ROTARY INTERSECTION – An at grade intersection operating with one-way traffic counterclockwise

around a central, circular or elliptical in shape, or sufficient size to produce weaving maneuvers in lieu of
direct crossings between the various movements.

RUNNING SPEED – The speed over a specific section of highway, being the distance divided by running
time. The average for all traffic or component thereof, is the summation of distance by the summation
of running times.

RUNNING TIME – The time the vehicle is in motion.

SEAL COAT – A thin bituminous treatment of the blotter type of waterproof bituminous surfaces and for
non-skid surfaces.

SEPARATE TURNING LANE – An intersection roadways which is physically separated from other travel
lanes by islands or other neutral areas.

SHOULDER – The portion of the roadway contiguous with the traveled way for accommodation of
stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of base and surface course.

SPEED – The rate of movement of vehicular traffics, or component thereof, generally expressed in
kilometer per hour.

SPEED-CHANGE-LANE – An auxiliary lane, including tapered areas, primary for the acceleration or
deceleration of vehicles entering or leaving the through traffics lanes.

SUBGRADE – The portion of the roadbed prepared as a foundation for the base or surface course.

TACK COAT – A very thin layer of bitumen to insure a thorough bond between the new pavement and
the old asphalt surface.

TERMINAL – The area where a separated intersection roadway is contiguous the through traffic
roadway.
2. What are the two distinct group of highway design?

 Structural Design - The goal of structural design is to determine the number, material
composition and thickness of the different layers within a pavement structure required to
accommodate a given loading regime. This includes the surface course as well as any underlying
base or subbase layers.
 Geometric Design - The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering
concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards
and constraints. The basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency and safety
while minimizing cost and environmental damage. Geometric design also affects an emerging
fifth objective called "livability," which is defined as designing roads to foster broader
community goals, including providing access to employment, schools, businesses and
residences, accommodate a range of travel modes such as walking, bicycling, transit, and
automobiles, and minimizing fuel use, emissions and environmental damage.

3. Draw a typical section of a highway indicating all the components of the road.

4. Types of Intersection.

Three-leg Intersection - An example of a three-legged intersection is a T-type intersection, which is used

to terminate one road.

Four-leg Intersection - are crossroads where two roads meet, usually at a right angle.

Multi-leg Intersection - Multi-leg intersections are generally referred to the intersection of multiple
roads (more than 4 branches), along with more complicated traffic conflicts.
5. Classification of Soil

 Grain size classification system - Grain size classification systems were based on grain size. In
this system the terms clay, silt, sand and gravel are used to indicate only particle size and not to
signify nature of soil type. There are several classification systems fin use, but commonly used
systems are shown here.
 Textural Classification - The classification of soil exclusively based on particle size and their
percentage distribution is known as textural classification system. This system specifically names
the soil depending on the percentage of sand, silt and clay.
 AASHTO classification system - is otherwise known as PRA classification system. It was originally
developed in 1920 by the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads for the classification of soil for highway
subgrade use. This system is developed based on particle size and plasticity characteristics of soil
mass. After some revision, this system was adopted by the AASHTO in 1945. In this system the
soils are divided into seven major groups. Some of the major groups further divided into
subgroups. A soil is classified by proceeding from left to right on the classification chart to find
first the group into which the soil test data will fill. Soil having fine fractions are further classified
based on their group index.
 Unified soil classification system - Unified soil classification system was originally developed by
Casagrande (1948) and was known as airfield classification system. It was adopted with some
modification by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Corps of Engineers. This system is
based on both grain size and plasticity characteristics of soil. The same system with minor
modification was adopted by ISI for general engineering purpose (IS1498 – 1970). IS system
divides soil into three major groups, coarse grained, fine grained and organic soils and other
miscellaneous soil materials.

6. Different methods in Soil Test