1  30k 2  2500  (2)
∴ T0   p ......(1) (2)  (1) : 10k 2  500
4 600
3 1 k 2  50
T1   n1
4 600 By substituting k2 = –50 into (1), we have
3 1 k1  20(50)  3000
2T0   n1 ......(2)
4 600 k1  4000
By substituting (1) into (2), we have ∴ P = 4000x – 50x2
3 1  3 1
2  p   n1
 4 600  4 600 (b) When x = 35,
3 1 1 P  4000(35)  50(35) 2
 p n1
4 300 600  78 750
n1  450  2 p ∴ The total profit is $78 750 if the selling price of
∴ The number of stitches in the piece of embroidery each luggage tag is $35.
Y is 450 + 2p.
(c) P  4000x  50x 2
46. (a) ∵ C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as  50( x 2  80x)
n.
k  50( x 2  80x  402  402 )
∴ C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
n  80 000  50( x  40) 2
By substituting n = 200 and C = 250 into the equation, When x = 40, P attains its maximum value.
we have ∴ The maximum profit from selling the luggage
k tags is $80 000 and the corresponding selling
250  k1  2 price of each luggage tag is $40.
200
200k1  k 2  50 000  (1 )
48. (a) (i) ∵ The number of registered users increases at a
By substituting n = 400 and C = 200 into the equation,
constant rate of 10% each year.
we have
∴ Number of registered users in 2015
k
200  k1  2  3000(1  10%) 3
400
400k1  k 2  80 000  (2)  3993
(2)  (1) : 200k1  30 000 (ii) ∵ B is partly constant and partly varies
k1  150 directly as n.
∴ B  k1  k2n , where k1, k2  0
By substituting n = 3000 and B = 21 000 into the
200(150)  k 2  50 000
equation, we have
k 2  20 000 21000  k1  k2 (3000)
∴ C  150
20 000 k1  3000k2  21 000  (1)
n By substituting n = 3993 and B  21000  1986
 22 986 into the equation, we have
(b) When n = 500,
20 000 22 986  k1  k2 (3993)
C  150  k1  3993k2  22 986  (2)
500
 190
155
(2)  (1) : 993k2  1986 By substituting r = 5 and C = 5 into the equation, we

k2  2 have
5  k1 (5)  k 2 (5) 2
By substituting k2  2 into (1), we have
k1  5k 2  1  (2)
k1  3000(2)  21000
(2) – (1): k2 = –1
k1  15 000 By substituting k2 = –1 into (1), we have
∴ B  15 000  2n k1  4(1)  2
k1  6
(b) (i) Number of registered users in 2020
∴ C = 6r – r2
 3000(1  10%) 8
 6430.7664
When n  6430.7664 , (b) (i) r 1 2 3 4 5
B  15 000  2(6430.7664) C 5 8 9 8 5
 27 862 (cor. to the nearest integer)
∴ There are total 27 862 books in the library in
2020.
(ii) Assume that each registered user in 2020
borrowed 4 books.
Total number of books borrowed
 6431 4
 25 724
 27 862
∴ There are enough books in the library for
registered users in 2020.
∴ The librarian’s claim is disagreed.
49. (a) ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x. (ii) From the graph, the maximum cost of making the
∴ y = k + k′x, where k, k′  0 globe is $9.
From the graph, when x = 0, y = 3000.
By substituting x = 0 and y = 3000 into the equation,
51. (a) ∵ C is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and
we have
partly varies directly as y.
3000  k  k (0)
∴ C = 700 + k1x + k2y, where k1, k2  0
k  3000
By substituting x = 2, y = 0 and C  1900into the
equation, we have
(b) From the graph, when x = 120, y = 6000. 1900  700  k1 (2)  k2 (0)
By substituting k = 3000, x = 120 and y = 6000 into the
equation, we have 2k1  1200
6000  3000 k (120) k1  600
k   25 By substituting k1 = 600 , x = 1, y = 3 and C  3700
∴ y = 3000 + 25x into the equation, we have
3700  700  600(1)  k2 (3)
(c) (i) When x = 700, 3k2  2400
y  3000 25(700) k2  800
 20 500 ∴ C  700  600x  800y
∴ His income last month is $20 500.
(ii) Expected income this month
(b) When x  4 and y  2 ,
 $20 500 (1  20%)
C  700  600(4)  800(2)
 $24 600
 4700
When y = 24 600,
∴ The charge is $4700 if 4 gas stoves and 2 gas
24 600  3000 25x
water heaters are repaired during an inspection.
x  864
∴ He needs to sell (864 – 700) items (c) (i) From (a), P  C  700  600x  800y
= 164 items more this month. P attains its minimum when there are no gas
stoves and gas water heaters needed to repair.
50. (a) ∵ C partly varies directly as r and partly varies ∴ The minimum possible value of P
directly as r2.
 700  600(0)  800(0)
∴ C = k1r + k2r2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting r = 4 and C = 8 into the equation, we  700
have P attains its maximum when all the gas stoves
8  k1 (4)  k 2 (4) 2 and gas water heaters in the canteen needed to
repair.
k1  4k 2  2  (1 )
156
9 Variations
∴ The maximum possible value of P 1 27

(b) (i) When p  1   ,
 700  600(10)  800(6) 28 28
 11500 1 3t
1
(ii) P  2500 27 9
1
700  600x  800y  2500 28
3t
600x  800y  1800 28  1 
9
3x  4 y  9
3t  243
∴ The possible combinations for the numbers
of gas stoves and gas water heaters repaired 3t  35
during the inspection are: t 5
0 gas stoves and 0 gas water heaters; ∴ 5 days after the rumour starts, there will be
0 gas stoves and 1 gas water heater; 1
0 gas stoves and 2 gas water heaters; only of the citizens not having heard
28
1 gas stove and 0 gas water heaters;
1 gas stove and 1 gas water heater; about the rumour.
2 gas stoves and 0 gas water heaters; (ii) When p  1,
3 gas stoves and 0 gas water heaters 3t
1
9  3t
1
52. (a) ∵ is partly constant and partly varies directly 9  3t  3t
1 p
90
as 3t . ∴ It is impossible that all the citizens have
1 heard about the rumour.
∴  k1  k2 (3t ), where k1 , k2  0
1 p ∴ The researcher’s claim is agreed.
1
By substituting t  0 and p  into the equation, we 53. (a) ∵ (x2 – y2)  (x2 + y2)
10
have ∴ x 2  y 2  k1 ( x 2  y 2 ), where 0  k1  1
1 x 2  k1 x 2  y 2  k1 y 2
 k1  k2 (30 )
1 x 2 (1  k1 )  y 2 (1  k1 )
1
10
 1  k1  2
k1  k2 
10 y 2   x

 1  k1 
......(1)
9
1 1  k1
By substituting t  2 and p  into the equation, we y x
2 1  k1
have
∵ 0 < k1 < 1
1
 k1  k2 (32 ) 1  k1
1
1 ∴  0 is a non-zero constant.
2 1  k1
k1  9k2  2 ......(2) ∴ yx
8
(2)  (1): 8k 2  (b) ∵ y  x
9
1 ∴ y = k2x, where k2  0
k2  x  y x  k2 x 1  k2
9  
1 x  y x  k2 x 1  k2
By substituting k 2  into (2), we have
9  1  k2 
∴ x  y   ( x  y )

1  1  k2 
k1  9   2
9 1  k2
∵  0 , provided that k2  –1 and k2  1.
k1  1 1  k2
1 3t ∴ (x – y)  (x + y)
∴ 1
1 p 9
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 9.69)
p 3t

1 p 9 1. Answer: D
9 p  3t  p (3t ) ∵ x varies directly as y2.
p (9  3t )  3t ∴ x = ky2, where k  0
By substituting y = 2 and x = 20 into the equation, we have
3t
p 20  k (2) 2
9  3t
k 5
∴ x  5y2
157
When x = 80, 4. Answer: D

80  5 y 2 ∵ y
1
y 2  16 x
y 4 k
∴ ∴ y , where k  0
x
2. Answer: D k
i.e. x 
x y
∵ z
y k2
x
kx y2
∴ z , where k  0
y Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively,
By substituting x  y  4 and z  16 into the equation, we k2
i.e. x0  2 .
have y0
k ( 4) New value of y  2y0
16 
4 k2
New value of x 
k 8 ( 2 y0 ) 2
8x k2
∴ z 
y 4 y0
2
8x 1
i.e. y  x0
z 4
2
x 1
x0  x0
y  64 
z ∴ Percentage change in x  4  100%
∵ z : x  2 :1 x0
z 2 1 
∴    1 x0

4 
x 1  100%
x 1 x0

z 2  75%
2 ∴ x is decreased by 75%.
x 1  x
By substituting  into y  64  , we have
z 2 z 5. Answer: A
1
2
∵ z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y.
y  64 
2 kx 2
∴ z , where k  0
 16 y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
2
kx
3. Answer: C respectively, i.e. z 0  0 .
∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as y0
the cube of x. New value of x  (1  30%) x0
∴ y = k1x + k2x3, where k1, k2  0
 1.3x0
By substituting x = 2 and y = –4 into the equation, we have
 4  k1 (2)  k2 (2)3
 1.3 y0
k1  4k2  2 (1)
By substituting x = 4 and y = –56 into the equation, we have k (1.3 x0 ) 2
New value of z 
 56  k1 (4)  k2 (4)3 1 .3 y 0
k1  16k2  14 (2)  kx 2 
 1.3 0 
(2) – (1): 12k2  12  y 
 0 
k2  1  1. 3 z 0
By substituting k2 = –1 into (1), we have 1.3 z0  z0
k1  4(1)  2 ∴ Percentage increase in z   100%
z0
k1  2 (1.3  1) z0
∴ y = 2x – x3   100%
z0
When x  3 ,
 30%
y  2(3)  (3)3
  21 6. Answer: B
x 1 3 5 7 9
y 315 105 63 45 35
xy 315 315 315 315 315
158
9 Variations
315 z  k1 (k 2 x  k 2 )  2k1
∴ y
x  k1k 2 x  k1k 2  2k1
∴ y
1 z k1k 2 x  k1k 2  2k1
x  which is not a constant
x x
∴ Option C is not true.
7. Answer: C ∴ The answer is D.
∵ x varies directly as y and inversely as z.
ky 11. Answer: D
∴ x , where k  0
z ∵ y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x.
xz 1 ∴ y = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2  0
y  k'xz , where k'   0
k k ∴ The answer is D.
∴ y varies jointly as x and z.
ky 12. Answer: C
∵ x , where k  0 Let $E, $C and n be the monthly expenditure of the factory,
z
the operational cost of the factory and the number of
ky
z , where k  0 workers in the factory respectively.
x ∵ E is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
∴ z varies directly as y and inversely as x. ∴ E  C  kn , where k  0
∴ The answer is C. Let n0, C0 and E0 be the original values of n, C and E
respectively, i.e. E0  C0  kn0 .
8. Answer: D If both C and n are doubled,
∵ (x + y) varies inversely as (x – y). New value of C  2C0
k
∴ x y  , where k  0 New value of n  2n0
x y
New value of E  2C0  k (2n0 )
k
x y  , where k  0  2(C0  kn0 )
x y
∴ (x – y) varies inversely as (x + y).  2 E0
∴ The monthly expenditure of the factory is doubled
9. Answer: C when both the operational cost and the number of
∵ (3x + 5y)  (4x – 6y) workers are doubled.
∴ 3x  5 y  k (4 x  6 y ), where k  0 ∴ The answer is C.
(5  6k ) y  (4k  3) x
HKMO (p. 9.70)
x 5  6k 1. ∵ x and y are two positive numbers that are inversely

y 4k  3 proportional to each other.
∵ k is a non-zero constant. k
∴ y  , where k  0
5  6k 3 5 x
∴ is always a constant, except k  and k   .
4k  3 4 6 Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively,
x k
∴ is always a constant. i.e. y0  .
y x0
∴ The answer is C. New value of x  (1  10%) x0
 1.1x0
10. Answer: D
k
∵ z  (y + 2) and y  (x – 1) New value of y 
1.1x0
∴ z  k1 ( y  2), where k1  0
10k
z  k1 y  2k1 ......( 1) 
11x0
and y  k2 ( x  1), where k2  0
10
y  k2 x  k2 ......( 2)  y0
11
For option A: 10
z  2  k1 y  2k1  2 y0  y0
∴ Percentage change in y  11  100%
z  2 k1 y  2k1  2 y0
 which is not a constant
y y  10 
∴ Option A is not true.   1 y 0

11 
For option B:  100%
y0
y  1  k2 x  k2  1
100
y  1 k2 x  k2  1  %
 which is not a constant 11
x x
100
∴ Option B is not true. ∴ y will be decreased by %.
11
For option C:
By substituting (2) into (1), we have 100
∴ d
11
159
Exam Focus By long division,

x2  5x  5
Exam-type Questions (p. 9.72) x  1 x  4x2  0x  5
3
x 3  x 2 　　　　
1. (a) Let C  a  by2 , where a, b  0 .
 5x2  0 x  5
Then 
70  a  b(20)
2
  5 x 2  5 x　　

82.5  a  b(30)
2
5x  5
70  a  400b 5x  5
i.e. 
82.5  a  900b ∴ g ( x)  ( x  1)( x2  5x  5)
1 g ( x)  0
By solving, we have a  60 and b  .
40
( x  1)( x 2  5 x  5)  0
1 2
∴ C  60  y x  1  0 or x 2  5 x  5  0
40
∴ The cost of manufacturing a cubical container of  (5)  (5) 2  4(1)(5)
side 0.4 m x  1 or x
2(1)
 1 
 $60  (0.4  100) 2  5 5
 40  
 $100 2
∴ All the roots of the equation g ( x)  0 are
real numbers.
(b) When C = 150,
∴ Vicky’s claim is agreed.
1 2
150  60  y
40 3. (a) Let C  a  bk, where a, b  0 .
1 2
y  90 310  a  b(22)
40 
700  a  b(100)
y 2  3600
a  22b  310
y  60 or  60 (rejected) i.e. 
The side of the cubical container is 60 cm. a  100b  700
Base area of the container By solving, we have a  200 and b  5.
 60  60 cm 2 ∴ C  200 5k
 3600cm 2 When k  35,
C  200  5(35)
 375
2. (a) Let f ( x)  ax3  bx2 , where a, b  0.
∴ The monthly service charge for a plan X user is
∵ f (2)  8 $375 if his extra data usage is 35 MB.
∴ a(2)3  b(2)2  8
2a  b  2 ......(1) (b) When k  550  500  50,
∵ f (2)  24 the monthly service charge for plan X
 $[200  5(50)]
∴ a(2)3  b(2)2  24
 $450
2a  b  6 ......(2) the monthly service charge for plan Y
By solving (1) and (2), we have a  1 and b  4.  $0.8  550
∴ f ( x)  x 3  4 x 2  $440
∴ Wilson should join plan Y in order to save money.
(b) (i) g ( x)  f ( x)  5
 x3  4 x 2  5 4. Answer: A
∵ b partly varies directly as a and partly varies inversely
g (1)  (1)3  4(1)2  5
as a .
0
k2
(ii) ∵ g (1)  0 ∴ b  k1a  , where k1 , k2  0
a
∴ x  1 is a factor of g ( x) .
By substituting a  1 and b  5 into the equation, we have
k
 5  k1 (1)  2
1
k1  k2  5 ......(1)
By substituting a  9 and b  19 into the equation, we have
k
 19  k1 (9)  2
9
27k1  k2  57 ......(2)
160
9 Variations
(2)  (1) : 26k1  52

k1  2
By substituting k1  2 into (1), we have
2  k2  5
k2  3
3
∴ b  2a 
a
When a  36,
3
b  2(36) 
36
145

2
5. Answer: C
x
∵ z 2
y
kx
∴ z , where k  0
y2
y2z
x , where k  0
k
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
2
y z
respectively, i.e. x0  0 0 .
k
 1.2 y0
New value of z  (1  20%) z0
 0.8 z0
(1.2 y0 ) 2 (0.8 z0 )
New value of x 
k
 y0 2 z 0 
 1.152 
 k 
 
 1.152x0
1.152x0  x0
∴ Percentage change in x   100%
x0
(1.152  1) x0
  100%
x0
 15.2%
∴ x is increased by 15.2%.
6. Answer: D
∵ z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y3.
kx 2
∴ z , where k  0
y3
x2 1 1
 , where is a constant.
y3 z k k
x2
∴ is always a constant.
y3z
161

CH 9 Variations

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9 Variations

13. P ercentagechangein theadmissionfee

Activity 9.1 (p. 9.6)

Amount of money (b) (i) The graph of y against x is a curve.

(b) y  80x (b) S  2x  3 y

Maths Dialogue (p. 9.14)

Activity 9.2 (p. 9.19) Classwork

Amount of soft (e) P = kr2

drink each Classwork (p. 9.21)

Quick Practice 9.1 (p. 9.9)

New valueof y  k (0.9 x0 ) 2 By substituting x = 4 and y = 12 into the equation, we have

(b) When x  64 , When x  12 and y  b ,

Quick Practice 9.7 (p. 9.22)

Quick Practice 9.17 (p. 9.46) (b) When C = 3.3,

By substituting n  0 and C  40 000 into the equation, we 20  k (5) 2

(c) When C  240000 ,

∵ k1 and k2 are non-zero constants. k 1 k 2

By substituting k1 = 12 into (1), we have (b) When x = 24,

When x = 60, (ii) From the graph,

5. (a) ∵ y is directly proportional to x.

(b) (i) From the graph,

By substituting q  6 and p  4 into the By substituting p1  4 , q1  36 and p2  2 into the equation,

By substituting V1  32 , d1  4 and V2  500 into the

New value of n  (1  10%) n0 (b) When x = 3,

New value of n  (1  10%)n0 16. (a)

(b) From the graph,

(b) By substituting x1  3 , y1  4 , x2  19 and b  1 into

22. (a) (i) ∵ y  x2 ∴ It takes 5 s to reach the ground.

(b) Electricity consumed in May  200(1  10%) units When v  22 ,

By substituting x1  60, y1  2 and x2  10 into the

17. (a) ∵ y varies inversely as ( x  1) .

(b) When W  2500 , (b) ( x  y ) 2  kxy

1 Exercise 9C (p. 9.38)

When T  4 and r  2 , 1.3824z0  z0

(b) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z

k (0.86l0 ) When d  75 and V  200 ,

19. (a) ∵ V  r2h p

r0 (b) (i) From (a), we have p  kqr3

2  0.64 y0 ∴ The minimum power of the oven needed is

2. ∵ y partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely (b) When w = 5,

1 (ii) When y = –1,

7 By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have

11. (a) ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2. 4b  a

By substituting k2 = 15 into (1), we have (b) When w  2 ,

(b) When p = 5 and q = 2,

(b) By substituting u  v  1 and z  8 into the equation,

economical than type B membership. 4

2. (a) ∵ V varies directly as r3. 1 k

9. ∵ y x 12. ∵ z is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2.

By substituting w1  2, P1  5 and w2  6 into the equation, New value of x  (1  50%) x0

20. ∵ u v (c) When x  9,

(b) When C  800 , When x = 10,

(c) When y = 4x, (b) When y = 2w = 2x = 2z, i.e. w = z = x and y = 2x,

36. (a) ∵ Ru v 1

k 2 (2) 41. (a) ∵ A  rn

40. (a) ∵ y is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and r 3  125

43. (a) ∵ y partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies 3(1.36V0 )

1 ∴ The cost of manufacturing a rice cooker is $190.

(2)  (1) : 993k2  1986 By substituting r = 5 and C = 5 into the equation, we

∴ The maximum possible value of P 1 27

When x = 80, 4. Answer: D

Exam Focus By long division,