Gateway

College of
Architecture and Design
Building Construction and Materials
– IV AR-208 C
(Mar-Jun 2022)

1 4/8/2022
 Lecture 02

(Underpinning, scaffolding, strutting and

waling)

2 4/8/2022
 Underpinni
ng
In construction, underpinning is
the Process Of strengthening and
stabilizing the foundation of an
existing building or other structure.
Process of Underpinning :
Underpinning Is accomplished by
extending the foundation in depth
or in breadth so it either rests on a
more supportive soil
stratum or distributes its load across a greater area.
Use of micropiles and jet grouting are common methods in underpinning.
An alternative to underpinning is the strengthening of the soil by the
introduction of a grout. All of these processes are generally expensive
3 4/8/2022
and elaborate.
 Applications of
Underpinning
The following situations demand
underpinning.
• When defective foundation of wall is to
be replaced with new foundation or when
existing foundation of a wall is required
to be strengthened to enable it to carry
more loads.
building when a building with deep
• foundation
To strengthen
is toshallow footings adjoining
be constructed of the
existing
to it. (External Underpinning of
• differential settlement
To safe guard against the danger ofof historic building with
existing foundations
excessive or of battered Pile)
• structure.
To increase depth of foundation to increase its bearing capacity so as to
sustain heavier loads.
• During construction of basement of an existing building structure.

4 4/8/2022
 Types of
Underpinning
� Pit method – it involves strengthening by
excavation and building below the existing
foundation.
� Pile method – it involves supporting the building on
newly built piles of various types without excavation.
� Pier method – this is a combination of pit and a pile
method where first excavation is done below the
foundation and a pier is built up for the new
foundation.

5 4/8/2022
 Pit
Method

6 4/8/2022
 Contd.
•. In this method the length of the foundation to be underpinned is
divided into sections of 1.2 to 1.5 m lengths.
• For each section a hole is made on the wall above the plinth level and
a needle is inserted in the hole. Bearing plates are placed above the
needle to support the masonry above it.
• Needle is supported on either side of the wall on wooden supports and
screw jacks.
• The foundation pit is excavated up to the desired level and new
foundation is laid. In the round, the work is undertaken in alternate
sections. Once the alternate sections are undertaken, the remaining
sections are worked out. If the wall for which underpinning is to be
carried out is weak, raking shores is provided to support them.

7 4/8/2022
 Contd.
. recautions to be taken in pit method – In pit method
P
of underpinning, the following points are noteworthy.
• Alternate sections are taken up in the round. Remaining
section should be taken next.
• For long wall the work should be started from the
middle and worked outwards.
• If the foundation is deeper, proper timbering of the
foundation trench may be done.
• The needle beam should be removed only when
the new foundation has gained strength.
• It is desirable to do the new foundation work in concrete.
8 • The needle should be closed in masonry using cement
4/8/2022

mortar.
 Pile
Method
In this method, piles are driven at
regular interval along both sides of
the wall.The piles are connected
by concrete or steel needles,
which penetrate through the
walls.These beams also act as pile
caps.This method is effective in
clayey soil and in waterlogged
areas.The existing foundation is
very much relieved of the load.
Fig. illustrates the pile method of
underpinning.

9 4/8/2022
 Pier Method
It is also termed as base and beam
method which was implemented
after the second world war.

10 4/8/2022
 Scaffoldi
ng
A temporary elevated
platform and its
supporting Structure used
for supporting workmen,
materials, or both in the
construction or repair of
buildings and other large
structure.

11 4/8/2022
 Scaffolding
Process
Scaffolding process is defined as the planning for, the design
of, the Erection of, the inspection of, the use of, and the
dismantling of any scaffolding.The scaffolding process does
not include the erection of structures constructed using
scaffolding components, such as falsework, temporary
grandstands, lighting towers, etc

12 4/8/2022
 Design
•Requirements
Principles of Design
• The strength, stability and rigidity of the supporting
structure;
• The handling normally associated with scaffolding;
• The safety of persons engaged in the erection,
alteration and dismantling of the scaffold;
• The safety of persons using the scaffold;
• The safety of persons in the vicinity of the scaffold.
• Basics of Design (Includes IS codes for designing of
scaffolds)
• Load Combinations

13 4/8/2022
 Contd.
•. Design Loads
• Dead Loads
• Environmental Loads
• Live Loads
• Supporting Structure
• General (Structure should be capable of supporting
the most adverse combination of loads applied by the
scaffolds.)
• Strengthening of supporting structure
• Soleplates

14 4/8/2022
 Standing
Scaffolds
This part covers standing scaffolds which are supported wholly or partly
from their base.The scaffolds may be either free-standing or held sideways
by ties, rakers or other means.
The kinds of scaffolds generally used are:
(a)Timber scaffolding;
(b)Tube scaffolding in steel or aluminium; and
(c) Scaffolding with proprietary
equipment.
• Foundations • Headroom and Lift
• Working Platforms
• Height of
• Platform Decking Scaffoldings
• Guardrails and midrails • Ties
• Toeboards
• Bracing
• Screens
15 4/8/2022
 Timber
•Scaffoldings
Radiata pine and Douglas fir are suitable timbers for use
in the scaffolding.
• All timber used in scaffolding should be preservative
treated in accordance with an appropriate commodity
specification of the Timber Preservation Authority.
• Standards for timber scaffoldings :
• Putlogs
• Bracing
• Guardrail and midrail

16 4/8/2022
 *Putlog *Bracin *Guard rails and mid
s g rails
17 4/8/2022
 Tube Scaffolding in Steel or
Aluminum
• General Requirements:
• Metal tubes must be purpose made with outside diameters accurately
gauged to fit properly into the metal couplings and to allow complete
Interchangeability.
• Tubes in use on a scaffold must be in good condition, free from bends and
defects that might affect strength, reasonably free from corrosion and cut
square at the ends.
• Tubes which are 3 m and over in length should be reamed, if cut, to ensure
safety when using internal joiners.
• When the loss of metal by corrosion or other causes reduces any cross
section of a tube so that its corresponding weight is less than 90 percent of
its original weight, the affected length of tube is to be discarded and
rendered unfit for further use in scaffolding.
• Steel tubes must be hot-dipped galvanised or painted when used in
scaffolds which are exposed for prolonged periods to marine or corrosiv
atmospheres.
18 • Fittings and couplings must be specially made for the tubes in use and
4/8/2022
must be of a satisfactory quality as to strength and performance.
 Tubular
Scaffoldin
g

19 4/8/2022
 Contd.
. Fittings
•
•
must be carefully maintained in good order and condition.
They must not be left lying around but stored in bags, boxes or bins, and
kept well oiled and protected from rusting.
• Special attention must be given to the care and checking of screw threads
and nuts; worn or distorted parts must be discarded or replaced. Cracks or
other flaws must be watched for.
• Materials
• Steel Tubes
• Aluminium Tubes
• Ccouplers and Accessories
• Specific Requirements for Standing Scaffolds
• Standards
• Ledge • Ties
rs • Braces
• Putlog
20 4/8/2022s
 Types of
•Scaffoldings
Single scaffolding
• Double
scaffolding
• Cantilever
scaffolding
• Suspended
scaffolding
• Trestle
scaffolding
• Steel scaffolding
• Patented
4/8/2022
21 scaffolding
 Single
Scaffolding
• Single scaffolding is
generally used for brick
masonry,
• Also called as brick layer’s
scaffolding. Single
scaffolding consists of
standards, ledgers, putlogs
etc., which is parallel to the
wall at a distance of about
1.2 m.

• Distance between the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers

connect the standards at vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
•4/8/2022
Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of the
22
ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
 Double
Scaffolding
• Double Scaffolding is generally
used for stone masonry so, it is
also called as mason’s
scaffolding.
• In stone walls, it is hard to make
holes in the wall to support
putlogs. So, two rows of
scaffolding is constructed to
make it strong.
• The first row is 20 – 30 cm away
from the wall and the other one
is 1m away from the first row.
• Then putlogs are placed
which are supported by the
both frames.
• To make it more strong rakers and
cross braces are provided.This is
23
also called as independent
4/8/2022
scaffolding.
 Cantilever
• This a type of scaffolding in which the
Scaffolding
standards are supported on series of
needles and these needles are taken out
through holes in the wall.This is called
single frame type scaffolding. In the
other type needles are strutted inside the
floors through the openings and this is
called independent or double frame type
scaffolding. Care should be taken while
construction of cantilever scaffolding.
• Generally cantilever scaffoldings
are used under conditions such as
:
• When the ground does not
having the capacity to support
standards,
• When the Ground near the wall is to
4/8/2022
24
be free from traffic,When upper part
of the wall is under construction.
 Suspended
•Scaffolding
In suspended
scaffolding, the
working platform is
suspended from
roofs with the help
of wire ropes or
chains etc., it can be
raised or lowered to
our required level.
• This type of
scaffolding is used
for repair works,
pointing, paintings
4/8/2022
25 etc.
 Trestle
•Scaffolding
In Trestle
scaffolding, the
working platform is
supported on
movable tripods or
ladders.
• This is generally used
for work inside the
room, such as
paintings, repairs etc.,
up to a height of 5m.

26 4/8/2022
 Steel
•Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is
constructed by steel
tubes which are fixed
together by steel
couplers or fittings.
• It is very easy to
construct or dismantle.
• It has greater strength,
greater durability and
higher fire resistance.
• It is not economical but
will give more safety for
workers.
27
•4/8/2022
Used extensively
nowadays.
 Patented
•Scaffolding
Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these
are equipped with special couplings and frames etc.,
these are readymade scaffoldings which are available
in the market. In this type of scaffolding working
platform is arranged on brackets which can be
adjustable to our required level.

28 4/8/2022
 Strutting and
Waling
Strut is a structural component designed to resist
longitudinal compression. Struts provide outwards-
facing support in their lengthwise direction, which can
be used to keep two other components separate,
performing the opposite Function of a tie.They are
commonly used in architecture and Engineering.
Waling is an upright structure of masonry, wood,
plaster, or other building material serving to enclose,
divide, or protect an area, especially a vertical
construction forming an inner partition or exterior
siding of a building.
29 4/8/2022
 Question
s Explain different types of Underpinning methods.
�
Draw sketches to elaborate your answer.
� What do we mean by Design Requirements in
scaffolding Process. Elaborate the points also.
� What type of Scaffolds can be used, and in what
situation.
Elaborate with the help of sketches.

30 4/8/2022
 Thanky
ou

31 4/8/2022