12 Variations: Review Exercise 12 (P. 12.4)

NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions
1250 mL
12 Variations 9. 1.25 L : 500 mL 
500 mL
5
Review Exercise 12 (p. 12.4) 
2
 5:2
$184
1. The required rate 
8 hour
240 minutes
 $23 / h 10. 240 minutes : 6 hours 
6  60 minutes
2
240 characters 
2. The required rate  3
1 hour  2:3
240 characters

60 minutes 11. x:4=5:2
 4 characters/min
x 5

4 2
7 kg 5
3. The required rate  x  ( 4)
25 pieces of brick 2
7000 g  10

25 pieces of brick
 280 g/piece of brick 12. 50 : 60 = 75 cm : x m
50 75 cm

25 km 60 100 x cm
4. The required rate  5000 x  4500
20 minutes
25 km x  0.9

20
h
60 1
13. 10 min : hour = 4: (20  x)
 75 km/h 2
10 4

$40 1
 60 20 x
5. The required rate 
50 2
$40 1 4
 
50 3 20  x
dozen
12 20  x  12
 $9.6/dozen x8
24 14. $(x + 1) : $7 = (x – 1) g : 5 g
6. 24 : 80 
80 x 1 x 1

3 7 5

10 5x  5  7 x  7
 3 : 10 2 x  12
x6
75
7. 75 : 105 
105 15. For the 3 kg pack of washing powder:
5 $53.8
 Price per kg 
7 3 kg
 5:7
 $17.93 / kg (cor. to 2 d.p.)
For the 2 kg pack of washing powder:
49 cm
8. 49 cm : 56 cm  Price per kg 
$35.8
56 cm 2 kg
7
  $17.9 / kg
8
The 2 kg pack of washing powder is more economical.
 7 :8
16. The required ratio  7 000 000 : 500 000
7 000 000

500 000
 14 : 1
12 Variations
17. Let x be the number of students in the school. Then the Classwork (p. 12.40)
number of teachers in the school is 1300 – x.
k2 k2
x : (1300 – x) = 25 : 1 (a) P = k1  (b) S  k1 
x y y3
 25
1300  x (c) W  k1 x  k 2 x 2 (d) R  k 2t 2 
k2
x  25(1300  x) t
26 x  32 500
x  1250 Quick Practice
There are 1250 students in the school.
Quick Practice 12.1 (p. 12.7)
18. Let x km be the length of the West Rail Line. (a) p varies directly as q2.
Then the length the East Rail Line is (x + 12) km. p = kq2, where k  0
x : (x + 12) = 5 : 7 By substituting q = 5 and p = 175 into the equation, we have
x

5 175  k  52
x  12 7 175
7 x  5 x  60 k
25
x  30 7
The length of the West Rail Line is 30 km.
p  7q 2
(b) When q = 7, p = 7 × 72 = 343
Activity
Activity 12.1 (p. 12.38) a varies directly as the cube of b.
1. E = 5000 + 2000 n a = kb3, where k  0
By substituting b = 3 and a = 54 into the equation, we have
2. (a) Amount received = $25x
54  k  33
(b) Amount received = $30y
(c) T = 25x + 30y 54
k
(d) (i) No, T does not vary directly as x. 27
(ii) No, T does not vary directly as y. 2
a  2b3
Let’s Discuss
When b = 5, a = 2 × 53 = 250
Alternative Solution
Let’s Discuss (p. 12.12) a varies directly as the cube of b.
y varies directly as x in case  only. If y  x , then its graph
a = kb3, where k  0
must be a straight line passing through the origin.
a
k 3
Classwork b
Thus, k  54  a
Classwork (p. 12.7) 33 5 3
(a) y = kx2 yk x 54
(b) a  125 
(c) r = kw3 (d) W = kn 27
(e) P = kr2  250
When b = 5, a  250
Classwork (p. 12.18)
k k Quick Practice 12.3 (p. 12.9)
(a) w (b) y (a) (y + 1) is directly proportional to (x2 + x).
t3 x2
k k y + 1 = k(x2 + x), where k  0
(c) y (d) w 3 By substituting x = 1 and y = 3 into the equation, we have
x h
3  1  k (12  1)
k
(e) t 4
v k
Classwork (p. 12.30) 2
2
(a) X = kyw2 (b) V = khr3
y  1  2( x 2  x )
km
(c) P = kx y (d) F 2
d i.e. y  2x2  2x  1
k  (b) When y = –1,
(e) R  1  2x2  2x  1
m2
2x2  2x  0
2 x( x  1)  0
x  0 or x  1
155
Quick Practice 12.4 (p. 12.10) (c) (i)

(a) C  r2
C = kr2, where k  0
By substituting r = 6 and C = 20 into the equation, we have
20  k (6) 2
20
k
36
5

9
5
C  r2
9
(b) (i) When C = 45,
5 (ii)
45  r 2
9
r 2  81
r  9 or  9 (rejected)
The radius of the hemisphere is 9 cm.
(ii) When radius = 0.18 m = 18 cm, i.e. r = 18
5
C   18 2  180
9
The cost of coating the hemisphere is $180.

y  x2 (d) It is a straight line passing through the origin, but excluding
y = kx2, where k  0 the origin.
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively.
New value of x = (1 + 10%)x0 Quick Practice 12.7 (p. 12.20)
= 1.1x0 (a) y varies inversely as 3 x .
New value of y  k (1.1x0 )
2
k
y , where k  0
 1.21kx02 3
x
 1.21 y0 By substituting x = 8 and y = 2 into the equation, we have
k
1.21 y0  y0 2 3
Percentage change in y   100% 8
y0
k 4
(1.21  1) y0
  100% 4
y0 y3
 21% x
y is increased by 21%. 1
(b) When y  ,
3
Quick Practice 12.6 (p. 12.20) 1 4
(a) y varies inversely as x. 3
3 x
k
y  , where k  0 3
x  12
x
By substituting x = 2 and y = 20 into the equation, we have x  1728
k
20 
2 Quick Practice 12.8 (p. 12.21)
k  40 The square of y varies inversely as x.
The variation constant is 40. k
y 2  , where k  0
40 x
(b) The equation is y  .
x By substituting x = 4 and y = 12 into the equation, we have
x 2 4 10 20 40 k
122 
1 4
0.5 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.025 k  576
x
y 20 10 4 2 1 576
y2 
x
156
12 Variations
When x = 9, (c) When C = 1625,

576 13 000
y2  1625 
9 x
 64 x 8
y  8 or  8 (rejected) It takes at least 9 years for the value of the computer to
go below $1625.
Alternative Solution Quick Practice 12.11 (p. 12.24)
The square of y varies inversely as x. 1
k x  w2 and w 
y 2  , where k  0 y
x
x = k1w2 ……(1)
k  xy 2
k
Thus, k  4(12) 2  9 y 2 and w  2 ……(2)
y
y 2  64 where k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
y  8 or  8 (rejected) By substituting (2) into (1), we have
2
 k  k k2
x  k1  2   1 2
Quick Practice 12.9 (p. 12.22)  y y
1  
y k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
x
k k1k 22 is also a non-zero constant.
x By letting c = k1k 22 , we have
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. c
x , where c is a non-zero constant.
New value of x  (1  44%) x0 y
 1.44 x0 1
i.e. x 
k y
New value of y 
1.44 x0 x varies inversely as y.
k
 Quick Practice 12.12 (p. 12.31)
1.2 x0
(a) p varies jointly as r and s.
5
 y0 p  kr s , where k  0
6
By substituting r = 15, s = 25 and p = 150 into the equation,
5
y0  y0 we have
Percentage change in y  6  100% 150  k (15)( 25 )
y0
k2
5 
  1 y0 p  2r s

6 
 100% (b) When r = 7 and s = 16,
y0
 16.7% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) p  2(7)( 16 )  56
y is decreased by 16.7%.
Quick Practice 12.10 (p. 12.23) (a) T varies directly as s2 and inversely as r.
1 ks 2
(a) C T , where k  0
x r
k By substituting s = 2, r = 12 and T = 10 into the equation,
C  , where k  0
x we have
The computer was manufactured 2 years ago. k (2) 2
10 
By substituting x = 2 and C = 6500 into the equation, we 12
have k  30
k
6500  30s 2
2 T
r
k  13 000
(b) When T = 8 and s = 4,
13 000 30(4) 2
C 8
x r
(b) In 2011, the computer’s age will be 4 years.
r  60
13 000
When x = 4, C 
4
 3250
The value of the computer in 2011 will be $3250.
157
Quick Practice 12.14 (p. 12.32) New value of z  (1  20%) z0

F  0 .8 z 0
(a) S
I
(1.2 y0 ) 2
kF New value of x 
S , where k  0 5(0.8 z0 )
I
y02
By substituting F = 8400, I = 90 000 and S = 11 760 into  1.8 
the equation, we have 5 z0
k (8400)  1.8 x0
11 760 
90 000 1.8 x0  x0
Percentage change in x   100%
k  420 x0
420 F (1.8  1) x0
S   100%
I x0
(b) When F = 4500 and I = 122 500,  80%
420( 4500) x is increased by 80%.
S
122 500
 5400 (a) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as
The subsidy for the student is $5400. y.
z = k1x + k2y, where k1, k2  0
Quick Practice 12.15 (p. 12.32) By substituting x = 2, y = 1 and z = 4 into the equation, we
Let $C, t mm and d cm be the cost, the thickness and the have
diameter of a gold coin respectively. 4  k1 ( 2)  k 2 (1)
C  td 2
2k1  k 2  4  (1)
C = ktd 2 , where k  0 By substituting x = 4, y = 3 and z = 11 into the equation, we
Let t1 mm, d1 cm and $C1 be the thickness, the diameter and the have
cost of the first gold coin, and t2 mm, d2 cm and $C2 be that of 11  k1 ( 4)  k 2 (3)
the second gold coin respectively.
4k1  3k 2  11  ( 2)
C1  kt1d12 (1)
(2) – (1) × 2: k2 = 3
C2  kt2 d 22 (2) By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
C1 kt1d12 2k1  (3)  4
(1)  (2): 
C2 kt2 d 22 1
k1 
2 2
C1 t1  d1 
  
C2 t2  d 2 
1
z x  3y
2
2
16 3  4  1
   (a) When x = 3 and y = 2, z  (3)  3(2)
27 4  d 2  2
15
3 27
d 22    42 
4 16 2
 20.25
d 2  4.5 or  4.5 (rejected) Quick Practice 12.18 (p. 12.42)
The diameter of the second gold coin is 4.5 cm. (a) P partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely
as x.
k
Quick Practice 12.16 (p. 12.34) P  k1 x  2 , where k1, k2  0
y2 x
(a) x By substituting x = 1 and P = 2 into the equation, we have
z
k
ky 2 2  k1 (1)  2
x , where k  0 1
z
k1  k2  2  (1)
By substituting y = 15, z = 5 and x = 9 into the equation, we
have By substituting x = 2 and P = 7 into the equation, we have
k
k (15) 2 7  k1 (2)  2
9 2
5
4k1  k 2  14  (2)
1
k ( 2)  (1) : 3k1  12
5
y2 k1  4
x By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have
5z
(b) Let y0, z0 and x0 be the original values of y, z and x 4  k2  2
respectively. k 2  2
New value of y  (1  20%) y0 2
 1 .2 y 0 P  4x 
x
158
12 Variations
(b) When x = 4, 1
The cost for each newspaper is $3 .
2 6
P  4(4) 
4 1
31 63
 6  100%
Profit per cent 
2 1
3
6
Quick Practice 12.19 (p. 12.43)  89.5% (cor. to 1 d.p.)
(a) C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2  0 Further Practice
By substituting n = 10 and C = 1750 into the equation, we
have Further Practice (p. 12.9)
1750  k1  k 2 (10)
1. (a) y x2
k1  10k 2  1750  (1)
y  k x  2 , where k  0
By substituting n = 25 and C = 3625 into the equation, we
By substituting x = 7 and y = 24 into the equation, we
have
have
3625  k1  k 2 ( 25)
24  k 7  2
k1  25k 2  3625  (2)
24
( 2)  (1 ) : 15k 2  1875 k
3
k 2  125 8
By substituting k2 = 125 into (1), we have
y 8 x2
k1  10(125)  1750
(b) When x = 14,
k1  500
y  8 14  2
C = 500 + 125n
(b) When n = 20,  32
C  500  125( 20)
 3000 2. zx
$3000 z = kx, where k  0
Cost per head for 20 participants   $150
20 By substituting x = 4 and z = 12 into the equation, we have
12  k  4
Quick Practice 12.20 (p. 12.44) 12
(a) C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as n. k
4
k
C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0 3
n z  3x
By substituting n = 2500 and C = 4.1 into the equation, we When x = 32,
have
z  3  32
k
4.1  k1  2  96
2500
2500k1  k 2  10 250  (1 ) 3. (y – 4) is directly proportional to x.
By substituting n = 8000 and C = 3 into the equation, we y  4  kx, where k  0
have y4
k
k x
3  k1  2
8000 8  4 10  4
8000k1  k 2  24 000  (2) Thus, k  
8 x
( 2)  (1) : 5500 k1  13 750 8
x  6
k1  2.5 4
By substituting k1 = 2.5 into (1), we have  12
2500( 2.5)  k 2  10 250 When y = 10, x = 12
k 2  4000
4000 Further Practice (p. 12.11)
C  2 .5 
n 1. (a) y varies directly as x .
(b) When C = 3.3, y  k x , where k  0
4000
3.3  2.5  By substituting x = 16 and y = 8 into the equation, we
n have
n  5000 8  k 16
5000 newspapers should be printed.
8
4000 k
(c) When n = 6000, C  2.5  4
6000
2
1
3 y2 x
6
159
(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y Let s0 and w0 be the original values of s and w respectively.
respectively. New value of s  (1  10%) s0
New value of x  (1  19%) x0  0 . 9 s0
 0.81x0 k k 1
New value of w    w0
New value of y  2 0.81x0 (0.9 s0 ) 2 0.92 s02 0.92
 2  0.9 x0 1
2
w0  w0
 0 .9 y 0 Percentage change in w  9
0.  100%
w0
0.9 y0  y0
Percentage change in y   100%  1 
y0  2  1 w0
  0.9   100%
(0.9  1) y0
  100% w0
y0  23.5% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
 10% w is increased by 23.5%.
y is decreased by 10%.
2. (a) C varies directly as the square of r. 3. Let d be the number of days that the food can last and n be
C = kr2, where k  0 the number of people trapped on a desert island.
By substituting r = 5 and C = 20 into the equation, 1
we have d
n
20  k  52 k
d  , where k  0
20 n
k
25 dn  k
4 Thus, k  30  10  d  (10  2)

5 d  25
4
C  r2 When 2 more people come ashore onto the island, the
5 food will last for 25 days.
4 4
(b) When r = 1, C   (1) 2  ;
5 5 1 1
4. (a) x and y 
4 36 y z
when r = 3, C   (3)  2
5 5 k1
x  (1)
 4 36  y
The total cost of painting  $ 5   10  
 5 5  k2
and y   (2)
 $76 z
Further Practice (p. 12.24) By substituting (2) into (1), we have
k k
1. ( S  2)  3
1 x  1  1 z  (3)
k2 k2
x
z
k
S  2  3 , where k  0 k1 and k2 are non-zero constants.
x
k1
By substituting x = 2 and S = 6 into the equation, we have is also a non-zero constant.
k k2
62 3
2 k1
By letting C  , we have
k  64 k2
64 x = Cz, where C is a non-zero constant.
S 2 i.e. x  z
x3
64 x varies directly as z.
i.e. S 2 (b) By substituting z = 3 and y = 2 into (2), we have
x3
k
1 2 2
When x  , 3
2
k2  6
64
S 2 1
1
3
By substituting k2 = 6, z  and x = 4 into (3), we
  3
2 have
 510 k1 1
4 
6 3
1 k1  72
2. w
s2 72
The equation connecting x and y is x  .
k y
w  2 , where k  0
s
160
12 Variations
Further Practice (p. 12.35) k 1

1. (a) z  x2 y R1 A  A    A  3 9 27
( 1 )  ( 2) :  1  1 2   1  2    
R2 k  2 A1   2  A1  5 16 80
z  kx 2 y , where k  0 2
A2
By substituting x = 2, y = 9 and z = 24 into the
equation, we have The ratio of their electrical resistances is 27 : 80.
24  k ( 2) 2 ( 9 ) Further Practice (p. 12.45)

k2 1. (a) w partly varies directly as s and partly varies
z  2x2 y directly as s3.
w = k1s + k2s3, where k1, k2  0
(b) When x = 3 and y = 16, By substituting s = 6 and w = 56 into the equation, we
z  2(3) 2 ( 16 ) have
 72 56  k1 (6)  k 2 (6) 3
3k1  108k 2  28  (1)
y
2. (a) x By substituting s = 12 and w = 436 into the equation,
z2 we have
ky 436  k1 (12)  k2 (12)3
x  2 , where k  0
z 3k1  432k2  109  (2)
By substituting y = 2, z = 1 and x = 4 into the equation,
we have (2)  (1) : 324k 2  81
k (2) 1
4 k2 
(1) 2 4
k2 1
By substituting k 2  into (1), we have
2y 4
x 1
z2 3k1  108   28
(b) When y = 3 and z = 2, 4
2(3) 1
x 2 k1 
2 3
3 1 1 3
 w s s
2 3 4
(b) When s = 2,
3. z  xy 1 1
w  (2)  (2)3
z = kxy, where k  0 3 4
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z 8
respectively. 
3
New value of x  (1  25%) x0
 0.75 x0
2. (a) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies
New value of y  (1  50%) y0
inversely as y2.
 1 .5 y 0 k
z  k1 x  22 , where k1, k2  0
New value of z  k (0.75 x0 )(1.5 y0 ) y
 1.125kx0 y0 By substituting x = 4, y = 1 and z = 32 into the
 1.125 z0 equation, we have
k
1.125 z0  z0 32  k1 4  22
Percentage change in z   100% (1)
z0
2k1  k 2  32  (1)
(1.125  1) z0
  100% By substituting x = 9, y = 2 and z = 38 into the
z0
equation, we have
 12.5% k
z is increased by 12.5%. 38  k1 9  2 2
( 2)
 12k1  k 2  152  ( 2)
4. R
A ( 2)  (1 ) : 10k1  120
k k1  12
R , where k  0
A By substituting k1 = 12 into (1), we have
Let  1 , A1 and R1 be the length, cross-sectional area and 2(12)  k 2  32
resistance of the first wire, and  2 , A2 and R2 be that of the k2  8
second wire. 8
k k z  12 x 
R1  1  (1) and R2  2  (2) y2
A1 A2
161
(b) When z = 21 and x 

1
, When x = 6, y  3(6) 2  108
16 When y = 192,
21  12
1

8 192  3 x 2
16 y 2
x 2  64
4
y2  x  8 or x   8 (rejected)
9
2 When y = 243,
y 243  3 x 2
3
x 2  81
3. (a) (i) Parking charge for the first hour = $30 x  9 or x  9 (rejected)
Parking charge for the subsequent hours
= $20(x – 1)
2. (a) y varies directly as x.
C  30  20( x  1)
y = kx, where k is the variation constant and k  0
 10  20 x By substituting x = 9 and y = 6 into the equation, we
(ii) The relationship of C and x is a partial variation. have
This is because C is the sum of two parts, one of 6  k 9
them is a constant while the other varies directly 2
as x. k
(b) When x = 3, C = 10 + 20(3) = 70 3
He has to pay $70. 2
The variation constant is .
3
Exercise 2
(b) From (a), we have y  x.
3
Exercise 12A (p. 12.12) 2
1. (a) y varies directly as x. When x = 24, y   ( 24)  16
3
y = kx, where k  0
By substituting x = 32 and y = 8 into the equation, we 3. (a) Pr
have P = kr, where k is the variation constant and k  0
8  k  32
1
1 By substituting r  and P = –5 into the equation,
k 3
4 we have
1 1
y x 5 k
4 3
When y = 3, k  15
1 The variation constant is –15.
3 x
4 (b) From (a), we have P = –15r.
x  12 When P = –60,
60  15  r
When y = 6,
1 r4
6 x
4
x  24 4. (a) y is directly proportional to x2.
y = kx2, where k  0
When x = 40,
1
y  ( 40)  10 have
4
48  k  4 2
When x = 60,
1 k 3
y  (60)  15
4 y  3x 2
(b) y varies directly as the square of x, where x > 0 (b) (i) When x  3 , y  3( 3 ) 2  9
y = kx2, where k  0 (ii) When y = 75,
have 75  3 x 2
27  k  (3) 2 x 2  25
k 3 x  5 or x  5 (rejected)
y  3x 2
When y = 3, 5. (a) y varies directly as x.

y = kx, where k is the variation constant and k  0
3  3x 2
By substituting x = 2 and y = –4 into the equation, we have
x2  1 4  k  2
x  1 or x  1 (rejected) k  2
The variation constant is –2.
162
12 Variations
(b) The equation connecting x and y is y = –2x. 8. y3 x

y  k 3 x , where k  0
y
3
k
x
6 y
Thus, k 3
 3
27 64
y8
When x = 64, y  8 .
9. p varies directly as q .
(c) (i) From the graph, when x = 7, y  14 .
p  k q , where k  0
(ii) From the graph, when y = –10, x  5 .
p
k
q
6. (a) Consider two points (0, 0) and (2, 5) which lie on the
graph, which is a straight line. 4 2
Thus, k  
50 5 36 q
Slope of the straight line = 
20 2 q3
Since the straight line passes through the origin, the
5 q9
required equation is y  x . When p = 2, q  9 .
2
(b) (i) When x = 8,
5 10. y  x2
y   8  20
2 y = kx2, where k  0
Alternative Solution Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively.
From the graph, New value of x = (1 – 75%)x0 = 0.25x0
when x = 8, y  20
New value of y  k (0.25 x0 ) 2
 0.0625 kx02
 0.0625 y0
0.0625 y0  y0
Percentage change in y   100%
y0
(0.0625  1) y0
  100%
y0
 93.75%
y is decreased by 93.75%.
11. y varies directly as the square root of x.

(ii) When y = 45, y  k x , where k  0
5
45  x Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively.
2 New value of x  (1  21%) x0
x  18
 1.21x0
New value of y  k 1.21x0
7. V is directly proportional to d 3 .
V = kd 3 , where k  0  k  1.1 x0
By substituting V = 32 and d = 4 into the equation, we have  1 .1 y 0
32  k  43 1.1 y0  y0
1 y0
k
2 (1.1  1) y0
1 3   100%
V d y0
2
 10%
When V = 500,
y is increased by 10%.
1
500  d 3
2
d 3  1000
d  10
163
12. (a) T is directly proportional to the cube of n. 15. (a) (i) yx
T = kn3, where k  0 y = kx, where k  0
By substituting n = 2 and T = –32 into the equation, we By substituting x = 16 and y = 24 into the
have equation, we have
 32  k  23 24  k (16)
k  4 k
3
T  4n 3 2
3
(b) (i) Let n0 and T0 be the original values of n and T y x
respectively. 2
New value of n  (1  10%) n0 x 0 4 8 12 16
y 0 6 12 18 24
 0.9n0
New value of T  4(0.9n0 )
3
 4  0.729n0
3
 0.729T0
0.729T0  T0
Percentage change in T   100%
T0
(0.729  1)T0
  100%
T0
 27.1%
T is decreased by 27.1%.
(ii) Let n0 and T0 be the original values of n and T (ii) From the graph, when x = 12, y = 18.
respectively. The weight of the steel wire is 18 kg.
New value of n  (1  10%) n0 (b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
 1.1n0 respectively.
When x is doubled,
New value of T  4(1.1n0 )
3
new value of x = 2(x0) = 2x0
 4  1.331n0 3
new value of y  ( 2 x0 )  2 y0
 1.331T0 2
1.331T0  T0 ∴ When the length of a steel wire is doubled, its
Percentage change in T   100% weight will also be doubled.
T0
(1.331  1)T0 16. ∵ y varies directly as x.
  100% ∴ y = kx, where k > 1
T0
y  2 kx  2
 33.1% 
T is increased by 33.1%. x2 x2
k ( x  2)  2k  2

13. S varies directly as t. x2
S = kt, where k  0 2  2k
k
3 x2
By substituting t =  60 (i.e. t = 45) and S = 45 into the 2  2k
4 Obviously, k  is not a constant.
equation, we have x2
45  k  (45) ∴ (y + 2) does not vary directly as (x + 2).
k 1
Level 2
S t 17. (a) ∵ y2  x3
When t = 25, ∴ y2 = kx3, where k  0
S  25 By substituting x = 3 and y = 18 into the equation, we
The train travels 25 km in 25 minutes. have
(18) 2  k (3)3
14. C varies directly as the square of x. k  12
C = kx2, where k  0
∴ y 2  12 x 3
By substituting x = 4 and C = 96 into the equation, we have
2
96  k (4) 2 (b) When y  ,
3
k 6 2
2
C  6x2    12 x
3
When x = 3, 3
1
C  6(3) 2  54 x3 
27
The cost is $54.
1
x
3
164
12 Variations
18. (a) ∵ (y + 2) varies directly as x. 22 42

∴ y + 2 = kx, where k  0 Thus, k  
3b 9b
have 9  b  4 (3  b )
13  2  k  3 9  b  12  4b
k 5 3b  3
∴ y  2  5x b1
i.e. y  5x  2
(b) (i) When x = 2, (b) By substituting x = 3, y = 2 and b = 1 into y2 = k(x – b),
y  5( 2)  2  8 we have
22  k (3  1)
(ii) When y = 3x,
3x  5 x  2 k2
∴ The variation constant is 2.
x 1
(c) When x = 19,
y 2  2(19  1)
19. (a) ∵ r is directly proportional to the square root of s.
 36
∴ r  k s , where k  0
y  6 or  6 (rejected)
By substituting s = 25 and r = 15 into the equation, we
have
21. (a) ∵ y  x2
15  k  25
∴ y = kx2, where k  0
k 3 y
k
∴ r 3 s x2
(b) When r = 6s, 16 4
Thus, k 
6s  3 s t 2
(t  1) 2
2s  s 4(t  1) 2  t 2
4s 2  s  0 [ 2(t  1)]2  t 2  0
s (4 s  1)  0 [ 2(t  1)  t ][2(t  1)  t ]  0
1 (3t  2)(t  2)  0
s  0 (rejected) or s 
4 2
t or t  2
3
(c) Let s0 and r0 be the original values of s and r
respectively. (b) (i) The larger value of t is 2.
r 3 s By substituting x = 1 and y = 4 into y = kx2, we
2
have
r 4  k (1) 2
i.e. s    .
3 k4
New value of r  (1  40%) r0 y  4x2
 1.4 r0 (ii) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
2
 1.4r0  respectively.
New value of s    y = 4x2
 3 
y
r 
2
i.e. x
 1.96 0  4
3
New value of y  (1  36%) y0
 1.96 s0
 0.64 y0
1.96s0  s0
Percentage change in s   100% 0.64 y0
s0 New value of x 
(1.96  1) s0 4
  100%
s0 y0
 0.8
 96% 4
∴ s is increased by 96%.  0.8 x0
Percentage change in x
20. (a) ∵ y2 varies directly as (x – b).
0.8 x0  x0
∴ y2 = k(x – b), where k is the variation constant and   100%
k0 x0
y2 (0.8  1) x0
k   100%
xb x0
 20%
∴ x is decreased by 20%.
165
22. (a) ∵ t varies directly as d. 1.3r0  r0

∴ t = kd, where k  0 ∴ Percentage change in r   100%
r0
By substituting d = 5 and t = 15 into the equation, we
(1.3  1)r0
have   100%
15  k (5) r0
k 3  30%
t  3d ∴ r is increased by 30%.
∴
(b) (i) When d = 3,
25. Let $V be the value of a diamond and w carats be its weight.
t = 3(3) = 9
(a) ∵ V varies directly as the cube of w.
∴ It takes 9 s to hear the thunder from
lightning that is 3 km away. ∴ V = kw3, where k  0
(ii) When d = 8, By substituting w = 2 and V = 120 000 into the
t = 3(8) = 24 equation, we have
∴ It takes 24 s to hear the thunder from 120 000  k  2 3
lightning that is 8 km away. k  15 000
(c) When t = 1,
∴ V  15 000 w3
1  3d
When w = 3.5,
1
d V  15 000  (3.5)3
3
1  643 125
∴ The required distance is km. ∴ The value of the diamond weighing 3.5 carats is
3
$643 125.
(b) When w = 1, V = 15 000 × 13 = 15 000
23. (a) ∵ d varies directly as the square of t.
Percentage change in value
∴ d = kt2, where k  0
By substituting t = 3 and d = 45 into the equation, we 2  15 000  120 000
have   100%
120 000
45  k  32
 75%
k 5 The percentage loss in its value is 75%.
∴ d  5t 2
(b) When t = 4, d = 5(4)2 = 80 26. (a) The number of kilocalories and the weight of the
∴ The height of building B is 80 m. potato chips are in direct variation.
(c) Height of building C = 45 m + 80 m = 125 m (b) ∵ E and W are in direct variation.
When d = 125, ∴ E = kW, where k  0
By substituting W = 200 and E = 1000, we have
125  5t 2
1000  k (200)
t 2  25
k 5
t  5 or t  5 (rejected) ∴ E  5W
∴ It takes 5 s to reach the ground. (c) When E = 250,
250  5W
24. (a) ∵ V is directly proportional to the square of r.
W  50
∴ V = kr2, where k  0
By substituting r = 20 and V = 84 into the equation, we ∴ Percentage that Sally should eat
50
have =  100%  62.5%
84  k (20) 2 80
k  0.21
27. (a) ∵ V varies directly as m.
∴ V  0.21r 2 ∴ V = k1m, where k1  0
(b) Let r0 and V0 be the original values of r and V ∵ m varies directly as t.
respectively. ∴ m = k2t, where k2  0
V  0.21r 2 V  k1 ( k 2t )
V  ( k1k 2 )t
i.e. r 
0.21 k1k2 is a non-zero constant.
∴ New value of V  (1  69%)V0  1.69V0 V varies directly as t.
(b) V + m = (k1k2)t + k2t = (k1k2 + k2)t
1.69V0
New value of r  (k1k2 + k2) is a non-zero constant.
0.21 (V + m) varies directly as t.
V0
 1.3 28. (a) ∵ V varies directly as (m + t).
0.21
∴ V = k1(m + t), where k1  0……(1)
 1.3r0 ∵ m varies directly as (t + V).
∴ m = k2(t + V), where k2  0……(2)
166
12 Variations
By substituting (2) into (1), we have By substituting x = 25 and y = 30 into the equation, we
V  k1 k2 (t  V )  t  have
 k1k2t  k1k2V  k1t k
30 
(1  k1k2 )V  (k1  k1k2 )t 25
k  150
k kk 
V   1 1 2 t 150
 1  k1k2  ∴ y
x
k1  k1k2
As long as k1k2  1 and k2  –1, is a
1  k1k2 When y = 75,
non-zero constant. 150
∴ V varies directly as t. 75 
x
(b) By substituting (1) into (2), we have
m  k2 t  k1 (m  t ) x 2
 k2t  k1k2 m  k1k2t x  22
(1  k1k2 )m  (k2  k1k2 )t 4
k kk  When x = 9,
m   2 1 2 t
 1  k1k2 
150
y
k2  k1k2 9
As long as k1k2  1 and k1  –1, is a  50
1  k1k2
non-zero constant. When y = 37.5,
∴ m varies directly as t. 150
37.5 
x
Exercise 12B (p. 12.25)
Level 1 x 4
1 x  42
1. (a) ∵ y
x  16
k
∴ y  , where k  0 When y = 25,
x 150
By substituting x = 4 and y = 14 into the equation, we 25 
have x
k x 6
14 
4 x  62
k  56  36
56
∴ y
x
1
When x = 2, 2. (a) ∵ y
x
56
y k
2 ∴ y  , where k is the variation constant and k  0
 28 x
When x = 7, have
56 k
y 12 
7 30
8 k  360
When x = 8, ∴ The variation constant is 360.
360
y
56 (b) From (a), we have y  .
8 x
7 When x = 45,
360
When x = 28, y
45
56 8
y
28
2 3. (a) ∵ y
1
x
1
(b) ∵ y k
x ∴ y , where k  0
x
k
∴ y , where k  0
x
167
By substituting x = 16 and y = 2 into the equation, we (b) When y = 16,

have 96
k 16 
2
3
x
16 3
x 6
k 8
x  216
8
y 1
x 6. ∵ ( F  2) 
(b) When x = 36, d2
k
y
8 F 2 , where k  0
36 d2
4 ( F  2) d 2  k

3 9 
Thus, k    2   4 2  ( F  2)  2 2
4 
1 1 2
4. (a) ∵ m ( 4 )  ( F  2)(4)
n3 4
k F 21
∴ m  3 , where k  0
n F3
1 ∴ When d = 2, F  3
By substituting n = 10 and m  into the equation,
8
1
we have 7. ∵ P
1 k w

8 103 k
∴ P  , where k  0
k  125 w
125 (a) Let w0 and P0 be the original values of w and P
∴ m respectively.
n3 ∴ New value of w  (1  20%) w0
1
(b) (i) When n  ,  0.8 w0
2
k
m
125 New value of P 
3 0.8w0
1
  k
2  1.25
 1000 w0
 1.25 P0
(ii) When m = 8,
1.25 P0  P0
125
8 3 ∴ Percentage change in P   100%
n P0
125 (1.25  1) P0
n 
3   100%
8 P0
5  25%
n ∴ P is increased by 25%.
2
k
(b) P 
w
1
5. ∵ y k
3
x i.e. w  .
P
k Let w0 and P0 be the original values of w and P
∴ y 3
, where k  0
x respectively.
By substituting x = 27 and y = 32 into the equation, we have New value of P  (1  60%) P0
k  0.4 P0
32 
3
27 k
New value of w 
k  96 0.4 P0
96 k
∴ y  2 .5
3
x P0
(a) When x = 8,  2.5w0
96
y3 2.5w0  w0
8 Percentage change in w   100%
w0
 48
( 2.5  1) w0
  100%
w0
 150%
∴ w is increased by 150%.
168
12 Variations
1 By substituting q = 4 and p = 15 into the equation, we

8. ∵ y have
x
k
k 15 
∴ y , where k  0 4
x k  60
60
New value of x  (1  36%) x0 ∴ p
q
 0.64 x0
(b) When p  5,
k
New value of y  60
5
0.64 x0 q
k 12
 1
0.8 x0 q
 1.25 y0 ∴ q  12 ( q > 0)
1.25 y 0  y 0 ∴ The range of possible values of q when p  5 is q  12.
y0
1
(1.25  1) y 0 11. (a) ∵ y
  100% x 1
y0
k
 25% ∴ y , where k  0
x 1
∴ y is increased by 25%.
have
1
9. (a) (i) y k
x2 6
14  1
k k  90
∴ y  2 , where k is the variation constant and
x
90
k0 ∴ y
By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation, x 1
we have 90
i.e. x  1 
k y
4 2
2 90
x 1
k  16 y
∴ The variation constant is 16. (b) When y  6,
16
(ii) From (a)(i), we have y  2 . 90
6
x x 1
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y 15
respectively. 1
x 1
New value of x  (1  25%) x0
15  x  1 ( x + 1 > 0)
 1.25 x0
x  14
16 The range of possible values of x when y  6 is
New value of y 
(1.25 x0 ) 2 x  14.
16
 12. (a) (i) The relationship of x and y is an inverse variation
1.5625 x02
1
 0.64 y0 because the graph of y against is a straight
x
0.64 y0  y0
Percentage change in y   100% line passing through the origin, but excluding it.
y0 1
(ii) y
(0.64  1) y0 x
  100%
y0 k
y  , where k is the variation constant and
 36% x
∴ y is decreased by 36%. k0
(b) Yes, because the corresponding percentage change The graph passes through (2, 100).
does not depend on the value of the variation 1
constant. By substituting = 2 and y = 100 into the
x
equation, we have
1
10. (a) ∵ p 100  2k
q
k  50
k
∴ p  , where k  0 ∴ The variation constant is 50.
q
169
50 14. Let h cm be the height of the cylinder and A cm2 be its base
(b) The equation is y  . area.
x
1
(i) x 2 4 5 10 20 25 ∵ h
A
y 25 12.5 10 5 2.5 2 k
(ii) ∴ h  , where k  0
A
By substituting A = 2 and h = 30 into the equation, we have
k
30 
2
k  60
60
∴ h
A
When h = 15,
60
15 
A
A4
∴ The base area of the cylinder is 4 cm2 when the height
is 15 cm.
1
13. (a) The relationship of y and z is a direct variation because 15. ∵ V
y T
 0.5 , which is a constant. k
z ∴ V  , where k  0
(b) (i) The relationship of x and y is an inverse variation T
because xy = 30, which is a constant. By substituting T = 1.8 and V = 265 into the equation, we
(ii) have
k
x 20 10 5 4 2 265 
1.8
1 k  477
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.5
x
477
y 1.5 3 6 7.5 15 ∴ V
T
When T = 2.5,
1 477
The graph of y against V
x 2 .5
 190.8
The average speed of the helicopter is 190.8 km/h
when its travel time is 2.5 hours.
1
16. ∵ V
P
k
∴ V  , where k  0
P
k
i.e. P  , where k  0
V
Let P0 and V0 be the original values of P and V respectively.
∴ New value of V  (1  10%) V0
 1.1 V0
k
New value of P 
1.1V0
10 k
 
11 V0
10
(iii) When y = 12,
1
 0 .4 ,  P0
11
x
1
∴ x
0.4
 2.5
170
12 Variations
10 (ii) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y

P0  P0 respectively.
∴ Percentage change in P  11  100%
P0 x
∴ New value of x = 0
2
 10 
  1 P0  

11   1 
 100%
P0 New value of y  180 x 
 0
1  
 9
%  2 
11
 1
1  2  180 
∴ The pressure is decreased by 9 % .  x0 
11
1  2 y0
17. (a) (i) y
x ∴ The travel time is doubled.
k
y  , where k  0 Level 2
x
1
By substituting x = 12.5 and y = 14.4 into the 18. ∵ y
equation, we have x3
k
14.4 
k ∴ y  3 , where k  0
12.5 x
k  180 k
i.e. x3 , where k  0
1 y
∴ y  180 
 x (a) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
respectively.
1
∴ The equation of the line is y  180  . ∴ New value of y  (1  27.1%) y0
x
 0.729 y0
1 k
x
0.01 0.04 0.08 New value of x  3
0.729 y 0
y 1.8 7.2 14.4
1 k
 3
0 .9 y 0
10
 x0
9
10
x0  x0
∴ Percentage change in x  9  100%
x0
 10 
  1 x0
   100%
9
x0
1
 11 %
9
1
∴ x is increased by 11 % .
9
(b) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
1 1 respectively.
(ii) When x = 50,   0.02 and from the graph, ∴ New value of y  (1  33.1%) y 0
x 50
1  1.331y 0
when  0.02 , y = 3.6.
x k
∴ When the speed of the car is 50 km/h, the travel New value of x  3
1.331 y 0
time is 3.6 h.
(b) (i) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y 1 k
 3
respectively. 1.1 y 0
∴ New value of x = 2x0
10
 1   x0
New value of y  180 

11
 2 x0 
1  1 
  180 

2  x0 
y0

2
∴ The travel time is halved.
171
10 1
x0  x0 20. (a) ∵ y
∴ Percentage change in x  11  100% x
x0 k
∴ y  , where k  0
 10  x
  1 x0 xy = k

11 
 100% Thus, k  a (8)  b(10)
x0
a 5
 9
1
% 
11 b 4
1 a :b  5:4
∴ x is decreased by 9 %.
11 5
(b) From (a), ab
4
1 5
19. (a) ∵ h ab  bb
k 4
c b
∴ h , where c  0 
k 4
By substituting k = 64 and h = 15 into the equation, we xy = k
have b
b(10)    y
15 
c 4
64 y  40
c  120
120 1
∴ h ......(1) 21. (a) ∵ y
k xa
(b) hk  20 ∴ y
k
, where k  0
20 xa
h ......(2)
k ( x  a ) y  k ......(1)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
Thus, k  ( 4  a ) 25  (8  a ) 625
20 120
 5( 4  a )  25(8  a )
k k
4a  40  5a
k  6k
4a  36
k  36k 2 a 9
k (36k  1)  0
(b) By substituting a = –9, x = 4 and y = 25 into (1), we
1 have
k  0 ( rejected) or
36 ( 4  9) 25  k
 120 
2
k  25
(c) From (1), we have k    . 25
 h  ∴ y 
Let k0 and h0 be the original values of k and h x9
respectively. (c) When y = 4,
∴ New value of h  (1  18%) h0 4 
25
 0.82 h0 x9
2
2 x  18  25
 120  2 x  7
New value of k   

 0.82h0  7
2 x
1  120  2
  
0.82 2  h0 
1 1
 h0 22. (a) ∵ y
0.82 2 xc
1 k
h  h0
2 0 ∴ y , where k  0
∴ Percentage change in k  0 .82  100% xc
h0
y x  c  k ……(1)
 1 
  1h0 3 1
2 Thus, 6c  38  c
   100%
0.82
2 2
h0
9(6  c )  38  c
 48.7% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
8c  16
∴ k is increased by 48.7%.
c2
172
12 Variations
3 (c) When n = 2500,

(b) By substituting c = 2, x = 6 and y  into (1), we have
2 100
p
3 2500
62  k
2 2
k 3 ∴ The retail price is $2 when the number of bottle
3 available on the island is 2500.
∴ y
x2
25. Let n be the number of workers and m be the number of
(c) When x = 27, months needed to complete the job.
3
y ∵ n
1
27  2 m
3 k
 ∴ n  , where k  0
5 m
(d) For y to be real, x – 2 > 0, i.e. x > 2. By substituting m = 21 and n = 56 into the equation, we
∴ The smallest integer of x such that y is real is 3. have
k
23. (a) Let $V be the value of a flat and n years old be the age 56 
21
of the flat. k  1176
1
∵ V 1176
n ∴ n
m
k
∴ V  , where k  0 When m = 7,
n 1176
By substituting n = 4 and V = 1 500 000 into the n  168
7
equation, we have
∴ Additional workers employed  168  56  112
k
1 500 000 
4
k  6 000 000 1
26. (a) ∵ n
6 000 000 r3
V  k
n ∴ n  3 , where k  0
The age of the flat in 2009 is (4 + 4) years old, i.e. 8 r
years old. By substituting r = 6 and n = 4000 into the equation,
When A = 8, we have
6 000 000 k
V  750 000 4000  3
8 6
∴ The value of the flat is $750 000. k  864 000
(b) When V = 2 000 000, 864 000
6 000 000 ∴ n
2 000 000  r3
n When r = 4,
n3 864 000
∴ The flat was worth $2 000 000 in 2004. n
43
 13 500
1
24. (a) ∵ p ∴ 13 500 gold beads of radius 4 mm can be cast.
n (b) When n = 864,
k 864 000
∴ p , where k  0 864 
n r3
By substituting n = 1600 and p = 2.5 into the equation, r  1000
3
we have r  10
k
2 .5  ∴ The diameter of the gold beads
1600 = 2  10 mm = 20 mm
k  100
1
100 27. (a) ∵ n
∴ p d
n k
(b) When p = 4, ∴ n  , where k  0
d
100
4 By substituting d = 40 and n = 800 into the equation,
n we have
n  25 k
800 
n  625 40
∴ 625 bottles are available on the island when the k  32 000
retail price is $4. 32 000
∴ n
d
173
(b) When n = 640, 1

32 000 29. (a) ( x  y) 
640  1 1

d x y
d  50 k
∴ The diameter of the front wheel of the bicycle is x y  , where k  0
1 1
50 cm if it makes 640 revolutions in travelling 
1 km. x y
(c) (i) For every kilometre travelled, kxy
x y 
Number of revolutions the front wheel of Angel’s x y
32 000 ( x  y ) 2  kxy
bicycle makes =  640
50
Number of revolutions the front wheel of Ken’s ( x  y ) 2  xy
32 000
bicycle makes =  400 ( x  y ) 2  kxy
80 (b)
Distance travelled  (18  2.5) km x 2  2 xy  y 2  kxy
 45 km x 2  y 2  (k  2) xy
The number of revolutions the front wheel of
1
Angel’s bicycle makes more than that of xy  ( x2  y 2 )
Ken’s bicycle  45  (640  400) k 2
1
 10 800 is a non-zero constant, provided that k  2.
k 2
(ii) No, because the distance travelled remains
unchanged. xy  (x2  y2)
28. (a) The area of the rectangle Exercise 12C (p. 12.35)
  cm  w cm is fixed, i.e.  w = constant. Level 1
The relation between the length and the width of 1. (a) z  xy
the rectangle is an inverse variation. (b) s varies directly as d and inversely as t.
1 (c) C  m3n2
(b) 
w (d) z varies jointly as x2 and y.
k
  , where k  0 (e) z varies directly as 3
x and inversely as y2.
w 3
By substituting w  20 and   45 into the equation, b
(f) a2 
we have c
k
45  2. P  mn
20
k  900 P  kmn, where k  0
900 By substituting m  3, n  5 and P  120 into the equation,
 ......( 1 ) we have
w 120  k (3)(5)
(c) When the rectangle becomes a square, w   .
k 8
900
 (from (1)) P  8mn

 2  900 b
  30 or   30 (rejected) 3. a
c2
The length of the rectangle is 30 cm when it kb
becomes a square. a  2 , where k  0
c
3
(d) 2(  w)  150 By substituting b  c  2 and a  into the equation, we
2
w  75  
have
By substituting w  75   into (1), we have
3 k (2)
900 
 2 (2) 2
75  
k 3
 2  75  900  0
3b
(  60)(  15)  0 a 2
c
  60 or 15 ( rejected)
Length of the rectangle  60 cm
Width of the rectangle  (75  60) cm
 15 cm
174
12 Variations
4. (a) z  xy2 u3
7. (a) F
z  kxy2, where k is the variation constant and v2w
k  0 ku 3
By substituting x  3, y  2 and z  3 into the equation, F  2 , where k  0
v w
we have
By substituting u  6, v  w  3 and F  2 into the
3  k (3)(2) 2 equation, we have
1 k ( 6) 3
k 2
4 (3) 2 (3)
1
The variation constant is . 1
4 k
4
1 2
(b) From (a) we have z  xy . u3
4 F 2
4v w
When x  5 and y  4,
(b) When u  4, v  3 and w  6,
1
z  (5)(4) 2  4) 3 8
4 F 2

4(3) (6) 27
 20
8. (a) a  bc
5. (a) p  3 qr
a  kbc, where k  0
p  k 3 q r , where k  0 By substituting b  2, c  3 and a  12 into the
By substituting q  8, r  3 and p  30 into the equation, we have
equation, we have 12  k (2)(3)
30  k (3 8 )(3) k 2
k 5 a  2bc
When b  3 and c  6,
p  53 q r a  2(3)(6)  36
(b) When p  10 and q  27,
When a  64 and c  4,
10  5(3 27 )(r ) 64  2b( 4)
r
2 b8
3
1
When a  10 and b  ,
4
u2 1
6. (a) y 10  2 c
t 4
ku 2 c  20
y , where k is the variation constant and
t b
(b) a
k0 c
By substituting u  2, t  9 and y  4 into the equation, kb
we have a , where k  0
c
k (2) 2
4 By substituting b  4, c  2 and a  18 into the
9 equation, we have
k 3 k ( 4)
18 
The variation constant is 3. 2
3u 2 k 9
(b) From (a), we have y  .
t 9b
a
When y  12 and u  4, c
3( 4) 2 When a  27 and b  3,
12  9(3)
t 27 
c
t 4 c 1
t  16
When b  6 and c  9,
9( 6)
a
9
6
175
2 12. z  xy3
When a  and c  3,
3 z = kxy3, where k  0
2 9b (a) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
 respectively.
3 3
2 New value of x  (1  20%)x0
b  0.8x0
9
New value of y  (1  20%)y0
 1.2y0
9. z  x2 y New value of z  k (0.8 x 0 )(1.2 y 0 )
3
z  kx 2 y , where k  0  1.3824 kx 0 y 03
By substituting x  4, y  9 and z  6 into the equation, we  1.3824 z 0
have
1.3824 z 0  z 0
6  k (4) 2 ( 9 ) Percentage change in z   100%
z0
1 (1.3824  1) z 0
k   100%
8 z0
1
z  x2 y  38.24%
8 z is increased by 38.24%.
(a) When x  3 and y  16, (b) Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
1 9
z  (3) 2 ( 16 )  respectively.
8 2 New value of x  (1  30%)x0
(b) When z  4 and y  64,  1.3x0
1 New value of y  (1  10%)y0
4  x 2 ( 64 )  0.9y0
8
New value of z  k (1.3 x 0 )(0.9 y 0 )
3
x 4
2
x2  0.9477 kx 0 y 03
 0.9477 z 0
r 3
0.9477 z 0  z 0
10. T Percentage change in z   100%
s z0
kr 3 (0.9477  1) z 0
T , where k  0   100%
s z0
Ts
k  5.23%
r3 z is decreased by 5.23%.
(18)(9) (4)(12)
Thus, k  
33 r3 l
13. p
r 8
3
w
r2 kl
p , where k  0
When T  4 and s  12, r  2. w
(a) Let l0, w0 and p0 be the original values of l, w and p
pq respectively.
11. W New value of l  (1  15.5%)l0
r2
kpq  1.155l0
W  2 , where k  0 New value of w  (1  21%)w0
r
 1.21w0
By substituting p  4, q  3, r  2 and W  15 into the
k (1.155l0 )
equation, we have New value of p 
k (4)(3) 1.21w0
15 
(2) 2 kl0
 1.05 
k 5 w0
W 2
5 pq  1.05 p0
r 1.05 p0  p0
When W  6, p  3 and r  5, Percentage change in p   100%
p0
5(3) q
6 (1.05  1) p0
(5) 2   100%
p0
q  10
 5%
p is increased by 5%.
176
12 Variations
(b) Let l0, w0 and p0 be the original values of l, w and p 16. (a) I  rt
respectively. I  krt, where k  0
New value of l  (1  14%)l0 By substituting r  4, t  3 and I  3000 into the
 0.86l0 equation, we have
New value of w  (1  44%)w0 3000  k (4)(3)
 1.44w0 k  250
k (0.86l0 )
New value of p  I  250rt
1.44 w0 (b) When r  5 and t  4,
43 kl0 I  250(5)(4)
 
60 w0  5000
The interest obtained by Peter is $5000.
43
 p0
60 Level 2
Percentage change in p 17. (a) V  r2h
43
p0  p0 V  kr2h, where k  0
 60  100% By substituting r  3, h  4 and V  108 into the
p0 equation, we have
 43  108  k (3) 2 (4)
  1 p0
k 3

60 
 100%
p0 V  3r 2 h
1 (b) Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h and V
 28 % respectively.
3
r
1
p is decreased by 28 % . New value of r  0
3 2
New value of h  2h0
2
14. C  d 2t r 
New value of V  3 0  (2h0 )
C  kd 2t, where k  0 2
Let d0, t0 and C0 be the original values of d, t and C 3 2
respectively.  r0 h0
2
New value of d  (1  40%)d0 1
 1.4d0  V0
2
New value of t  (1  20%)t0
New value of V 1
 0.8t0 i.e. 
V0 2
New value of C  k (1 .4 d 0 ) 2 ( 0 .8t 0 )
The required ratio  1 : 2
 1 .568 kd 02 t 0
 1 .568 C 0
18. (a) p  qr3
1.568C0  C0
Percentage change in C   100% p  kqr3, where k  0
C0
1
(1.568  1)C0 By substituting q  , r  3 and p  18 into the
  100% 6
C0 equation, we have
 56.8% 1
C is increased by 56.8%. 18  k  (3) 3
6
k 4
A
15. (a) n p  4qr 3
d
kA (b) When p  54 and q  4,
n , where n  0 54  4( 4) r 3
d
By substituting A  1500, d  50 and n  12 000 into r3 
27
the equation, we have 8
k (1500) 3
12 000  r
50 2
k  400
400 A
n
d
(b) When A  1200 and d  80,
400(1200)
n
80
 6000
177
v  M   M  
19. (a) u k  1  2 
New value of F  
w2 2  2 
k v ( 2d ) 2
u , where k  0 1 kM 1M 2
w2  
By substituting v  36, w  2 and u  1 into the 16 ( d ) 2
equation, we have 1
 F
k ( 36 ) 16
1
22 New value of F 1
i.e. 
2 F' 16
k
3 The required ratio  1 : 16
2 v
u
3w 2 V
22. x
2 P
(b) When u  50 and w  ,
5 kV
x , where k  0
2 v P
50  2 Let V1 cm3, P1 W and x1 min be the volume of the water in
2
3  the first kettle, the power of the first stove and the time
5 required to boil the first kettle of water, and V2 cm3, P2 W
v  12 and x2 min be the volume of the water in the second kettle,
the power of the second stove and the time required to boil
v  144
the second kettle of water respectively.
kV
x1  1 …… (1)
20. T  wn P1
T  kwn, where k  0 kV2
T and x2  …… (2)
i.e. w  , where k  0 P2
kn
kV1
Let w0, n0 and T0 be the original values of w, n and T
x1 P
respectively. (1)  (2) :  1
New value of T  2T0 x2 kV2
New value of n  3n0 P2
2T0 V1 P2
New value of w   
k (3n0 ) V2 P1
2 T0 9 9 13
   
3 kn0 x2 13 12
2 x2  12
 w0
3 The time required to boil the second kettle of water is
2 12 min.
w0  w0
Percentage change in w  3  100%
w0 s2
23. (a) D
2  
  1 w0
ks 2

3  D , where k  0
 100%
w0 
1 By substituting s  60,   0.3 and D  100 into the
 33 % equation, we have
3
k (60) 2
1
w is decreased by 33 % . 100 
3 0.3
1
k
M 1M 2 120
21. F s2
d2 D
kM 1M 2 120
F , where k  0
d2 50 2 625
(b) When s  50 and   0.3, D    80
Let M 1 , M 2 , d' and F' be the original values of M1, M2, 120(0.3) 9
d and F respectively. The train has enough time to brake without hitting
M the obstacle.
New value of M 1  1
2
M 2
New value of M 2 
2
New value of d  2d'
178
12 Variations
tV 2 k1
3
24. h z3  6
x7
R k2
ktV 2 3
h , where k  0 k1
R is a non-zero constant.
k26
By substituting t  1, V  100, R  50 and h  480 into the
equation, we have z3  x7
k (1)(100) 2
480  Exercise 12D (p. 12.45)
(50)
Level 1
k  2 .4 1. (a) D is partly constant and partly varies directly as t2.
2.4tV 2 (b) y partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies directly
h as x3.
R
(c) P partly varies directly as r and partly varies inversely
When t  60, V  40 and R  2,
2.4(60)(40) 2 as r .
h  115 200 (d) u partly varies inversely as v and partly varies
2
inversely as w2.
The heat developed is 115 200 J.
(e) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies
y inversely as y.
25. z
x
2. y partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely
k1 y
z , where k1  0 ……(1) as x.
x k
1 y  k1 x  2 , where k1, k2  0
y x
x By substituting x = 2 and y = 1 into the equation, we have
k2 k
y , where k2  0 1  k1 (2)  2
x 2
k 4k1  k 2  2  (1)
x 2 ……(2)
y By substituting x = 4 and y = 5 into the equation, we have
By substituting (2) into (1), we have k
5  k1 (4)  2
k y 4
z 1
k2 16k1  k 2  20  (2)
y (2)  (1) : 12k1  18
k1 2 3
 (y ) k1 
k2 2
k1 3
is a non-zero constant. By substituting k1  into (1), we have
k2 2
z  y2 3
4   k 2  2
2
3
3 k 2  4
26. z
y2 3 4
y x
k1 x 3 2 x
z , where k1  0  (1)
y2
3. z partly varies directly as x2 and partly varies directly
1 as y.
x
y z = k1x2 + k2y, where k1, k2  0
k2 By substituting x = 0, y = 2 and z = 1 into the equation, we
x , where k2  0 have
y
k 1  k1 (0) 2  k 2 (2)
y 2  (2) 2k 2  1
x
By substituting (2) into (1), we have 1
k2 
k1 3 x 2
z 2 1
 k2  By substituting x = 2, y = 10, z = 17 and k 2  into the
  2
 x 
equation, we have
1
x2 1
z  k1 x  2
3
17  k1 (2) 2   (10)
k2 2
k1  3
7
k1 3
z (x )
k 22 1
z  3x 2  y
2
179
4. (a) w is partly constant and partly varies directly as t. 6. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
w = k1 + k2t, where k1, k2  0 inversely as x.
By substituting t = 1 and w = –1 into the equation, we k
have y  k1 x  2 , where k1, k2  0
x
1  k1  k 2 (1)
k 1  k 2  1  (1 ) have
By substituting t = 2 and w = –4 into the equation, we k
have 41  k1 1  2
1
4  k 1  k 2 ( 2 ) k1  k 2  41  (1)
k 1  2 k 2  4  ( 2) By substituting x = 9 and y = 19 into the equation, we
(2) – (1): k2 = –3 have
By substituting k2 = –3 into (1), k
19  k1 9  2
k1  ( 3)  1 9
k1  2 27k1  k 2  171  (2)
w  2  3t ( 2)  ( 1 ) : 26k1  130
2w k1  5
i.e. t 
3 By substituting k1 = 5 into (1), we have
(b) When w = 5, 5  k 2  41
25 k 2  36
t
3
36
 1 y5 x 
x
(b) When x = 4,
5. (a) z is partly constant and partly varies inversely as 36
y5 4 
y. 4
k2  19
z  k1  , where k1, k2  0
y
By substituting y = 1 and z = 8, we have 7. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
directly as x2.
k
8  k1  2 y = k1x + k2x2 , where k1, k2  0
1 By substituting x = 2 and y = –22 into the equation, we
k1  k 2  8  (1) have
By substituting y = 4 and z = 7, we have  22  k1 (2)  k 2 (2) 2
k k1  2k 2  11  ( 1 )
7  k1  2
4 By substituting x = 3 and y = –51 into the equation, we
2k1  k 2  14  (2) have
(2) – (1): k1 = 6  51  k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 2
By substituting k1 = 6 into (1), we have k1  3k 2  17  (2)
6  k2  8 (2) – (1): k2 = –6
k2  2 By substituting k2 = –6 into (1), we have
2 k1  2( 6)  11
z  6
y k1  1
(b) (i) When y = 25, y = x – 6x2
2
z  6
2 1 1 1
(b) (i) When x  , y     6    1
25 2 2 2
32 (ii) When y = –1,

5 1  x  6x2
(ii) When z = 12, 6x2  x 1  0
12  6 
2 (3 x  1)(2 x  1)  0
y 1 1
x or x
1 3 2
y 
3
1
y
9
180
12 Variations
8. (a) z partly varies inversely as x and partly varies (b) (i) When p = 11 and r = 6,
q3 2
inversely as y . 11   
k1 k 2 6 6
z  , where k1, k2  0 q 3  64
x y
q  4
By substituting x = 1, y = 9 and z = 5 into the equation,
we have (ii) When p = q = –2,
k k (2) 3 2
5 1  2 2  
1 9 6 r
3k1  k 2  15  (1) 3
r
By substituting x = 8, y = 36 and z = 1 into the 5
equation, we have
k k 10. (a) y-intercept = 8
1 1  2 Consider two points (2, 15) and (4, 22) lying on the
8 36
graph.
3k1  4k 2  24  (2)
22  15 7
( 2)  (1) : 3k 2  9 Slope of the line = 
42 2
k2  3 7
The required equation is y  x  8 .
By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have 2
3k1  3  15 7
(b) (i) When x = 3, y  (3)  8  18.5
k1  4 2
4 3 (ii) When y = 36,
z 
x 7
y 36  x  8
2
1
(b) When x = –4 and y  , x 8
4
4 3
z  11. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
4 1 directly as x2 .
4 y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
5 The points (2, 12) and (4, 16) lie on the graph.
9. (a) p partly varies directly as q3 and partly varies have
inversely as r. 12  k1 (2)  k 2 (2) 2
k
p  k1 q 3  2 , where k1, k2  0 k1  2 k 2  6  ( 1 )
r By substituting x = 4 and y = 16 into the equation, we
By substituting q = –3, r = 4 and p = 5 into the have
equation, we have 16  k1 (4)  k 2 (4) 2
k
5  k1 ( 3) 3  2 k1  4 k 2  4  (2)
4
( 2 )  ( 1 ) : 2 k 2  2
108k1  k 2  20  ( 1 )
k 2  1
2
By substituting q = 2, r = 3 and p   into the By substituting k2 = –1 into (1), we have
3
k1  2( 1)  6
equation, we have
2 k k1  8
  k 1 ( 2) 3  2 y = 8x – x2
3 3
24k1  k 2  2  ( 2) (b)
(1 )  (2) : 132k1  22
1
k1  
6
1
By substituting k1   into (1), we have
6
 1
108    k 2  20
 6
k2  2
(i) From the graph, when y = 15, x  3 or x  5
q3 2
p  (ii) From the graph, when the value of y is the
6 r
greatest, the value of x is 4.
181
12. (a) z is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2. 14. (a) E is partly constant and partly varies directly as x.
z = k1 + k2x2, where k1, k2  0 E = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2  0
13 By substituting x = 300 and E = 680 into the equation,
By substituting x = 3 and z  into the equation, we have
2
we have 680  k1  k 2 (300)
13 k1  300 k 2  680  ( 1 )
 k1  k 2 (3) 2
2 By substituting x = 450 and E = 845 into the equation,
2k1  18k 2  13  (1) we have
By substituting x = 4 and z = 10 into the equation, we 845  k1  k 2 ( 450)
have k1  450 k 2  845  ( 2)
10  k1  k 2 (4) 2 ( 2)  (1 ) : 150 k 2  165
k1  16k 2  10  (2) k 2  1 .1
(2)  2  (1) : 14k 2  7 By substituting k2 = 1.1 into (1), we have
1 k1  300(1.1)  680
k2 
2 k1  350
1 E = 350 + 1.1x
2 (b) When x = 380,
1 E  350  1.1(380)
2k1  18   13
2  768
k1  2 The expenditure of hiring the taxi yesterday was
$768.
1 2
z  2 x
2 15. (a) C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as
(b) When z = 2x, n.
1 2
2x  2  x k
C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
2 n
x2  4x  4  0 By substituting n = 2000 and C = 225 into the equation,
( x  2) 2  0 we have
k
x2 225  k1  2
2000
1 2 2000k1  k 2  450 000  ( 1 )
(c) Minimum value of z = 2  ( 0)  2
2 By substituting n = 5000 and C = 210 into the
equation, we have
13. (a) a partly varies directly as b and partly varies k
directly as c. 210  k1  2
5000
a = k1b + k2c, where k1, k2  0
5000k1  k 2  1 050 000  (2)
By substituting b = c = 2 and a = –4 into the equation,
we have ( 2)  (1 ) : 3000 k1  600 000
4  k1 ( 2)  k 2 ( 2) k1  200
k1  k 2  2  (1) By substituting k1 = 200 into (1), we have
By substituting b = 6, c = 3 and a = 6 into the equation, 2000( 200)  k 2  450 000
we have k 2  50 000
6  k1 (6)  k 2 (3)
50 000
2 k1  k 2  2  ( 2) C  200 
n
(2) – (1): k1 = 4 (b) When n = 8000,
By substituting k1 = 4 into (1), we have 50 000
4  k 2  2 C  200 
8000
k 2  6  206.25
a  4b  6c The cost of producing a copy of the video game is
4b  a $206.25.
i.e. c 
6
16. (a) C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
(b) When a = 10 and b = 13,
4(13)  10 C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2  0
c By substituting n = 40 and C = 3500 into the equation,
6
we have
7
3500  k1  k 2 ( 40)
(c) Let a = 2k and b = 3k for some real number k. k1  40k 2  3500  ( 1 )
4(3k )  2k 5
c  k
6 3
5
c:a= :2  5:6
3
182
12 Variations
By substituting n = 32 and C = 2900 into the equation, 18. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
we have directly as x3.
2900  k1  k 2 (32) y = k1x + k2x3, where k1, k2  0
k1  32k 2  2900  ( 2) By substituting x = 2 and y = 4 into the equation, we
have
(1 )  ( 2) : 8k 2  600
4  k1 (2)  k 2 (2) 3
k 2  75
k1  4 k 2  2  ( 1 )
k1  40(75)  3500 3
By substituting x = 3 and y   into the equation,
k1  500 2
we have
C = 500 + 75n
3
(b) When n = 50,   k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 3
2
C  500  75(50)
2k1  18k 2  1  (2)
 4250
(2)  (1)  2 : 10k2  5
$4250
Cost per head =  $85 1
50 k2  
Each participant should pay $85. 2
1
By substituting k 2   into (1), we have
Level 2 2
17. (a) y is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and  1
partly varies directly as x2. k1  4    2
 2
y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2, k3  0
k1  4
By substituting x = 0, y = 5 into the equation, we have
5  k1  k 2 (0)  k 3 (0) 2 1 3
y  4x  x
2
k1  5
(b) When x = 4,
By substituting x = –1, y = 2 and k1 = 5 into the
1 3
equation, we have y  4( 4)  ( 4)   16
2
2  5  k 2 (1)  k 3 (1) 2
k 2  k3  3  ( 1 ) 19. (a) u partly varies inversely as v and partly varies
By substituting x = 2, y = 5 and k1 = 5 into the jointly as v and w.
equation, we have k
u  1  k 2 vw , where k1, k2  0
5  5  k 2 (2)  k 3 (2) 2 v
k 2  2k 3  0  (2) By substituting v = 3, w = –1 and u = –3 into the
( 2)  (1 ) : 3k 3  3 equation, we have
k
k 3  1  3  1  k 2 (3)(1)
3
By substituting k3 = –1 into (1), we have
k1  9k 2  9  ( 1 )
k 2  (1)  3
1
k2  2 By substituting v = 6, w  and u = 5 into the
9
y = 5 + 2x –x2 equation, we have
(b) When y = –3,
k 1
 3  5  2x  x2 5  1  k 2 (6) 
6 9
x2  2x  8  0 k1  4k 2  30  (2)
( x  2)( x  4)  0 ( 2)  (1 ) : 13k 2  39
x   2 or x4 k2  3
(c) y  5  2x  x2 By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
 ( x 2  2 x )  5 k1  9(3)  9
 ( x 2  2 x  12  12 )  5 k1  18
 ( x 2  2 x  1)  1  5 18
u  3vw
v
 6  ( x  1) 2
2
The maximum value of y is 6. (b) When u = 9 and v  ,
3
18  2 
9  3  w
2 3
3
w  9
183
20. (a) p partly varies jointly as q and r, and partly varies 22. (a) C partly varies directly as r2 and partly varies as
directly as r2. r3.
p = k1qr + k2r2, where k1, k2  0 C = k1r2 + k2r3, where k1, k2  0
By substituting q = 7, r = 2 and p = 20 into the By substituting r = 10 and C = 80 into the equation, we
equation, we have have
20  k1 (7)(2)  k 2 (2) 2 80  k1 (10) 2  k 2 (10) 3
7 k1  2k 2  10  (1) k1  10k 2  0.8  (1)
By substituting q = 5r = 15 and p = 18 into the By substituting r = 5 and C = 12.5 into the equation,
equation, we have we have
 15   15 
2
12.5  k1 (5) 2  k 2 (5) 3
18  k1 (15)   k 2  
 5  5 k1  5k 2  0.5  (2)
18  45k1  9k 2 ( 1 )  ( 2 ) : 5 k 2  0 .3
5k1  k 2  2  ( 2) k 2  0.06
( 2)  2  (1 ) : 3k1  6 By substituting k2 = 0.06 into (1), we have
k 1  2 k1  10(0.06)  0.8
By substituting k1 = –2 into (2), we have k 1  0 .2
5( 2)  k 2  2 C = 0.2r2 + 0.06r3
k 2  12 (b) When r = 8,
p = –2qr + 12r2 C  0.2(8) 2  0.06(8) 3
(b) When p = 5 and q = 2,  43.52
5  2(2)r  12r 2 Total profit  $(60  43.52)  200
12r 2  4r  5  0  $3296
(2r  1)(6r  5)  0
1 5 23. (a) S is partly constant and partly varies directly as A,
r or r  S = k1 + k2A, where k1, k2  0
2 6
By substituting A = 300 000 and S = 7000 into the
equation, we have
21. (a) C partly varies directly as l and partly varies 7000  k1  k 2 (300 000)
directly as w2.
k1  300 000 k 2  7000  (1)
C = k1l + k2w2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting l = 1, w = 20 and C = 200 000 into the By substituting A = 400 000 and S = 9000 into the
equation, we have equation, we have
9000  k1  k 2 ( 400 000)
200 000  k1 (1)  k 2 (20) 2
k1  400 000 k 2  9000  (2)
k1  400k 2  200 000  (1)
By substituting l = 1.5, w = 10 and C = 150 000 into ( 2)  (1 ) : 100 000 k 2  2000
the equation, we have k 2  0.02
150 000  k1 (1.5)  k 2 (10) 2 By substituting k2 = 0.02 into (1), we have
3k1  200k 2  300 000  (2) k1  300 000(0.02)  7000
( 2)  2  (1 ) : 5k1  400 000 k1  1000
k1  80 000 S = 1000 + 0.02A
By substituting k1 = 80 000 into (1), we have (b) When A = 350 000,
80 000  400 k 2  200 000 S  1000  0.02(350 000)
k 2  300  8000
Her income for that month is $8000.
C = 80 000l + 300w2 (c) When S = 20 000,
(b) When l = 2 and w = 15, 20 000  1000  0.02 A
C = 80 000(2) + 300(15)2
= 227 500 A  950 000
The cost of building the railway is $227 500. The amount of her sales should be $950 000.
24. (a) The length of the spring is the original length plus the
extended length.
L is partly constant and partly varies directly as
W.
L = k1 + k2W, where k1 is the original length of the
spring and k1, k2  0
184
12 Variations
By substituting W = 2 and L = 10.1 into the equation, (1 )  ( 2) : 80k 2  400

we have k 2  5
10.1  k1  k 2 ( 2)
k1  2k 2  10.1  ( 1 ) k1  160( 5)  0
By substituting W = 3.5 and L = 11.3 into the equation, k1  800
we have
11.3  k1  k 2 (3.5) P = 800x – 5x2
(b) When x = 20,
k1  3.5k 2  11.3  ( 2)
P  800(20)  5(20) 2
( 2 )  ( 1 ) : 1 .5 k 2  1 .2
 14 000
k 2  0 .8
By substituting k2 = 0.8 into (1), we have
(c) P  800 x  5 x 2
k1  2(0.8)  10.1  5( x 2  160 x)
k 1  8 .5  5( x 2  160 x  802  802 )
The original length of the spring is 8.5 cm.  32 000  5( x  80) 2
(b) From (a), we have When x = 80, P attains its maximum value.
L = 8.5 + 0.8W The price of the magazine should be $80 in order
(c) When L = 2  8.5 cm = 17 cm, to obtain the maximum profit.
17  8.5  0.8W
W  10.625 Revision Exercise 12 (p. 12.52)
The weight of the load is 10.625 kg when the Level 1
length of the spring is double the original length. 1. (a) The relationship of x and y belongs to inverse variation
k
because y  , where k is a constant.
25. (a) P is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. x
P = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2  0 (b) By substituting x = 4 and y = 3 into xy = k, we have
By substituting n = 4 and P = 8600 into the equation, ( 4)(3)  k
we have k  12
8600  k1  k 2 ( 4)
xy  12
k1  4k 2  8600  ( 1 )
12
By substituting n = 7 and P = 11 300 into the equation, i.e. y
x
we have
11 300  k1  k 2 (7) 3 12
(c) When x  , y  20
5 3
k1  7 k 2  11 300  ( 2)
5
( 2)  (1 ) : 3k 2  2700
k 2  900 2. (a) V  r3
By substituting k2 = 900 into (1), we have V = kr3, where k is the variation constant and
k1  4(900)  8600 k0
k1  5000 By substituting r = 3 and V = 36 into the equation, we
have
P = 5000 + 900n
36  k (3) 3
(b) When n = 5, P = 5000 + 900(5) = 9500
4
A 6 days/5 nights Tokyo package would cost k
$9500. 3
(c) When n = 9, P = 5000 + 900(9) = 13 100 4
The variation constant is .
Expenditure for food and transport  $500  10 3
 $5000 4
(b) From (a), we have V  r 3 .
Amy’s total expenditure  $(13 100  5000) 3
 $18 100 When V = 288,
4
288  r 3
26. (a) y varies directly as x and z varies directly as x2. 3
y = k1x and z = k2x2, where k1, k2  0 r 3  216
P=y+z r6
P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting x = 160 and P = 0 into the equation, we 1
have 3. P
( w  1) 2
0  k1 (160)  k 2 (160) 2
k
k1  160k 2  0  (1) P , where k  0
( w  1) 2
By substituting x = 80 and P = 32 000 into the
equation, we have k  P ( w  1) 2
32 000  k1 (80)  k 2 (80) 2
k1  80k 2  400  (2)
185
Thus, k  5(3  1) 2  P (6  1) 2 7. (a) w partly varies directly as x and partly varies

2
5( 2) directly as y.
P
52
w  k1 x  k 2 y , where k1, k2  0
4
 By substituting x = 4, y = 9 and w = 13 into the
5
equation, we have
13  k1 4  k 2 9
4. ( y  2)  x
2k1  3k 2  13  (1)
y  2  k x , where k  0 By substituting x = 9, y = 16 and w = 18 into the
y2 equation, we have
k
x 18  k1 9  k 2 16
7  2 10  2 3k1  4k 2  18  (2)
Thus, k  
9 x (1) × 3 – (2) × 2: k2 = 3
(12)(3) By substituting k2 = 3 into (1), we have
x 2k1  3(3)  13
9
4 k1  2
x  16 w 2 x 3 y
(b) When x = 16 and y = 25,
5. (a) p varies jointly as q2 and r. w  2 16  3 25
p = kq2r, where k  0  23
By substituting q = 5, r = 2 and p = 100 into the
equation, we have
b
100  k (5) 2 ( 2) 8. a
c
k 2
kb
p  2q 2 r a , where k  0
c
(b) When p = 24 and q = 2, ac
24  2( 2) 2 r k
b
r 3 (4)(2) (60)c
Thus, k  
10 25
6. (a) y is partly constant and partly varies inversely (4)(2)(25)
as x. c
(10)(60)
k
y  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0 1
x 
3
By substituting x = 10 and y = 251 into the equation,
we have
k
251  k1  2 9. z2  x y
10
z 2  kx y , where k  0
10k1  k 2  2510  (1)
z2
By substituting x = 1 and y = 260 into the equation, we k
have x y
k
260  k1  2 Thus, k 
42 z2
1 
120 4 20 9
k1  k 2  260  (2)
(20)(3)(16)
(1 )  ( 2) : 9k1  2250 z 
2
(120)(2)
k1  250
4
z 2
250  k 2  260
k 2  10
10
y  250 
x
(b) When y = 252,
10
252  250 
x
x5
186
12 Variations
1 12. w  st2
10. y
x3 w = kst2, where k  0
k w
y  3 , where k  0 i.e. s  2 .
x kt
Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y respectively. Let s0, t0 and w0 be the original values of s, t and w
New value of x  (1  50%) x0 respectively.
 0 .5 x 0 New value of w  (1  20%) w0
k  1.2 w0
New value of y 
(0.5 x0 ) 3 New value of t  (1  20%)t 0
 k   0.8t 0
 8 3  1.2 w0
 x0  New value of s 
k (0.8t 0 ) 2
 8 y0
w 
8 y0  y0  1.875 02 
Percentage change in y   100% 
y0  kt 0 
(8  1) y 0  1.875s0
  100%
y0 1.875s0  s0
Percentage change in s   100%
 700% s0
y is increased by 700%. (1.875  1) s0
  100%
s0
11. y3 x  87.5%
y  k x , where k  0
3 s is increased by 87.5%.
(a) New value of x  (1  48.8%) x0 x2
13. z
y
 0.512 x0
kx 2
New value of y  k 3 0.512 x0 z , where k  0
y
 0 .8 k 3 x 0 Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
respectively.
 0 .8 y 0
New value of x = 2x0
0.8 y 0  y 0
Percentage change in y   100% New value of y  0
y
y0 2
(0.8  1) y 0 k ( 2 x0 ) 2
  100% New value of z 
y0 y0
 20% 2
y is decreased by 20%.  kx02 
 8 

(b) y  k 3 x , where k  0  y0 
3
 y  8z0
i.e. x    .
k 8z0  z0
Percentage change in z   100%
New value of y  (1  20%) y 0 z0
 1 .2 y 0 (8  1) z 0
  100%
 1.2 y 0 
3 z0
New value of x     700%
 k 
3
z is increased by 700%.
y 
 1.728 0 
 k  14. (a) yx
 1.728 x0 y = kx, where k is the variation constant and k  0
1.728 x0  x0 By substituting x = 9 and y = 27 into the equation, we
Percentage change in x   100% have
x0
27  k (9)
(1.728  1) x0
  100% k 3
x0 The variation constant is 3.
 72.8% (b) From (a), we have y = 3x.
x is increased by 72.8%.
x 0 2 4 6 8 9
y 0 6 12 18 24 27
187
17. (a) (i) uv

u = k1v, where k1  0
By substituting v = 3 and u = 24 into the equation,
we have
24  k1 (3)
k1  8
u  8v
(ii) vw
v = k2w, where k2  0
By substituting w = 4 and v = 20 into the equation,
we have
20  k 2 ( 4)
k2  5
v  5w
(b) (i) u  8v
1  8(5w) (by (a)(ii))
15. (a) y
x u  40 w
k (ii) When u = 5,
y  , where k  0 5  40 w
x
The graph passes through (9, 10). 1
w
By substituting x = 9 and y = 10 into the equation, 8
we have
k 1
10  18. (a) y
9 x3
k  90 k
y
90 x3
x 3
(b) (i) When x = 20, By substituting x = 1 and y  into the equation,
2
90 we have
y
20 3 k
 4 .5 
2 1 3
(ii) When y = 60, k 6
90 6
60  y
x x3
x  1 .5 6
x3
y
16. (a) y is partly constant and partly varies directly as 6
(x – 2)2. x  3
y
y = k1 + k2(x – 2)2, where k1, k2  0
3
The graph passes through (2, 3) and (4, 7). (b) When y  ,
By substituting x = 2 and y = 3 into the equation, x
we have 6
x 3
3  k1  k 2 (2  2) 2 3
x
k1  3
x  2x  3
By substituting x = 4, y = 7 and k1 = 3 into the
equation, we have x3
7  3  k 2 (4  2) 2 (c) When x  9,
k2  1 6
39
y = 3 + (x – 2)2 y
(b) (i) When y = 19, 6
 12
19  3  ( x  2) 2 y
( x  2) 2  16 1
2
x  2  4 y
x  6 or x  2 (rejected) 1
y ( y > 0)
2
(ii) From the graph, the minimum value of y is 3.
1
The range of possible values of y is y  .
2
188
12 Variations
19. yx 21. (a) y partly varies directly as x and partly varies
y = kx, where k  0 directly as x2.
y y = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0
k By substituting x = –1 and y = 2 into the equation, we
x
have
20 5
Thus, k 2  2  k1 (1)  k 2 (1) 2
t t  15
4 1 k1  k 2  2  (1)
 By substituting x = 3 and y = 42 into the equation, we
t 2 t  15
have
t 2  4t  60  0
42  k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 2
(t  6)(t  10)  0
k1  3k 2  14  (2)
t   6 or t  10
( 2)  (1) : 4k 2  16
k2  4
q
20. (a) p By substituting k2 = 4 into (1), we have
r2
k 1  4  2
kq
p  2 , where k  0 k1  2
r
1 y = 2x + 4x2
By substituting q = 10, r = 2 and p  into the (b) (i) When y = 12,
2
equation, we have 12  2 x  4 x 2
1 k (10) 2x 2  x  6  0

2 (2) 2 ( x  2)(2 x  3)  0
1 3
k x   2 or x
5 2
q
p 2 (ii) When y = 5x,
5r 5x  2x  4x 2
2
(b) When q = 20 and r  , 4 x 2  3x  0
3
x(4 x  3)  0
20
p 3
x  0 or x
2
2
5  4
3
9
1
(c) p :q  9:5 22. (a) T and r  s
r2
p 9 k
 T  12 and r  k 2 s where k1, k2  0
q 5 r
q 5
 k1 k  1 k k
i.e. Hence, T   12  2   2 , where k  12 .
p 9 (k2 s) 2
k2  s  s k2
q
p By substituting s 
1
and T = 9 into the equation, we
5r 2 9
q
r2  have
5p k
9 2
1 5
  1
5 9  
9
1
 k
1
9 9
1
r T 2
1
3 9s
5
(b) When s  ,
6
1
T 2
5
9 
6
4

25
189
23. (a) S partly varies directly as n and partly varies k

New value of T 
directly as n2. ( 2d 0 ) 2
S = k1n + k2n2, where k1, k2  0
 k 
When n = 2, S  1  2  0.25 2 

3  d0 
3  k1 (2)  k 2 (2) 2  0.25T0
0.25T0  T0
3
k1  2k 2   (1) Percentage change in T   100%
2 T0
When n = 3, S  1  2  3  75%
6
The time taken is decreased by 75%.
6  k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 2
k1  3k 2  2  (2) 1
26. t
1 v
(2) – (1): k2 
2 k
t  , where k  0
1 v
2 C
k 2
1 3 td
k1  2  
2 2 By substituting v = 2 and t = 14 into the equation, we have
k
k1 
1 14 
2 2
1 1 2 k  28
S  n n 28
2 2 t
1 1 v
(b) When n = 50, S  (50)  (50) 2 When v = 2 + 1.5 = 3.5,
2 2
 1275 28
t
Sum of all the integers from 1 to 50  1275 3 .5
8
It takes 8 minutes for him to go back to his office.
24. Let $V and d cm be the value and diameter of the gold plate
respectively.
V  d2 27. C  td 2
V = kd 2, where k  0 C = ktd 2, where k  0
C
V
k 2 k 2
d td
Let $V1 and d1 cm be the value and diameter of the smaller Let $C1, t1 cm and d1 cm be the cost, thickness and diameter
gold plate, and $V2 and d2 cm be that of the larger gold of circular table A, and $C2, t2 cm and d2 cm be that of
plate. circular table B respectively.
C C2
V V
k  12  22 k  12  2
d1 d2 t1d1 t2 d 2
2
V1  d1 
2
C1 t1  d1 
    
V2  d 2  C2 t2  d 2 
2
2000  2 
2
8 5  120 
    
V2 3 5 2  d 2 
V2  4500  120 
2
16
 
The value of the larger plate is $4500.  d   25
 2 
120 4 120 4
25. Let T be the time taken to drink a bottle of cola and d be the  or 
diameter of the straw. d2 5 d2 5
1 d 2  150 or d 2  150 (rejected)
T 2
d The diameter of circular table B is 150 cm.
k
T  2 ,k0
d 28. (a) C is partly constant and partly varies directly as n.
Let T0 and d0 be the original values of T and d respectively. C = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2  0
New value of d = 2d0 By substituting n = 150 and C = 3750 into the equation,
we have
3750  k1  k 2 (150)
k1  150 k 2  3750  ( 1 )
By substituting n = 750 and C = 7590 into the equation,
we have
190
12 Variations
7590  k1  k 2 (750) Level 2

k1  750 k 2  7590  ( 2) 1
32. (a) y
ax  1
( 2)  (1 ) : 600 k 2  3840
k
k 2  6 .4 y , where k  0
ax  1
By substituting k2 = 6.4 into (1), we have
k  y ( ax  1)
k1  150(6.4)  3750
4 4
k1  2790 Thus, k  (2a  1)  (4a  1)
3 7
C = 2790 + 6.4n 7(2a  1)  3(4a  1)
(b) When n = 200,
14a  7  12a  3
C  2790  6.4( 200)
2a  4
 4070
The cost of making 200 coats is $4070. a2
4
29. y varies inversely as x. (b) By substituting a = 2, x = 2 and y  into
3
k
y  , where k  0 k  y ( ax  1) , we have
x 4
By substituting x = 15 and y = 20 into the equation, we have k  [2(2)  1]
3
k 4
20 
15 4
k  300 y
2x  1
300 (c) When y = 4x,
y
x 4
4x 
When x = 5, 2x 1
300 2x2  x 1  0
y
5
(2 x  1)( x  1)  0
 60
1
When x = 10, x or x1
300 2
y
10
 30 33. (a) A  rn
When x = 20, A = krn, where k  0
300 A
y k n
20 r
 15 16 54
Thus, k  n  n
(5, 60), (10, 30) and (20, 15) lie on the graph. (or any 2 3
other reasonable answers) 16 2n

30. Possible relationships among P, x and y: 54 3n
n
For non-zero constants k1, k2 and k3, 2 8
P  k1 x  k 2 y   
3 27
i.e. P partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly 3
2
as y.  
P  k1  k 2 xy 3
i.e. P is partly constant and partly varies jointly as x and y. n3
P  k1  k 2 x  k3 y A
(b) By substituting n = 3, A = 16 and r = 2 into k  , we
i.e. P is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and rn
partly varies directly as y. have
16
31. (a) The expenditure ($E) of the party includes buying k
23
gifts and food. $400 is spent for the gifts and the
expenditure of food is $F. 2
E = 400 + F and it is in patial variation. A = 2r3
(b) 12 L of drink is provided for N classmates and (c) When A = 250,
each classmate is supposed to consume x mL of 250  2r 3
the drink. r 3  125
12 000 r 5
x and it is in inverse variation.
N
(c) Each classmate has to pay $40 for the food and
the expenditure of food is $F.
F = 40N and it is in direct variation.
191
34. (a) y  (x – 2)(x + a) (1)  2  ( 2) : 7 k1  56

y = k(x – 2)(x + a), where k  0 k1  8
y By substituting k1 = 8 into (1), we have
k
( x  2)( x  a ) 5(8)  k 2  44
Thus, k 
21 48 k2  4

(3  2)(3  a ) (4  2)(4  a ) y  8( x  1)  4( x  3) 2
21 48
  8 x  8  4 x 2  24 x  36
3 a 2(4  a )
 4 x 2  16 x  44
7 8
 (b) y  4 x  16 x  44
2
3 a 4a
28  7 a  24  8a  4( x 2  4 x)  44
a4  4( x 2  4 x  22  22 )  44
(b) By substituting a = 4, x = 3 and y = 21 into  4( x 2  4 x  4)  16  44
k
y
, we have  4( x  2) 2  28
( x  2)( x  a ) The minimum value of y is 28.
21
k
(3  2)(3  4) 37. (a) y is partly constant, partly varies directly as x and
3 partly varies directly as x2.
y  3( x  2)( x  4) y = k1 + k2x + k3x2, where k1, k2, k3  0
(c) When y = 165,
have
165  3( x  2)( x  4)
5  k1  k 2 (0)  k 3 (0) 2
x 2  2 x  63  0
k1  5
( x  9)( x  7)  0
By substituting x = 2, y = 15 and k1 = 5 into the
x   9 or x7 equation, we have
15  5  k 2 (2)  k 3 (2) 2
x2 y k 2  2k 3  5  ( 1 )
35. (a) w
z3 By substituting x = –2, y = 11 and k1 = 5 into the
equation, we have
kx 2 y
w , where k  0 11  5  k 2 (2)  k 3 (2) 2
z3
By substituting x = y = z = 4 and w = 1 into the k 2  2k 3  3  (2)
equation, we have ( 1 )  ( 2) : 2 k 2  2
k ( 4) 2 ( 4 ) k2  1
1
( 4) 3 By substituting k2 = 1 into (1), we have
k 2 1  2 k3  5
2x2 y k3  2
w 3 y = 5 + x + 2x2
z
(b) If y = 2w = 2x = 2z, i.e. w = z = x and y = 2x, (b) When y = 12x,
2x2 2x 12 x  5  x  2 x 2
x
x3 2 x 2  11x  5  0
5 (2 x  1)( x  5)  0
x4  2 2 x 2
1
3 3 x or x5
x 2
2 2 2
x2
38. (a) p partly varies directly as q2, and partly varies
directly as r and inversely as q.
36. (a) y partly varies directly as (x + 1) and partly varies k r
directly as (x – 3)2. p  k1 q 2  2 , where k1, k2  0
q
y = k1(x + 1) + k2(x – 3)2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting q = 1, r = 2 and p = –34 into the
have equation, we have
k (2)
44  k1 (4  1)  k 2 (4  3) 2  34  k1 (1) 2  2
1
5k1  k 2  44  (1)
k1  2k 2  34  ( 1 )
have
64  k1 (5  1)  k 2 (5  3) 2
3k1  2k 2  32 (2)
192
12 Variations
By substituting q = 4, r = 15 and p = 21 into the 3E 0

equation, we have New value of m 
k ( 2v 0 ) 2
k (15)
21  k1 (4) 2  2 3  E0 
4   
64k1  15k 2  84  (2) 4  kv02 

( 2)  2  (1 )  15 : 113k1  678 
3
m0
k1  6 4
3
By substituting k1 = 6 into (1), we have m0  m0
6  2k 2  34 Percentage change in m  4  100%
m0
k 2  20
3 
20r   1m0
p  6q 2 

4 
q  100%
m0
(b) When p = 14 and q = –3,
20r  25%
14  6( 3) 2  m is decreased by 25%.
3
r  6
41. (a) V  r2h
V = kr2h, where k  0
1 By substituting r = 4, h = 30 and V = 160 into the
39. r2 
h equation, we have
k 160  k ( 4) 2 (30)
r 2  , where k  0
h 1
k
k 3
r , where k  0 1 2
h V r h
Let h0 and r0 be the original values of h and r respectively. 3
New value of h  (1  19%) h0 When V = 540 and h = 45,
1
 0.81h0 540  r 2 ( 45)
3
k r  36
2
New value of r 
0.81h0 r  6 or r  6 (rejected)
10 k 1 2
 (b) V r h
9 h0 3
10 3V
 r0 r•
9 h
10 Let V0, h0 and r0 be the original values of V, h and r
r0  r0
Percentage change in r  9  100% respectively.
r0 New value of V  (1  36%)V0
 10   1.36V0
  1r0
   100%
9 New value of h = h0
r0 3(1.36V0 )
1 New value of r 
 11 % h0
9
 3V0 
1  1.36  
r is increased by 11 % .  h0 
9  
 1.36 r0
40. E  mv2 Percentage change in r
E = kmv2, where k  0
1.36 r0  r0
E   100%
i.e. m  2 . r0
kv
Let m0, v0 and E0 be the original values of m, v and E  16.6% (cor. to 1 d.p.)
respectively. r is increased by 16.6%.
New value of v = 2v0 1
New value of E = 3E0 (c) V  r 2 h and r remains unchanged.
3
V  k ' h for some real number k '
Let r0, h0 and V0 be the original values of r, h and V,
and r1, h1 and V1 be the new values of r, h and V
respectively.
193
r1  r0 (c) Let $T0 be the mobile phone charge in last month.

1
r0 5
 and
r1 4
 T  30  n
h0 4 h1 5 5
1
4 5 5 T0  30  n0
h0  r0 and h1  r1  r0 5
5 4 4
When T = 2T0
4
V0  k ' h0  k ' r0 1
5 2T0  30  n
5
5
V1  k ' h1  k ' r0  1  1
4 2 30  n0   30  n
V1  V0  5  5
Percentage change in V   100% 2 1
V0 60  n0  30  n
5 5
5 4
k ' r0  k ' r0 2 1
 4 5  100% 30  n0  n
4 5 5
5
k ' r0 n  150  2n0
5 4 The airtime used in this month is (150 + 2n0)
  k ' r0 minutes.

4 5
 100%
4
k ' r0 43. (a) C is partly constant and partly varies inversely as
5
n.
 56.25% k
V is increased by 56.25%. C  k1  2 , where k1, k2  0
n
42. (a) T is partly constant and partly varies directly as n. By substituting n = 200 and C = 250 into the equation,
we have
T = k1 + k2n, where k1, k2  0
k
By substituting n = 400 and T = 110 into the equation, 250  k1  2
we have 200
110  k1  k 2 ( 400) 200k1  k 2  50 000  ( 1 )
k1  400 k 2  110  ( 1 ) By substituting n = 400 and C = 200 into the equation,
we have
By substituting n = 600 and T = 150 into the equation,
k
we have 200  k1  2
150  k1  k 2 (600) 400
400k1  k 2  80 000  (2)
k1  600 k 2  150  ( 2)
( 2)  (1 ) : 200 k1  30 000
(2) – (1): 200k2  40
k1  150
1
k2  By substituting k1 = 150 into (1), we have
5
200(150)  k 2  50 000
1
By substituting k 2  into (1), we have k 2  20 000
5
1 20 000
k1  400   110 C  150 
n
5
(b) When n = 500,
k1  30
20 000
1 C  150 
T  30  n 500
5  190
(b) When n = 300, The cost of manufacturing a rice cooker is $190.
1
T  30  (300) $25 000
5 Profit per rice cooker 
500
 90
 $50
The monthly charge is $90 if the airtime used is
The selling price of each rice cooker
300 minutes.
 $(190  50)
 $240
194
12 Variations
44. (a) P partly varies directly as x and partly varies 46. (a) C partly varies directly as r and partly varies
directly as x2. directly as r2.
P = k1x + k2x2, where k1, k2  0 C = k1r + k2r2, where k1, k2  0
By substituting x = 20 and P = 60 000 into the By substituting r = 4 and C = 8 into the equation, we
60 000  k1 (20)  k 2 (20) 2 8  k1 (4)  k 2 (4) 2
k1  20k 2  3000  ( 1 ) k1  4 k 2  2  ( 1 )
By substituting x = 30 and P = 75 000 into the By substituting r = 5 and C = 5 into the equation, we
75 000  k1 (30)  k 2 (30) 2 5  k1 (5)  k 2 (5) 2
k1  30k 2  2500  (2) k1  5k 2  1  (2)
( 2)  (1 ) : 10k 2  500 (2) – (1): k2 = –1
k 2  50 By substituting k2 = –1 into (1), we have
k1  4( 1)  2
k1  20( 50)  3000 k1  6
k1  4000 C = 6r – r2
P = 4000x – 50x2 (b) (i) r 1 2 3 4 5
(b) When x = 35, C 5 8 9 8 5
P  4000(35)  50(35) 2
 78 750
The total profit is $78 750 if the selling price of
each VCD is $35.
(c) P  4000 x  50 x 2
 50( x 2  80 x)
 50( x 2  80 x  40 2  40 2 )
 80 000  50( x  40) 2
When x = 40, P attains its maximum value.
The maximum profit from selling the VCDs is
$80 000 and the corresponding selling price of
each VCD is $40.
(ii) From the graph, the maximum cost of making the
45. (a) y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x. model is $9.
y = k + k′x, where k, k′  0
From the graph, when x = 0, y = 3000. 47. Let r km be the radius of the Earth.
By substituting x = 0, y = 3000 and k = 3000 into the d = r + h, where h = altitude above sea level
equation, we have m
F 2
3000  k  k (0) d
k  3000 km
F  2 , where k  0
(b) From the graph, when x = 120, y = 6000. d
By substituting x = 120, y = 6000 and k = 3000 into the km
F
equation, we have ( r  h) 2
6000  3000  k (120)
F ( r  h) 2
k   25 k
m
y = 3000 + 25x
666.4( r  0) 2 664.7( r  8.2) 2
(c) (i) When x = 700, Thus, k  
y  3000  25(700) 68 68
2
 20 500  r  8 .2  666.4
  
His income of last month is $20 500.  r  664 .7
(ii) Expected income of this month
8 .2 666.4 666.4
 $20 500  (1  20%) 1  or  (rejected)
r 664.7 664.7
 $24 600
8 .2
When y = 246 00, r
24 600  3000  25 x 666.4
1
x  864 664.7
He needs to sell  6400 (cor. to 2 sig. fig.)
(864 – 700) items = 164 items more than last The radius of the Earth  6400 km
month. Jonathan’s claim is justified.
195
48. (a) (x2 – y2)  (x2 + y2) Multiple Choice Questions (p. 12.58)
x  y  k1 ( x  y ), where 0  k1  1
2 2 2 2
1. Answer: C
x  k1 x 2  y 2  k1 y 2
2
x varies directly as y2.
x 2 (1  k1 )  y 2 (1  k1 ) x = ky2, where k  0
By substituting y = 2 and x = 20 into the equation, we have
 1  k1  2
y 2   x
 20  k ( 2) 2
 1  k1 
k 5
1  k1
y x x  5y2
1  k1 When x = 80,
0 < k1 < 1 80  5 y 2
1  k1 y 2  16
 0 is a non-zero constant.
1  k1 y 4
yx
(b) yx 2. Answer: A
y = k2x, where k2  0 (3x + 5y)  (4x – 6y)
x  y x  k2 x 1  k2 3 x  5 y  k (4 x  6 y ) , where k  0
 
x  y x  k2 x 1  k2 (5  6k ) y  (4k  3) x
 1  k2   4k  3 
x  y   ( x  y ) y x
  5  6k 
 1  k2 
1  k2 4k  3 3 5
 0 , provided that k2  –1 and k2  1.  0 for k  or 
1  k2 5  6k 4 6
yx
(x – y)  (x + y)
3. Answer: B
 3 1   3 1  y varies inversely as (x + 1)2.
49. (a)  x  3    x  3 
 y   y  k
1  1  ( x  1) 2
x3   k1  x 3  3 , where k1  1, 0, 1
y3  y  1
By substituting x = 2 and y  into the equation, we
k 1 3
x 3  k1 x 3  13  3 have
y y
1 k
1 
x 3 (1  k1 )  3 (1  k1 ) 3 ( 2  1) 2
y
1 k
 1  k1  1 
y 3    3

3 9
 1  k1  x k 3
1  k1  1  3
y   y
3
1  k1  x  ( x  1) 2
When y = 12,
1  k1
3  0 , provided that k  –1, 1 12 
3
1  k1 ( x  1) 2
y
1 4( x  1) 2  1
x 1
(b) From (a), we have ( x  1) 2 
4
k
y 1 1
x x 1  or x 1  
2 2
xy  k
1 3
1 x or x
x 2 2
y xy  1 k  1
 
1 xy  1 k  1
x 4. Answer: D
y
(x + y) varies inversely as (x – y).
1  k  1  1 k
x   x   x y  , where k  0
y  k  1  y x y
k 1 k
 0 , provided that k  1, –1 x y  , where k  0
k 1 x y
 1  1 (x – y) varies inversely as (x + y).
 x     x  
 y  y
196
12 Variations
5. Answer: B 9. Answer: B
x varies inversely as y and directly as z2.
kz 2 x 1 3 5 7 9
x , where k is a non-zero constant y 315 105 63 45 35
y
xy 315 315 315 315 315
xy
k
z2 315
y
The answer is B. x
1
6. Answer: D y
x
z  (y + 2) and y  (x – 1)
z  k1 ( y  2), where k1  0 10. Answer: D
z  k1 y  2k1......(1) y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x.
and y  k 2 ( x  1), where k 2  0 y = k1 + k2x, where k1, k2  0
y  k 2 x  k 2 ......( 2 ) The answer is D.
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
HKMO (p. 12.60)
z  k1 ( k 2 x  k 2 )  2k1 x and y are two positive numbers that are inversely
 k1k 2 x  k1k 2  2k1 proportional to each other.
Options A, B and C are not true. k
y  , where k  0
The answer is D. x
7. Answer: A New value of x  (1  10%) x0
y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as  1.1x0
the cube of x.
y = k1x + k2x3, where k1, k2  0 k
New value of y 
By substituting x = 3 and y = –21 into the equation, we have 1.1x0
 21  k1 (3)  k 2 (3) 3 
10k
k1  9k 2  7 (1) 11x0
By substituting x = 5 and y = –115 into the equation, we 10
 y0
have 11
 115  k1 (5)  k 2 (5) 3 10
y0  y0
k1  25k 2  23 (2) Percentage increase in y  11  100%
y0
(2) – (1): 16k 2  16
k 2  1  10 
  1 y0

11 
By substituting k2 = –1 into (1), we have  100%
k1  9( 1)  7 y0
k1  2 100
 %
3 11
y = 2x – x
100
y will be decreased by %.
8. Answer: A 11
z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y. 100
d
kx 2 11
z ,k0
y
Let x0, y0 and z0 be the original values of x, y and z
respectively.
New value of x  (1  30%) x0
 1 .3 x 0
New value of y  (1  30%) y 0
 1 .3 y 0
k (1.3 x0 ) 2
New value of z 
1 .3 y 0
 kx 2 
 1.3 0 

 y0 
 1 .3 z 0
1 .3 z 0  z 0
Percentage increase in z   100%
z0
 30%
197

12 Variations: Review Exercise 12 (P. 12.4)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12 Variations: Review Exercise 12 (P. 12.4)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NSS Mathematics in Action 4B Full Solutions

Quick Practice 12.4 (p. 12.10) (c) (i)

Quick Practice 12.5 (p. 12.11)

When x = 9, (c) When C = 1625,

Quick Practice 12.14 (p. 12.32) New value of z  (1  20%) z0

Further Practice (p. 12.35) k 1

24  k ( 2) 2 ( 9 ) Further Practice (p. 12.45)

(b) When z = 21 and x 

When y = 3, 5. (a) y varies directly as x.

(b) The equation connecting x and y is y = –2x. 8. y3 x

11. y varies directly as the square root of x.

18. (a) ∵ (y + 2) varies directly as x. 22 42

22. (a) ∵ t varies directly as d. 1.3r0  r0

By substituting x = 16 and y = 2 into the equation, we (b) When y = 16,

1 By substituting q = 4 and p = 15 into the equation, we

10 (ii) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y

3 (c) When n = 2500,

(b) When n = 640, 1

By substituting W = 2 and L = 10.1 into the equation, (1 )  ( 2) : 80k 2  400

Thus, k  5(3  1) 2  P (6  1) 2 7. (a) w partly varies directly as x and partly varies

17. (a) (i) uv

23. (a) S partly varies directly as n and partly varies k

7590  k1  k 2 (750) Level 2

34. (a) y  (x – 2)(x + a) (1)  2  ( 2) : 7 k1  56

By substituting q = 4, r = 15 and p = 21 into the 3E 0

r1  r0 (c) Let $T0 be the mobile phone charge in last month.

You might also like