GENETICS

General Biology II
Jose Amado Ds. Torreda
 Definition of Terms

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 Definition of Terms
Alleles
Refers to the alternative
forms of the gene.
In Gregor Mendel’s Law of
Inheritance, two alleles are
considered- the dominant and the
recessive.

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 Recall

◆ If the trait for having a Widow's peak is the dominant

allele (A), while the trait for having a straight hairline
is the recessive allele (a). What will be the phenotype
of the following genotypes?
◆ AA
◆ Aa
◆ aa

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 Recall

◆ If the trait for having a Widow's peak is the dominant

allele (A), while the trait for having a straight hairline
is the recessive allele (a). What will be the phenotype
of the following genotypes?
◆ AA- with Widow's peak
◆ Aa- with Widow's peak
◆ aa- without Widow's peak or with a straight hair
line

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 Recall

This is concept was based from the Law of Dominance

by Gregor Mendel that states that:
-If a dominant allele is present in a gene pair, the
dominant allele will be expressed. Otherwise, the
recessive allele will be expressed.

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 Recitation

Determine the Mendelian Ratio of each genotype in the

following crosses
a. Aa x aa
Answer: 2 Aa: 2aa
b. Aa x Aa
c. AA x Aa
d. AA x aa

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 Recitation

Determine the Mendelian Ratio of each genotype in the

following crosses
a. Aa x aa
Answer: 2 Aa: 2aa
b. Aa x Aa = 1AA: 2Aa: 1aa
c. AA x Aa = 2AA: 2Aa
d. AA x aa = 4Aa

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 Definition of Terms
Pedigree
-It is the use of diagrams showing the ancestral
relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several
generations in a family.

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 Definition of Terms
Pedigree Analysis
-It is the tabular representation of a family history by taking a
particular disease or character into consideration.

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 Symbols

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 Pedigree Analysis
Symbols for creating pedigree
I. Male (square) vs female (circle)
II. Affected (shaded) vs unaffected (unshaded) individual
III. Marriage/mating line (line connecting mates) vs. sibship line
(line connecting siblings)
IV. Fraternal twins (one birthline branching out into the
individual twin) vs. identical twins (same as fraternal twins but
with a horizontal bar connecting the branches)
V. Generation (Roman numerals) vs. individuals in the same
generation, counting left to right (designated by Hindu-
Arabic numerals)
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 Definition of Terms
Genotype
-It is the gene pair an individual carries for a particular trait symbolized
with a pair of letters.
For a diploid organism with two alleles in a given gene pair, genotypes
may be:
i. Homozygous dominant, i.e. with two dominant alleles (DD)
ii. Heterozygous, i.e. with a dominant and recessive allele (Dd). The
individual will show the dominant phenotype.
iii. Homozygous recessive, i.e. with two recessive alleles (dd)
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 Definition of Terms
Phenotype
-It is the observable trait of an individual based on its genotype.
(e.g hair color, eye color, skin color, hairline, and etc.)
For a typical Mendelian trait, phenotypes may either be:
i. Dominant. A trait that requires at least one dominant allele
for the trait to be expressed, e.g. Dd
ii. Recessive. A trait that requires two recessive alleles for the
trait to be expressed

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 Definition of Terms
Autosomal Dominant Trait
-The trait being investigated is dominant.
X- with the trait
x- without the trait
Examples:
XX- Affected
Xx- Affected
xx- Unaffected
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 Definition of Terms
Autosomal Recessive Trait
-The trait being investigated is recessive.
X- without the trait
x- with the trait
Examples:
XX- Unaffected
Xx- Unaffected
xx- Affected
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 Definition of Terms
Phenocopy
A trait that is expressed due to specific environmental conditions (i.e. having
hair that is dyed of a different color) and is not due to the genotype.
Identical twins
Also known as monozygotic twins, which are derived from a single fertilization
event.
Fraternal twins
Twins that are derived from separate fertilization events (two eggs fertilized by
two sperms) within the fallopian tube, resulting in two separate zygotes; also known
as dizygotic twins.

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 Definition of Terms
Law of Segregation (1st Mendelian Law)
For every trait governed by a pair of alleles, these alleles
segregate or separate during gamete formation in meiosis so that
each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
Law of Independent Assortment (2nd Mendelian Law)
A pair of alleles for one trait will segregate or separate
independently of another pair of alleles for another trait during
meiosis. (allele for eye color, hair color, color blindness, height, and
etc separates independently.
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 Definition of Terms

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 Definition of Terms

A- black hair color

a- blonde hair color

B- fair skin color

b- tanned skin color

Gametes:
AB- black hair color
and fair skin color
Ab-black hair color and
tanned skin
aB- blonde hair with
fair skin
ab- blonde hair color
with tanned skin

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 Recall Crossing Over

This makes it
possible that you
and your siblings
carry different
alleles. Therefore,
making you
different from one
another.

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 Sample Problem
Widow’s peak is a dominant trait (D) while a straight hairline is a
recessive trait (d).
D
1. Will a person with a genotype of Dd have a widow’sd peak or not?
d Dd dd
2. What is the probability that this couple (Dd x dd) will have a child
d Dd dd
with a straight hairline?
A. 25% B. 100% C. 50% D. 0%
3. What is the probability that this couple (Dd x dd) will have a child
with a genotype of Dd?
A. 25% B. 100% C. 50% D. 0%
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 Sample Problem
4. What is the probability that this couple (Dd x dd) will have a child
with a genotype of DD?
A. 25% B. 100% C. 50% D. 0%
5. A man with a straight hairline (dd) and a woman with a straight
hairline (dd) had a child with a widow’s peak. Is this possible? Why?
A. Yes. The mother must have had a “pinaglihian” while pregnant.
B. Yes. A child can change his/her hairline anytime he/she wants.
C. No. A child can’t be DD/Dd if his/her mother and father are both
homozygous recessive (dd).
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 ACTIVITY 1 (PEDIGREE ANALYSIS)
Construct a pedigree of your family using the following traits: Use
“G” as the dominant allele while “g” as the recessive allele.
1. Group 1: With finger hair (dominant) or without finger hair
(recessive).
2. Group 2: Normal (dominant) or hitchhiker’s thumb (recessive).
3. Group 3: Widow’s peak (dominant) or straight hairline (recessive).
4. Group 4: Free (dominant) or attached earlobe (recessive).
5. Group 5: Curly (dominant), wavy (heterozygous), or straight
(recessive) hair.
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 Dihybrid Cross
-It is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two
observed traits. An example of this is the experiment of Gregor
Mendel on peas. On his experiment, he crossed a pea with
homozygous dominant traits to another pea with homozygous
recessive traits. (YYRR x yyrr) YR YR YR YR =YR yr yr yr yr =yr
YyRr
Y-yellow
y- green
R-round
25 r-wrinkled
 Dihybrid Cross
From this experiment, he discovered that all of the F1 generation
were yellow and round or heterozygous for both R and Y (YyRr).

Then, he crossed the YyRr with another YyRr only to discover that
the ratio of the yellow and round peas: yellow and wrinkled peas:
green and round peas: green and wrinkled peas is 9:3:3:1.
YyRr = YR Yr yR yr
YyRr= YR Yr yR yr

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 Dihybrid Cross of Gregor Mendel

RrYy

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 Example
A man with a genotype of AaBb and a woman with a genotype of AaBB
were to have a baby. Determine all the possible genotypes of their baby
and its ratio. AB aB

A-with freckles AB AABB AaBB

a-no freckles Ab AABb AaBb
aB AaBB aaBB
B-with Widow's peak
ab AaBb aaBb
b- without Widow's peak.
AABB= 1, AaBB=2, AABb=1, AaBb=2, aaBB=1, aaBb=1
With freckles and with widow’s peak= 1+2+1+2= 6
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Without freckles but with widow’s peak= 2
 ACTIVITY 2 (DIHYBRID CROSS)
Determine the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the f1 generation
of the following dihybrid crosses.
a. AABB x aabb
b. aaBB x AAbb
c. Aabb x Aabb
d. aabb x AaBb
e. AaBb x aaBb

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 ACTIVITY 3

How many crosses should you do to produce a beige cat

with no stripes (ggdd) if you currently have a beige cat
with stripes (ggDd) and a grey cat without stripes (GGdd).
Determine the generation where your ideal cat will appear.
G-Grey
g-Beige
D-with stripes
d- without stripes
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