55

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN CHECKING AND COMPARISON OF EFFECTS ON THE
PROPOSED BUILDING

4.1. Introduction
A building is a structure, usually enclosed by walls and a roof and
constructed to provide support shelter for an intended occupancy. And, it is also a
place where many families can live. And these buildings should be resistance to
natural hazards, such as heavy rain, flood, severe wind and earthquake, etc.
Buildings and Structures are constantly subjected to wind loads and
pressure as it is an innate phenomenon of nature. Wind is defined as the flow or
movement of air in the atmosphere that occurs because of atmospheric pressure
differentials caused by solar radiation. It is fascinating to wonder how the wind is
actually interacting with various buildings and structures.
In this chapter, rectangular-shaped twelve-storey flexible reinforced
concrete building is designed by gravity load only according to the requirements of
ACI 318-99 Code. These building are analyzed for wind load directions, WX and
WY, according to ASCE 7-05. In this study, analysis for basic wind load is done by
ETABS software. From analysis results, this structure is checked for stability in
overturning effect, sliding, P-∆ effect, story drift limitations and torsional
irregularities effects.

4.2. Design Consideration

The twelve-storey building is designed by gravity load and wind loads. The
slab must be designed to take a proportional shear of the load in each direction.
Beams transfer the loading on floor slabs to supporting columns. Columns are vertical
load bearing members of the structural frame which transmits the beam loads down to
the slab. Columns shall be designed to resist the axial force from factored loads on all
floors or roof and the maximum moment from factored load on a single adjacent span
of the floor or roof.
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4.3. Checking According to the UBC-97 Provisioin

Checking for building performance such as overturning moment, sliding, P-
∆ effect, the storey drift limitation and torsional irregularities are done in accordance
with UBC-97 provisions.

4.3.1. Overturning Moment Check

For X – direction
Overturning moment = (Base shear x Story height) + Top moment
= (455.28 x 10) + 58408.76
= 62961.56 kip-ft
Resisting moment = Total self weight × YCM
= 0.9 × 7890.61 × 20.332
= 144388.69kip-ft
Factor of safety = Resisting moment/ Overturning moment
= 144388.69 / 62961.56
= 2.29 >1.5 (OK)
For Y – direction
Overturning moment = (Base shear x Story height) + Top moment
= (455.28 x 10) + 111408.65
= 115961.45 kip-ft
Resisting moment = Total self weight × XCM
= 0.9 × 7890.61 × 37.43
= 265810.98 kip-ft
Factor of safety = Resisting moment/Overturning moment
= 265810.98 /115961.45
= 2.29 >1.5 (OK)

4.3.2. Sliding Check

According to the UBC-97 resistance of sliding is calculated as follows:
Safety factor = 1.5
Total Dead Load (P) = 0.9 × Pd
= 0.9 × 7890.61
= 7101.55kip
Frictional Coefficient (µ) = 0.25
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Resistant due to friction =µ×P

= 0.25 × 7101.55
= 1775.39 kip
For X-direction,
Base Shear,Vx = 455.28 kips
Safety Factor = Resisting Force /Vx
= 1775.39 / 455.28
= 3.89> 1.5 (OK)
(No Sliding)
For Y-direction,
Base Shear, Vy = 455.28 kips
Safety Factor = Resisting Force / Vy
= 1775.39 / 455.28
=3.89 > 1.5 (OK)
(No Sliding)

4.3.3. P-∆ Checking

According to the UBC-97, P-∆ Checking is calculated as follows:
Px = 245.05×32.2
= 7890.61 kips
∆sx = 0.000279 ×10×12
= 0.0335 in
Vx = 455.28 kips
hx = 120 in
θx = Px ∆sx / Vx hx
7890. 61×0 .0335
= 455. 28×120
= 0.00484 < 0.1
P-∆ need not be considered.

4.3.4. Story Drift Limitations

For studied building,
Structure’s natural period, T = Ct (H)3/4
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= 0.02 (140)3/4
= 0.81 s > 0.7 s
Therefore, the building period greater than 0.7 seconds,
∆limit = 0.020 h (2% of storey height)
Calculations of the maximum inelastic response displacements are illustrated in Table
4.1.
Table 4.1. Drift Result for Storey Drift

Storey Height Drift X Drift Y ∆Sx ∆Sy ∆Mx ∆My ∆Limit

(in) (in) (in)

RF 120 0.000077 0.000377 0.00924 0.04524 0.03557 0.17417 2.4

12th F 120 0.000548 0.000795 0.06576 0.0954 0.25318 0.36729 2.4

11th F 120 0.000386 0.000729 0.04632 0.08748 0.17833 0.33679 2.4

10th F 120 0.000279 0.000703 0.03348 0.08436 0.12889 0.32479 2.4

9th F 120 0.000199 0.000649 0.02388 0.07788 0.09194 0.29984 2.4

8th F 120 0.000153 0.000594 0.01836 0.07128 0.07069 0.27443 2.4

7th F 120 0.000197 0.000539 0.02364 0.06468 0.09101 0.24902 2.4

6th F 120 0.000237 0.000457 0.02844 0.05484 0.10949 0.21113 2.4

5th F 120 0.000279 0.000411 0.03348 0.04932 0.12889 0.01899 2.4

4th F 120 0.000312 0.000372 0.03744 0.04464 0.14414 0.17186 2.4

3rd F 120 0.000297 0.000288 0.03564 0.03456 0.13721 0.13306 2.4

2nd F 120 0.000318 0.000259 0.03816 0.03108 0.14692 0.11966 2.4

1st F 120 0.000423 0.000261 0.05076 0.03132 0.19543 0.12058 2.4

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GF 120 0.000353 0.000086 0.04236 0.01032 0.16309 0.03973 2.4

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4.3.5. Torsional Irregularities Check

The following tables are illustrated in Calculations of Maximum Displacement
at Point.

Table 4.2. Calculations of Maximum Displacement at Point 1

Coordinate X = 0, Y = 40 ft ( Point 1 )
Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
Storey
X Y X Y
RF -0.0442 0.0778 0.000077 0.000135

12th F -0.0.49 0.0616 0.000548 0.000219

11th F 0.0308 0.0879 0.000386 0.000052
10th F 0.0771 0.0942 0.000279 0.00002
9th F 0.1106 0.0966 0.000199 0.000158
8th F 0.1345 0.0776 0.000096 0.000133
7th F 0.1460 0.0616 0.000032 0.000109
6th F 0.1498 0.0485 0.000036 0.000093

5th F 0.1455 0.0374 0.000098 0.000086

4th F 0.1337 0.027 0.000151 0.000072
3rd F 0.1155 0.0184 0.000145 0.000059
2nd F 0.0980 0.0114 0.000216 0.000048
1st F 0.0721 0.0056 0.000365 0.000023

G.F 0.0283 0.0028 0.000236 0.000024

Table 4.3. Calculations of Maximum Displacements at Point 35

Coordinate X = 0, Y = 40 ft ( Point 35 )

Displacement Displacement Drift Drift

Storey
X Y X Y

RF 0.3230 0.7662 0.000052 0.000377

12th F 0.3167 0.7209 0.000007 0.000795
11th F 0.3176 0.6256 0.000031 0.000729
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Table 4.4. Calculations of Maximum Displacements at Point 35 (Continued )

Coordinate X = 0, Y = 40 ft ( Point 35 )

Displacement Displacement Drift Drift

Storey
X Y X Y

10th F 0.3139 0.5381 0.000107 0.000708

9th F 0.3011 0.4537 0.000063 0.000649

8th F 0.2935 0.3759 0.00015 0.000594

7th F 0.2756 0.3046 0.000197 0.000539

6th F 0.2519 0.2399 0.00023 0.000457

5th F 0.2243 0.1851 0.000272 0.000411

4th F 0.1917 0.1357 0.000312 0.000372

3rd F 0.1543 0.0911 0.000268 0.000288

2nd F 0.1221 0.0565 0.000318 0.00024

1st F 0.0840 0.0278 0.000398 0.00019

G.F 0.0362 0.0049 0.000302 0.000041

For studied building,

The maximum displacement is
δmax = 0.000795×120
= 0.0954 in
The average maximum displacement of two points is

( 0. 000548×120 ) + ( 0 .000795×120 )
δavg = 2
= 0.0806 in
δ max 0. 0954
δ avg = 0. 0806
= 1.18 < 1.2 (OK)
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Figure 4.1. 3D Model of Proposed Building

4.4. Comparison on the Effects of Twelve Storeyed R.C Building

The following tables are illustrated in comparison on the effects of support
reactions at wind exposure type B and D.

Table 4.5. Comparison on the Effects of Point Displacement and Drift at Exposure B

Exposure B (Point 7)
Storey
Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
X Y X Y

RF -0.0037 0.0639 0.000077 0.000377

12th F -0.0029 0.0601 0.000548 0.000795

11th F 0.0026 0.0521 0.000386 0.000729

10th F 0.0064 0.0448 0.000279 0.000703

9th F 0.0092 0.0378 0.000199 0.000649

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Table 4.6. Comparison on the Effects of Point Displacement and Drift at Exposure B
(Continued)

Exposure B ( Point 7 )
Storey
Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
X Y X Y

8th F 0.0112 0.0313 0.000096 0.000594

7th F 0.0122 0.0254 0.000032 0.000539

6th F 0.0125 0.02 0.000036 0.000457

5th F 0.0121 0.0154 0.000098 0.000411

4th F 0.0111 0.0113 0.000151 0.000372

3rd F 0.0096 0.0076 0.000145 0.000288

2nd F 0.0082 0.0047 0.000216 0.00024

1st F 0.006 0.0023 0.000349 0.000168

G.F 0.0025 0.0006 0.000252 0.000063

Table 4.7. Comparison on the Effects of Point Displacement and Drift at Exposure D
Exposure D ( Point 7 )
Storey Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
X Y X Y

RF -0.7196 0.7703 0.000278 0.00037

12th F -0.6862 0.7258 0.000797 0.000801

11th F -0.5906 0.6298 0.000703 0.000702

10th F -0.5062 0.5456 0.000659 0.000704

9th F -0.4271 0.461 0.000621 0.000639

8th F -0.3525 0.3843 0.000591 0.000609

7th F -0.2815 0.3112 0.000545 0.000564

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Table 4.8. Comparison on the Effects of Point Displacement and Drift at Exposure D
( Continued )

Exposure D ( Point 7 )
Storey
Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
X Y X Y

6th F -0.2162 0.2435 0.000446 0.000467

5th F -0.1627 0.1875 0.000384 0.000425

4th F -0.1166 0.1364 0.000331 0.000375

3rd F -0.0769 0.0914 0.000255 0.000284

2nd F -0.0462 0.0574 0.000202 0.000245

1st F -0.022 0.028 0.000131 0.000168

G.F -0.0063 0.0078 0.000053 0.000065

Figure 4.2. Comparison of Displacement Results in X-direction

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Figure 4.3. Comparison of Displacement Results in Y-direction

Figure 4.4. Comparison of Drift Results in X-direction

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Figure 4.5. Comparison of Drift Results in Y-direction

Table 4.9. Support Reactions at Exposure type B

Storey Point Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
BASE 1 COMB -1.16 -0.44 195.2 27.921 -152.2 -1.55
3
BASE 2 COMB -1.72 -0.65 299.01 43.365 -175.6 -1.86
3
BASE 3 COMB -1.86 -0.72 309.12 51.848 -182.7 -2.05
3
BASE 4 COMB -1.95 -0.79 307.66 60.054 -187.9 -2.4
3
BASE 5 COMB -2.34 -1.02 251.49 78.873 -205.1 -1.06
3
BASE 6 COMB -2.78 -0.01 163.24 20.983 -222.3 -2.22
3
BASE 7 COMB -2.24 -0.32 152.9 41.112 -201.5 -3.93
3
BASE 8 COMB -1.17 -0.92 252.08 46.268 -153.9 -1.69
3
BASE 9 COMB -1.73 -1.11 378.09 61.028 -178.9 -2.05
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3
BASE 10 COMB -1.91 -1.21 385.55 70.375 -188.7 -2.37
3
BASE 11 COMB -2.09 -1.29 377.75 79.098 -198.1 -2.91
3
BASE 12 COMB -2.53 -1.53 306.08 98.568 -217.9 -1.84
3
BASE 13 COMB -3.07 -0.54 195.19 40.313 -239.9 -3.09
3
BASE 14 COMB -2.46 -0.58 167.45 50.743 -216.1 -4.56
3
BASE 15 COMB -1.42 -0.09 416.09 10.188 -175.2 -1.99
3
BASE 16 COMB -2.19 -0.16 623.65 18.736 -210.9 -1.93
3
Table 4.10. Support Reactions at Exposure Type B (Continued)
Store Point Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
y
BASE 17 COMB3 -2.63 -0.24 653.92 27.124 -235.1 -2.04
BASE 18 COMB3 -3.17 -0.33 633.32 36.407 -265.8 -2.44
BASE 19 COMB3 -3.96 -0.43 467.76 53.232 -309.2 -3.59
BASE 20 COMB3 -4.61 1.54 393.36 -49.51 -339.2 -1.65
BASE 21 COMB3 -4.52 0.04 325.03 22.537 -334.9 -7.57
BASE 22 COMB3 -1.59 0.73 249.28 -25.25 -188.5 -0.86
BASE 23 COMB3 -2.25 0.76 382.82 -22.87 -218.4 -0.36
BASE 24 COMB3 -2.59 0.7 391.61 -15.12 -237.2 0.32
BASE 25 COMB3 -2.94 0.59 387.43 -4.817 -258.0 1.13
BASE 26 COMB3 -3.81 0.44 326.56 13.146 -302.3 6.42
BASE 27 COMB3 -5.53 3.58 306.74 -157.5 -373.2 -1.39
BASE 28 COMB3 -4.24 0.58 239.02 -3.339 -183.1 -12.09
BASE 29 COMB3 -1.48 0.29 180.73 -8.195 -209.7 -0.79
BASE 30 COMB3 -2.11 0.36 281.88 -7.497 -218.1 -0.29
BASE 31 COMB3 -2.27 0.3 284.74 0.089 -225.8 0.37
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BASE 32 COMB3 -2.4 0.2 279.82 9.842 -244.2 1.18

BASE 33 COMB3 -2.8 -0.2 226.89 37.228 -267.6 6.44
BASE 34 COMB3 -3.37 2.03 175.22 -95.18 -267.6 -0.95
BASE 35 COMB3 -2.84 0.44 162.63 1.581 -247.5 -3.25

Table 4.11. Support Reactions at Exposure Type D

Storey Point Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
BASE 1 COMB3 0.65 -0.37 203.46 21.04 56.95 -1.49
BASE 2 COMB3 0.49 -0.59 296.42 39.15 49.46 -1.85
BASE 3 COMB3 0.39 -0.69 307.86 50.2 43.74 -1.97
BASE 4 COMB3 0.3 -0.79 308.07 60.78 38.44 -2.06
BASE 5 COMB3 0.09 -0.78 259.38 64.61 28.4 -0.84
BASE 6 COMB3 0.07 -0.03 172.27 22.82 26.85 -2.11
BASE 7 COMB3 0.1 -0.35 124.52 42.99 27.83 -3.55
BASE 8 COMB3 0.7 -0.85 262.68 39.57 58.9 -1.29
Table 4.12. Support Reactions at Exposure Type D (Continued)

Storey Point Load FX FY FZ MX MY.1 MZ

BASE 9 COMB3 0.52 -1.08 376.6 57.38 49.57 -1.68
BASE 10 COMB3 0.36 -1.2 384.03 69.42 40.75 -1.82
BASE 11 COMB3 0.23 -1.3 378.54 80.47 33.03 -1.91
BASE 12 COMB3 -0.05 -1.28 315.48 83.94 19.16 -0.78
BASE 13 COMB3 -0.19 -0.53 202.48 41.14 13.02 -2.19
BASE 14 COMB3 -0.06 -0.61 136.26 52.63 17.85 -3.24
BASE 15 COMB3 0.88 -0.02 425.35 3.59 63.35 -2.35
BASE 16 COMB3 0.62 -0.13 624.55 15.06 49.19 -2.27
BASE 17 COMB3 0.39 -0.23 654.21 26.19 36.78 -2.33
BASE 18 COMB3 0.17 -0.34 639.27 37.55 25.42 -2.36
BASE 19 COMB3 -0.66 -0.3 510.76 40.89 -9.9 -1.89
BASE 20 COMB3 -0.5 1.08 359.71 -30.46 -6.29 -2.93
BASE 21 COMB3 -0.36 -0.06 269.79 27.99 -0.95 -7.5
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BASE 22 COMB3 0.38 0.81 258.65 -32.55 28.26 -2.53

BASE 23 COMB3 0.13 0.81 380.03 -26.9 15.36 -2.002
BASE 24 COMB3 -0.1 0.71 390.36 -16.04 2.48 -1.59
BASE 25 COMB3 -0.34 0.57 390.72 -3.71 -11.69 -1.6
BASE 26 COMB3 -0.51 0.89 366.92 -12.75 -25.27 14.31
BASE 27 COMB3 -1.69 3.03 290.8 -128.8 -75.08 -11.21
BASE 28 COMB3 -1.07 0.39 196.07 6.36 -50.48 -11.24
BASE 29 COMB3 0.34 0.34 191.11 -14.54 23.46 -2.37
BASE 30 COMB3 0.11 0.38 280.33 -10.75 13.1 -1.78
BASE 31 COMB3 -0.01 0.29 284.86 -0.33 6.59 -1.35
BASE 32 COMB3 -0.1 0.18 282.72 11.05 0.65 -0.53
BASE 33 COMB3 -0.37 0.25 249.72 11.58 -12.14 2.18
BASE 34 COMB3 -0.51 1.59 173.98 -71.34 -19.13 -1.95
BASE 35 COMB3 -0.41 0.24 126.66 11.78 -15.88 -5.68