UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN KUALA TERENGGANU

KAMPUS BUKIT BESI

MEC299

RESISTANCE PREDICTION OF GRP

BEDAR IN CALM WATER USING
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC
APPROACH

MUHAMMAD HAIKAL DANIEL BIN BIN JAMAL

2020890508

SUPERVISOR:

MISS NUR AIN BINTI ABD RAHMAN

SEM MARCH AUGUST 2022

 A. PROPOSED PROJECT

1. PROJECT TITLE: RESISTANCE PREDICTION BEDAR IN CALM WATER USING

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC APPROACH

2. STUDENT NAME: MUHAMMAD HAIKAL DANIEL BIN JAMAL

4. COURSE
3. STUDENT ID: 2020890508
CODE: EM110

SUPERVISOR NAME: MISS NUR AIN BINTI ABD RAHMAN

CO-SUPERVISOR (if available)):

……………………………………………... ……………………………………………...

(Student’s Signature) (Supervisor Signature & Cop)

Name: MUHAMMAD HAIKAL DANIEL BIN JAMAL Date: ……………………………....

Date: 28.6.2022 Ext. Line: ……………………………....

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SLIP
I hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of a report entitled RESISTANCE PREDICTION BEDAR IN
CALM WATER USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC APPROACH

Submitted by Muhammad Haikal Daniel bin Jamal at 10.00 pm

and the date 23.6.2022

………………………………………. ………………………… …………….

Received by: Chop Date
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 5
 1.1 Background of Study............................................................................................ 5

1.2 Problem Statements.............................................................................................. 7

1.3 Objectives............................................................................................................. 8

1.4 Scope of Work...................................................................................................... 8

1.5 Significant of Study.............................................................................................. 8

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................... 9

2.1 Determine Ship Resistance Using Computational Fluid Dynamics..................... 9

2.2 Wave Resistance ..................................................................................................10

2.3 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Bedar Fiberglass Boat............................................. 11

2.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software ............................................... 13

2.5 Computational and Experimental Works on Ship Resistance .............................14

3.0 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Methodology.......................................................................................................17

3.2 Flowchart............................................................................................................18

3.3 Preliminary Results.............................................................................................19

3.3 Gantt Chart..........................................................................................................20

4.0 REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

The term bedar, (in Terengganu spelled “bedor”), is applied to a wide variety of
boats of the east coast of Malaysia that carry one or two junk sails and lack the typical
transom stern of the perahu pinas. These junks rigged boats are usually built in
Terengganu area. This type of boat is said to be an original Malay boat especially in
terms of its shape. The upper part of the bow and back is mounted a piece of board
protruding forward and backward as if the snout of a duck usually longer than the back.
Apart from the hood at the back, in the middle of the hull of this boat there is a building
known as
“Jerombong”. The space below it is space filling stuff. The boat measures ten meters to
sixteen meters and is about a width three meters. The loading rate of goods is estimated
at around 350 to 400 pickups. The boat is propelled using three sails. The speed of this
boat when sailing between 6 to 7 knots per hour.
So, for our project, we want to make something different using this bedar boat,
which is called bedar fiberglass (potong belakang)." Before this, we wanted to add only
the engine, but we know that this boat is made of “cengal” wood, which is this wood
are quite expensive since now. Therefore, we plan to convert that wood to fiberglass
because of its cheaper price as well as its higher durability. For the engine part, we plan
to replace the ship sail with a Yamaha or Mercury outboard engine because a motor
yacht gives an easier ride, with the engine doing all the hard work. Handling sails and
rigging is physical work and might not be for everyone. If you love to sail, a sailing
boat is a no brainer. For a more relaxed, less physically demanding ride, a motor yacht
is a better choice. For the design of the boat, we use Polycad and Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) to simulate marine conditions and predict the flow of air and water
around a ship.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the analysis of fluid flows using

numerical solution methods. Using CFD, you are able to analyze complex problems
involving fluid, fluid-solid or fluid-gas interaction. Engineering fields where CFD
analyses are frequently used are for example aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, where
quantities such as lift and drag or field properties as pressures and velocities are
obtained. Fluid dynamics is involved with physical laws in the form of partial
differential equations. Sophisticated CFD solvers transform these laws into algebraic
equations and are able to efficiently solve these equations numerically (“Computational
fluid dynamics,” 2014).

(The original Naga Pelangi, bedar, (45'/13.7 m LOD), built 1981, sailing off Singapore 1981)
 1.2 Problem Statement

For the bedar boat, it is made of cengal wood, which is more expensive than
other woods. Therefore, converting the cengal wood to fiberglass is the best way
because of its durability and cost. Anyway, the inherently brittle nature of fiberglass
tends to crake easily, meaning we might be more prone to spending money on minor
repair costs. It’s heavier than other materials, which can pose problems with capacity
and cause engines to work harder. When fiberglass was originally introduced as a
composite, it had several advantages over wood for boat hull construction. First and
foremost, it was cheaper! Boats constructed entirely of fiberglass could be produced for
a third of the cost of their wooden counterparts. Of course, a lower production cost
wouldn't mean much if no one wanted to buy the finished product.

Now, it is important to note that fiberglass will not necessarily be stronger than
wood or aluminum when used for this purpose. Fiberglass has more flexibility to bend
than either wood or aluminum, and it will bounce back to its previous shape. However,
at higher impact levels, fiberglass may be shattered while wood and aluminum are
simply bent and may be hammered back into position. Ship resistance is one of the
main factors affecting the design of a ship. Generally, a bulbous bow is implemented to
reduce wave resistance because the bulbous shape is believed to attenuate the bow
wave system. But, for the bedar boat, it used a spoon bow, which is causing little
trouble to reduce wave resistance because of the bow shape. It may be more difficult
than other boats because most of the boats since now use bulbous bow shapes. This will
be one of the main problems for this project.
1.3 Objectives

The main objectives of this project are:

i. To predict the resistance of a bedar fiberglass boat in calm water using Computational
Fluid Dynamic (CFD). ii. To develop a model CAD for a bedar fiberglass boat by using
Polycad, CFD and Rhino software.
1.4 Scope of work

This research will focus on how to analyze boats that are going to cover research and
development in mechanical engineering from the marine side using CFD. CFD software needs
to be used in this project to run some simulations to get the data. Firstly, bedar fiberglass boats
need to be modelled by using polycad, which is a free program to design the ship. For the
analyze data from CFD, Microsoft Excel needs to be used.

1.5 Significant of Study

The significance of the study for this project is to predict the resistance of a bedar fiberglass
boat in calm water using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) is the analysis of fluid flows using numerical solution methods. Using CFD, it will be
able to analyze complex problems involving fluid, fluid-solid or fluid-gas interaction.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Determine ship resistance using computational fluid dynamics

Ship resistance is defined as the force required to tow or to move the ship in calm water at a
constant velocity. The resistance of a ship depends on the velocity of the ship. Therefore,
resistance is always specific at a particular velocity. The condition of the sea also affects the
resistance by the sea. Ship resistance in calm water is different from in rough sea. Ship
resistance is considered as one of the important factors in designing the ship. The ship resistance
can be determined by using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD), an easy and less times
consuming application (Ship Resistance Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2015). The
accuracy of the CFD analysis is proven accurate, and most naval architects use this method
instead of towing tank experiment method which is tedious and time consuming. According to
Perez (2009), in order to obtain accurate results even in steady state simulations, every problem
needs to be set-up carefully, and this includes having sufficient nodes within the boundary layer,
correct mesh for high gradient zones and suitable time step sizes [1]. Comprehensive efforts are
vitally required to verify and validate computational data; however, there might still be lack of
consensus of suitable techniques [2]. In the present study, commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX
14.0, which adopts false time step or pseudo-time step to solve equations as a means of under
relaxation, was used. The under relaxation is necessary to stabilize some iterative processes for
obtaining steady state solutions [3]. It could be said that smaller physical time steps are more
robust that larger ones [4].
Nonetheless, convergence will require more CPU time.

2.2 Wave Resistance

Waves follow a moving ship and the propagation of these waves is associated with the presence
of a gravitational field. Water is endowed with viscosity, and anybody moving through a viscous
fluid, experiences a resistance, partly because of tangentially acting stresses on the body, but
partly also because boundary-layer growth, and separation, if it occurs, yield a resistance
resulting from integrating normal components of the stress over the body. The frictional
resistance will certainly depend upon the wave profile along the ship. On the other hand, the
wave pattern itself is going to depend in some fashion upon the ship's boundary layer and wake.
The effects of gravity and viscosity interact in essential ways. There seems to be no neat
practicable definition of gravitational or wave resistance without introducing assumptions or
approximations.

2.3 Hydrodynamic Analysis of Bedar Fiber Glass Boat

Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned with the mechanics of fluids and the
forces on them. Advanced fluid dynamics will include the study of turbulence and non-linear
flow. These are deemed more exotic areas as they will involve more complex and interesting
ideas and mathematics where chaos theory, higher order differential equations, complex algebra
and topologies may come into play. If the study involves moving fluids it is usually called
hydrodynamics. Hydro means water, dynamic means energy or physical force in motion and
effect. Specifically, hydrodynamics refers to the different or ways forces affect the movement of
fluids (Hydrodynamic Analysis of Model Fiber Glass Boat, 2019).

Utilizing the default setting in ANSYS for mesh generation, a simple default mesh can be
generated. A finer mesh is required to produce better results as finer mesh yields more accurate
result. Firstly, the mesh sizing parameter can be altered to make a finer mesh using the relevance
center option. For the sizing of the mesh, the proximity and curvature option are chosen as it will
make smaller cells around the curves like the leading edges of the hull.

Figure 6 shows the mesh generated.

Figure 6: Mesh generated via default setting (“Hydrodynamic Analysis of Model Fiber Glass
Boat,” 2019b) From the analysis using ANSYS CFX tools simulation software, the total
resistance force for each model was obtained as shown in Table 1. The variable for the analysis is
the speed. The value of the resistance will be converted to dimensionless unit by using the total
resistance coefficient formula. Then, the coefficient of the resistance for the model fiberglass boat
will be compared to the experimental data.

Table 1: Simulation results (“Simulation Results,” 2019)

2.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical
analysis and data structures to analyze and solve problems that involve fluid flows.
Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the free-stream flow of
the fluid, and the interaction of the fluid (liquids and gases) with surfaces defined by
boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved,
and are often required to solve the largest and most complex problems. Ongoing research
yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such
as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial validation of such software is typically performed
using experimental apparatus such as wind tunnels. In addition, previously performed
analytical or empirical analysis of a particular problem can be used for comparison. A final
validation is often performed using full-scale testing, such as flight tests. CFD is applied to
a wide range of research and engineering problems in many fields of study and industries,
including aerodynamics and aerospace analysis, hyper sonics, weather simulation, natural
science and environmental engineering, industrial system design and analysis, biological
engineering, fluid flows, heat transfer engine and combustion analysis, and visual effects
for film and games. CFD provides the ability to theoretically simulate any physical
condition. CFD allows great control over the physical process, and provides the ability to
isolate specific phenomena for study. ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
simulation software allows you to predict, with confidence, the impact of fluid flows on
your product throughout design and manufacturing as well as during end use.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) creates a digital simulation that visualizes the flow
of fluids and the way they are affected by objects. It is a very powerful tool that shows in
advance how temperature, pressure and velocity are going to behave in a design.
 (Example of the use of CFD Software)
2.5 Computational and Experimental Works on Ship Resistance

The role of seagoing ships is very important in order to transport materials and passengers
from one port to the others. In addition, some ships are doing industrial activities or
executing other tasks at sea. The ships need the engine power to travel at the required
speeds or to make other jobs. The engine power is one parameter that should be determined
at the initial ship design phase. This task can be done by applying some existing statistical
methods or executing model tests of ship resistance. Then, the engine power may be
estimated by applying additional propulsion parameters. Furthermore, the engine power is
evaluated several times following the general ship design procedure. Many design tasks
include test model to validate the results from statistical methods. Other procedure is
executed by direct model test when the statistical methods are not available.

In fact, the resistance computations are still executed for some kinds of ships though the
existing methods are not represented for such ships. This could be accepted at initial design
phase. In this paper, the resistance of some ships was evaluated. The approach existing
methods were used to compute the ship resistance. Three different ship types were applied
to prove this issue. They were semi-displacement passenger boat, pole and line fishing boat
and passenger-cargo coaster. The resistance of those ships was computed based on three
different methods. Then the results of the resistance were validated by those of test models.
The models were determined based on the scale factor for each ship. Then they were built
and set based on the criteria in testing procedures. The standard testing procedures were
adapted during the testing. In addition, some external factors were avoided in order to
achieve better results. The results of those three models were predicted for the full-scale
ships. The prediction procedure was based on the Froude assumption. The results of those
three fullscale ships were presented and compared to those from the computation of
statistical methods. In fact, the results from those two methods were in good agreement but
different in values. Some reasons were explained concerning these differences.
The existence of semi-displacement ships is to transport the passengers in the short routes
(Figure 1a benefits for such ships. Their speeds are ranging from 19 to 25 knots or Froude
number Fn are 0.55 to 0.80. According to the definition by IMO-HSC [1, 2], such ships are
classified as High-Speed Craft (HSC) or by hydrodynamic point of view those ships are
classified as semi-displacement ships as stated by Molland [3] and Nicolaysen [4]. Due to
their operational range, those ships are also classified as short-sea ferries [5]. Skipjack pole
and line is a kind fishing vessel that is used to catch skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis).
This kind of vessels has been used for long time in the area which is potential in skipjack
tuna (Figure 1b). Those vessels are made of wood and recently most of them are made of
fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP). Meanwhile, some ships which serve the coast area are
still operating in some routes to transport the passengers and cargoes (coaster). Those ships
are made of woods and still operating in some regions.

a. Semi-displacement ships b. Skipjack pole and line

Figure 1. The existing semi-displacement ships

Three ships were selected for the computations and model test of the resistance. They are
semi displacement passenger ship, skipjack pole and line and passenger-cargo coaster. The
semi displacement passenger ship designed by the author [13]. The ship has the capacity of
254 passengers. The ships were designed to follow the design process for the passenger
ships [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Those ships have the hard chine hull forms. The hull material
of the ship is Aluminum. The scale factors = 27, 10 and 20 were set for displacement
passenger ship, skipjack pole and line and passenger-cargo coaster respectively to develop
the models.
 a. Semi-displacement ship b. Skipjack pole and line c. Passenger-cargo coaster
Figure 2. The ship models
The ship model of semi-displacement ship was tested at the towing tank of University of
Liege (ULgANAST) (Figure 3a). While the models of skipjack pole and line and
passengercargo coaster were tested at the towing at the towing tank Faculty of Engineering
Patti Mura University (Figures 3b and 3c). Some external effects were avoided during the
tests. The ship parameters measured during the tests are model speed, resistance, trim and
sinkage.

Figure 3: The ship models test are underway

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology

There are two objectives needs to be covered in this research. The first objective is
to design a model traditional fiber glass boat by using Polycad and Rhino. The second
objective to visualize and analyze the fluid flow of the model traditional fiber glass boat
using the CFX tools simulation. In order to fulfil this projects requirement, there are a
number of steps that need to be taken.
The first step is to understand and search for any literature related to the study by
acquiring as much information as possible on the research. The threes software used for this
part of the project were Polycad, Rhino and Ansys CFX. Polycad was used for the
construction of the model boat hull, while Rhino was used for create the components in the
boat and Ansys CFX were used for the simulation part. The next step is to design the hull
form geometry of the model traditional fiber glass boat using the Polycad and Rhino
software. This boat is designed based on the off-set value and line drawing of a model
patrol boat provided. Firstly, the numerical simulations are performed to predict the added
resistance and ship motions in regular head and oblique seas using three different methods;
a 2-D and 3-D potential flow method and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with an
Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) approach. Simulations of various
wave conditions are compared with the available experimental data and these are used in a
validation study. Secondly, following the validation study in regular waves, the ship speed
loss is estimated using the developed methodology by calculating the resistance in calm
water and the added resistance due to wind and irregular waves, taking into account relevant
wave parameters and wind speed corresponding to the Beaufort scale, and results are
compared with simulation results obtained by other researchers. Finally, the effect of the
variation in ship speed and therefore the ship speed loss is investigated. This study shows
the capabilities of the 2-D and 3-D potential methods and CFD to calculate the added
resistance and ship motions in regular waves in various wave headings. It also demonstrates
that the proposed methodology can estimate the impacts on the ship operating speed and the
required sea margin in irregular seas.
3.2 Flowchart of simulation
3.3 Preliminary Results
3.3 Gant Chart
TASK WEEK / DESCRIPTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Title Discussion And Proposal

2 Proposal Preparation

3 Proposal Submission And Presentation

4 Introduction

5 Literature Review

6 Research Methodology

7 Project Development

8 Data Collection

9 Data Analyzing

10 Software Designation

11 Prepare Report And Submit

12 FYP1 Presentation

13 Result And Discussion

14 Conclusion And Recommendation

15 Complete Report And Submission
 CHAPTER 4

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