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اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ,ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﺘ�ﺪ ﺗ�ﺄﺛﯿﺮ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿ�ﺔ ﻣﺜ�ﻞ ﻋﻠ�ﻢ اﻟ�ﻨﻔﺲ واﻻﻗﺘﺼ�ﺎد واﻻﺟﺘﻤ�ﺎع؛
ﺣﯿﺚ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤ�ﺔ ﺑ�ﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﯿ�ﺮات أي ﻣﺴ�ﺄﻟﺔ ھﻨﺪﺳ�ﯿﺔ أو ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿ�ﺔ ﺗﻈﮭ�ﺮ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ
ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ .و ﻟﻔﮭﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﺎن ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
1-1ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ وﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ
ﻓﺈن ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺘــﮭﺎ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ x ﻣﻦ دراﺳــــﺘﻚ ﻟﻤــﻨﮭﺞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ،ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أﻧﮫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ) y = f ( x
1-1-1اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ:
ھﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت أو ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻼت ﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿ�ﺮ ﺗ�ﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ�ﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿ�ﺮ أو أﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﻣ�ﻦ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮﻣﻮز
اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ. y ′, y ′′, ...ﻟﺘﺪل
أي أﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ Fﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ واﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴ�ﺘﻘﻞ)اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺴ�ﺘﻘﻠﺔ( ﺗ�ﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ:
ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت. =y′
dy
dx
2
d y
= y ′′
واﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ.. dx
2
=
) (n
y
ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺼﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ .أﻣﺎ اﻟﺼﻮرة : dx
n
( F (x , y , y ′,......., y
)n −1
, y ( )) = 0
n
1
ﻣﺜﺎل):(1
ﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)اﻟﺼﺮﯾﺤﺔ واﻟﻀﻤﻨﯿﺔ(
d 3y dy
x 3
= − 5 cos y
14
dx dx
اﻟﺤﻞ..
ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺼﺮﯾﺤﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة ..
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ أي xﻧﺠﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺼﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ..
d 3 y 1 dy
= 5 cos y + 14
dx 3
x dx
أﻣﺎ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻀﻤﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻨﻮﺟﺪھﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺔ واﺣﺪة وﻣﺴﺎواﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ..
3
d y dy
x 3
= − 5 cos y − 14
0
dx dx
أﻣﺎ إذا ﺣﻮت ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ وﺗﺼﺒﺢ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ )(Partial Differential Equation
ﻣﺜﺎل):(1
dy
ھ�ﻲ ﻣﺸ�ﺘﻘﺔ = dy + 5yھﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ وذﻟ�ﻚ ﻷن اﻟﻤﺸ�ﺘﻘﺔ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ e x
dx dx
ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ .
ﻣﺜﺎل):(2
∂y ∂y
ھﻲ , = ∂y + ∂yھﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻷن اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 3 y
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ﻻﺣﻆ أن:
ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ. d 2 y dy
2
≠
dx 2 dx
∂y ∂y 2
+ =
3y dy ﺗﻌﻨﻲ
∂x ∂z
dx
ﺗﺮﺑﯿﻊاﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔاﻻوﻟﻰ.
2
d yﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ
dx 2
ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮان اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼن. اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﮫ ﻟـyﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟـx
2
ﻣﺜﺎل)(3
t
∂y
+5
∂y
= − Cos 2x
3
y x ,t ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ
∂x ∂t
∂z ∂z
= +2 z x,y ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ
∂x ∂y
d 2u u v ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ
=0
dv 2
∂z
3
∂z ∂2z z x , y ,t ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ
+5 = + ln z 2ex
∂x ∂y ∂t
∂y ∂y y x ,z ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ
= x +y
2 2
∂x ∂z
ln x
dy
= + Sin y tan -1x
y x ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ
dx
dv
= + 5uv0 v u ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ
du
dny
ﻓ�ﺄن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ�ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ�ﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼ�ﺒﺢ ﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒ�ﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ھ�ﻲ
dx n
اﻟﻨﻮﻧﯿﮫ.
3
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
5
d 3y dy
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ + 2 اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 5x
=
dx
3
dx
5
d 3y dy
+ 2 =
5x
dx
3
dx
ﻻﺣﻆ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﮫ ھﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ
ﻣﺜﺎل )(2
2
d 3y
6
ﻣﺜﺎل )(3
ﺣﺪد رﺗﺒﺔ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ:
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ:
d 2 y dy *أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ
cos x + =
e x .1
dx 2 dx ﺗﻌﻄﻲ رﺗﺒﺔ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻷن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟ�ﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
ﻷن اﻷس اﻟﺘﻲ رﻓﻌﺖ إﻟﯿﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ھﻮ .1 *أس أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ
ﺗﻌﻄﻲ درﺟﺔ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
d 2y d 5y
ln x − =
y .2
dx 2 dx 5
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻷن أﻛﺒ�ﺮ ﻣﺸ�ﺘﻘﺔ ھ�ﻲ اﻟﻤﺸ�ﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴ�ﺔ وﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟ�ﺔ
اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻷن اﻷس اﻟﺘﻲ رﻓﻌﺖ إﻟﯿﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ھﻮ .1
4
2
d 2y 4
x d y
2 + xe 4
sin −1 y .3
=
dx dx
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ�ﻠﯿﺔ ﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒ�ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ�ﺔ ﻷن أﻛﺒ�ﺮ ﻣﺸ�ﺘﻘﺔ ھ�ﻲ اﻟﻤﺸ�ﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ�ﺔ وﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟ�ﺔ
اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻷن اﻷس اﻟﺘﻲ رﻓﻌﺖ إﻟﯿﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ھﻮ .1
5
dy d y
2
ln x + =
tan x .4
dx dx
2
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻷن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟ�ﺔ اﻷوﻟ�ﻰ
ﻷن اﻷس اﻟﺘﻲ رﻓﻌﺖ إﻟﯿﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ھﻮ.1
2 1
= y ′′
3
(1 + y ′ cos x ) 2 .6
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﺳﺲ ﻛﺴﺮﯾﮫ ﻧﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ
3
=y ′′2 (1 + y ′ cos x ) 2 ﻧﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﻸس اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﻸس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
= y ′′ ) (1 + y ′ cos x
4 3
4
−2
dy 2 5 d 2y
1 + =
9 2 .7
dx dx
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﺳﺲ ﻛﺴﺮﯾﺔ وأﺳﺲ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻧﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ..
4
d 2 y dy 5
2 2
d 2y
2
2 1 + = 9 ﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﺑـ 2 ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ
dx
dx
dx
ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﻸس اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻷس اﻟﻜﺴﺮي ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ..
4
d 2 y dy
10 2
=y′′ y ′ + x .8
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ أﺳﺲ ﻛﺴﺮﯾﺔ ﻧﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﻸس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ..
′′ ) (y ′+x
2
=y
إذاً اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ.
5
y ′′ 2 1 + y ′2 .9
= 3
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ أﺳﺲ ﻛﺴﺮﯾﺔ ﻧﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﻸس اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ..
3
′′′ 8 (1 + y ′2 ) 2
=y
) ′′′2 82 (1 + y ′2
3
=y
إذاً اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ.
3
=2 (u
) ′′′ ) ( cosv − u ′
−3 −
2 .10
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ�ﻠﯿﺔ ﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒ�ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ�ﺔ وﻟﻜ�ﻦ ﺗﻮﺟ�ﺪ أﺳ�ﺲ ﻛﺴ�ﺮﯾﺔ وأﺧ�ﺮى ﺳ�ﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻧ�ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﮭ�ﺎ
ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ..
3
)(u ′′′) ( cosv − u ′
3 −
=2 2
3
= 2 ( cosv − u ′ ) 2
)(u ′′′
3
= ) 2 ( cosv − u ′
)(u ′′′
3 6
أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ.
= y ′ + a ( x ) y ) r (x اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ:
= y ′′ + a1 y ′ + a ( x ) y ) r (x اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ:
6
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
ﻣﺜﺎل )(2
إذا ﻛﺎﻧ��ﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ��ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ��ﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﻄﯿ��ﺔ وﻛﺎﻧ��ﺖ ﺟﻤﯿ��ﻊ اﻟﻤﻌ��ﺎﻣﻼت ) ai ( xﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ��ﺪ ﻋﻠ��ﻰ xأي أن
ai ( x ) = aiو aiﺛﻮاﺑ���ﺖ ﻓ���ﺄن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ���ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ���ﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼ���ﺒﺢ ذات ﻣﻌ���ﺎﻣﻼت ﺛﺎﺑﺘ���ﺔوإﻻ ﻓﺈﻧﮭ���ﺎ ذات
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة.
7
ﻣﺜﻼً..
= y ′′′ − 6 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y
ex .1
ذات ﻣﻌ�����������ﺎﻣﻼت ﺛﺎﺑﺘ�����������ﺔ ﻷن ﺟﻤﯿ�����������ﻊ اﻟﻤﻌ�����������ﺎﻣﻼت ﺛﻮاﺑ�����������ﺖ.ﻻﺣ�����������ﻆ أن
== a3دوال ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ. 1 , a2 −6 = , a1 2 = , a0 5
y ′′′
= 2x .2
y
. y ′′′ = 2xyﻻﺣ�ﻆ أن a1 = 2x ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺘﻐﯿ�ﺮة ﻻن ﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿ�ﺐ اﻟﺤ�ﺪود ﻧﺠ�ﺪ أن
داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ ) xﻟﯿﺴﺖ داﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ(.
= y ′′′ − yذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ. ln x .3
ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة. = x 2 y ′′ − 5 y ′ e x .4
ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة. = y ′ cos x + 27 xy ln x .5
ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻵن اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﮭ�ﻮم ﺣ�ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ�ﺔ
اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
8
:Singular Solutionھ��ﻮ أي ﺣ��ﻞ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜ��ﻦ اﻟﺤﺼ��ﻮل ﻋﻠﯿ��ﮫ ﻣ��ﻦ اﻟﺤ��ﻞ اﻟﺤ��ﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮد)اﻟﺸ��ﺎذ(
اﻟﻌﺎم.
اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ:
إذا ﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﯿﻞ ﻋﻨﮫ أﻧﮫ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ.
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
أﺛﺒﺖ أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ y = x 2ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ y ′ = 2xﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ) ∞ . ( −∞,
اﻟﺤﻞ:
ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن y = xﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ:
2
′
) (x
2
x 2 .1ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ= 2x :
.2ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ) ∞ : ( −∞,
y =x2 ⇒ y ′ = 2x
وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ أن
L .H .S = y ′
== 2 x R .H .S
∴اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺎن y = x 2ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة.
ﺳﻨﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ) ∞ .. ( −∞,
ﻣﺜﺎل )(2
dy
. = ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ) − y = 2 (1 − x
ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ y 2x + ce x
dx
اﻟﺤﻞ:
dy
. yﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ= 2 + ce x : .1
dx
ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ) ∞ : ( −∞, .2
dy
= y
2x + ce x ⇒ =
2 + ce x
dx
dy
y ,ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ: ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ
dx
dy
=L .H .
S −y
dx
=( 2 + ce x ) − 2x − ce x =2 (1 − x ) =R .H .S
∴اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً .
= ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ. ∴ y 2x + ce x
9
ﻣﺜﺎل):(3
ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ y = xe xﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 0
= . y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y
اﻟﺤﻞ:
y .1ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ:
y = xe x ⇒ y ′ = xe x + e x
⇒ y ′′ =xe x + 2e x
.2ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ) ∞ : ( −∞,
= y ′′ − 2 y ′ + yﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ y = xe xوﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ 0
L .H .S =y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y
= ( xe x
+ 2e x ) − 2 ( xe x + e x ) + xe x
= ( x + 2 − 2x − 2 + x ) e x = 0 = R .H .S
∴اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ∴ y = xe xﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل):(4
ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 0
= . y ′′ + w 2 y = ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) y C cos (wx + dﺣﻞ
اﻟﺤﻞ:
y C cos (wx + d ) .1ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ
=ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ:
= C cos (wx + d ) ⇒ y ′
= y ) −C w sin (wx + d
) −C w 2 cos (wx + d
= ⇒ y ′′
.2ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ) ∞ : ( −∞,
وﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ :
= ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ ) y C cos (wx + d
L .H .S= y ′′ + w 2 y
) −Cw 2 cos (wx + d ) + w 2C cos (wx + d
=
= 0= R .H .S
∴اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ∴ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل):(5
اﻟﺤﻞ:
y .1ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ:
y = ae x + be −2 x + x 2 + x ⇒ y ′ = ae x − 2be −2 x + 2x + 1
⇒ = y ′′
ae x + 4be −2 x + 2
10
.2ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ y = ae x + be −2 x + x 2 + xوﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ:
L .H .S = y ′′ + y ′ − 2 y
= (ae x
) + 4be −2 x + 2 ) + (ae x − 2be −2 x + 2x + 1) − 2 (ae x + be −2 x + x 2 + x
= (a + a − 2a )e x + ( 4b − 2b − 2b )e −2x ) + ( 2 + 2x + 1 − 2x 2 − 2x
=
= 3 − 2x 2
R .H .S
∴اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﯿﺎ ً ∴ y = ae x + be −2 x + x 2 + xﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل):(6
= . ( x − 2 y ) y ′ + 2x + y
= y 2 − x 2 − xyﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 0
أﺛﺒﺖ أن 0
اﻟﺤﻞ:
-1اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ) xاﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺿﻤﻨﻲ( ﻓﻲ ) ∞ : ( −∞,
y 2 − x 2 − xy= 0 ⇒ 2 yy ′ − 2x − y − xy=′ 0
2x + y
⇒ =y′
2y − x
-2ﻧﻌﻮض ﻋﻦ ) y ′ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ( yﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﯾﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ:
L .H .S = ( x − 2 y ) y ′ + 2x + y
2x + y
= (x − 2y ) + 2x + y
2y − x
= == − ( 2x + y ) + 2x + y 0 R .H .S
= y 2 − x 2 − xyﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﺿﻤﻨﯿﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﯾﻤﻦ .اذن 0
ﻣﺜﺎل):(7
dy
x + yﺣﯿﺚ cﺛﺎﺑﺖ. ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 0
= ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ c
= x2+y2
dx
اﻟﺤﻞ:
اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ) xاﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺿﻤﻨﻲ( ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ:
dy
x 2 + y 2 = c ⇒ 2x + 2 y = 0
dx
dy
x +y = 0 ﺑﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ أن:
dx
= x 2 + y 2ﺗﻤﺜ���ﻞ ﺣ���ﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟ���ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ���ﻠﯿﺔوھ���ﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ���ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ���ﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ���ﺔ∴ ..اﻟﻌﻼﻗ���ﺔ c
اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة.
ﻣﺜﺎل):(8
( x − 6 y ) y ′ + 3x
2 2
= x 3 + x 2 y − 2 y 3ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ 0
= + 2xy أﺛﺒﺖ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ c
ﺣﯿﺚ cﺛﺎﺑﺖ.
11
اﻟﺤﻞ:
-1اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ) xاﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﺿﻤﻨﻲ( ﻓﻲ ) ∞ ( −∞,ﺣﯿﺚ:
x 3 + x 2 y − 2y 3 = c ⇒ 3x 2 + 2xy + x 2 y ′ − 6 y 2 y ′ = 0
3x 2 + 2xy
⇒ =y′
6y 2 − x 2
-2ﻧﻌﻮض ﻋﻦ ) y ′ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ( yﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﯾﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة:
L .H .S =( x − 6 y 2 ) y ′ + 3x 2 + 2xy
(
= x − 6 y ) 6y 2 − x 2 == + 3x + 2xy
2
0 R .H .S
ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﯾﻤﻦ .اذن ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل):(9
أوﺟﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ aﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن e axﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ y ′ = 2 y
اﻟﺤﻞ:
eھﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ ( y ax
) y = eأي أن eﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ . y ′ = 2 yاذن
ax
ﻣﻌﻄﻰ أن
ax
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺮوﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﺮوط ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﻞ وﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ
ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮوط اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ.
أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺮوﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﺮوط ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﻞ وﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ
ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل):(10
y (0) = 1 , y′ ( 0 ) = −1 ﺣﯿﺚ أوﺟﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ y ′′ = x
اﻟﺤﻞ:
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺑﺴﻂ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ وﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻨ�ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠ�ﮫ ھ�ﻮ
ﻣﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ وﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ طﺮق اﻟﺤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌ�ﺎدﻻت اﻷﻛﺜ�ﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﯿ�ﺪاً ﻓ�ﻲ اﻷﺑ�ﻮاب
اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ:
12
.1ﺑﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم:
2
x
y=′ + c1
2
x3
= y + c1x + c 2
6
واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﯿﺮة ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم وﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺨ�ﺎص اﻟ�ﺬي ﯾﺤﻘ�ﻖ اﻟﺸ�ﺮوط اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿ�ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄ�ﺎة
ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻵﺗﻲ:
x2
y=′ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ: + c1 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻷول y ′ ( 0 ) = −1ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ أ-
2
0
= −1 + c1 ⇒ c1 = −1 .
2
x3
= yﻧﺠﺪ أن : ب -وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ y ( 0 ) = 1ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ + c1x + c 2
6
0
1 =+ c1 ( 0 ) + c 2 ⇒ c2 = 1 .
6
x3
= yﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ واﻵن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ c1 = −1و c 2 = 1ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم + c1x + c 2
6
x3
=y − x +1 اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎص :
6
ﻣﺜﺎل):(11
== y ( 0 ) 1؟
, ﺣﯿﺚ y ( 3) 2 أوﺟﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ y ′′ = x
اﻟﺤﻞ:
3
x
= y + c1x + c 2 اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل) (1ﯾﺄﺣﺬ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
6
c2 = 1 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮط اﻷول y ( 0 ) = 1ﻧﺠﺪ أن:
33
=2 + 3c1 + 1 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ y ( 3) = 2ﻧﺠﺪ ان:
6
−7
= ⇒ c1
6
3
x 7
y = − x +1 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ a, bﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎص ﯾﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ:
6 6
وھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ.
1
13
8-1-وﺟﻮد و وﺣﺪاﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ:
dy 2 y
ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ = ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ
dx x
dy 2 y
ا ذا = و y(1)=1ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﻞ وﺣﯿﺪ ﯾﺤﻘﻘﮭﺎ ھﻮ . y = x 2ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ
dx x
ﻛﺎن ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ y(0)=0ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻻﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ . y = cx 2ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ
dy 2 y
ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺸﺮط y(0)=1ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹطﻼق. = اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ
dx x
وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈن أھﻢ ﻣﺸ�ﻜﻠﺔ ﻓ�ﻲ اﻟﻤﻌ�ﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ�ﻠﯿﺔ ھ�ﻲ اﻟﺒﺤ�ﺚ ﻋ�ﻦ اﻟﺸ�ﺮوط اﻟﻮاﺟ�ﺐ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮھ�ﺎ ﺣﺘ�ﻰ
ﻧﻀﻤﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺣﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎة) ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿ�ﺔ ﺻ�ﯿﺎﻏﺔ ھ�ﺬا اﻟﺤ�ﻞ( وھ�ﺬا ﻣ�ﺎ
ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎ ً ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﻞ وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﻻً.
اﻟﺠ��ﺰء اﻟﺜ��ﺎﻧﻲ ﻣ��ﻦ اﻟﻤﺸ��ﻜﻠﺔ ھ��ﻮ إذا ﻛ��ﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟ��ﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ��ﻠﯿﺔ ﺣ��ﻞ ﻓﮭ��ﻞ ھ��ﻮ وﺣﯿ��ﺪ؟أم ﺗﻮﺟ��ﺪ ﺣﻠ��ﻮل
أﺧﺮى؟ھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﺑـوﺣﺪاﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ.
أﻣﺎ اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﺮض ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ھﻮ :إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺣ�ﻞ ﻓﻜﯿ�ﻒ ﻧﻌ�ﯿﻦ ھ�ﺬا اﻟﺤ�ﻞ؟ھ�ﺬا ﻣ�ﺎ
ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻄﺮق ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ،وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﮭﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﮭﺞ.
dy
) = f (x , y إذا ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ :
dx
y (x ° ) = y °
اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:
R : x − x ≤ aوﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ M ) (1اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) f(x,yﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ , y-y ≤ b
ﺑﺤﯿﺚ f ( x , y ) ≤ M
) (2وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) f(x,yﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮط ﻟﯿﺒﺸﺘﺰ:
f (x , y 1 ) − f (x , y 2 ) ≤ A y 1 − y 2 ∀ ( x , y 1 ) , ( x , y 2 ) in R
و Aﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﯿﺒﺸﻨﺘﺰ )ﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ( x , y 1 , y 2
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮوط ,ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻞ وﺣﯿﺪ ) y=y(xﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة x − x ≤ hﺣﯿﺚ
b
h = min a ,
M
14
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ
First –Order Differential Equations
إن اﻟﺸﻛل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﻪ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻫو
F (x , y , y ′) = 0
ﻓﺈ ذا اﻤﻛن ﺤل ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر y ′ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﻪ ﻤن اﻟﺸﻛل:
) y ′ = f (x , y
ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﻨوع ﻤن ﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر . y ′ﻫذا
وﯿﻤﻛن ﻛﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫذا اﻟﻨوع ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻛل:
= M (x , y )dx + N (x , y )dy
0
ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺎب ﺴﻨرﻛز دراﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا اﻟﻨوع ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ .
أي أﻨﻬــﺎ ﻫ ــﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟــﺔ اﻟﺘ ــﻲ ﯿﻤﻛ ــن ﻓﯿﻬــﺎ ﻓﺼ ــل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿــر اﻟﺘ ــﺎﺒﻊ ﻋ ــن اﻟﻤﺴــﺘﻘل أي أﻨ ــﻪ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻛ ــﺎن
إﻋﺎدة ﺘرﺘﯿﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة :
= ) f (x , dx ) + g ( y , dy
0
15
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل وذﻟك ﻷﻨﻪ ) (iاﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ = y 2xe 3x + 4 y
dy
dx
ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻛﺎن وﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة:
dy
) = g (x )h ( y
dx
ﺤﯿث أن
dy
) = ( y 2e 4 y )(xe 3x
dx
ﻏﯿـ ـ ــر ﻗﺎﺒﻠـ ـ ــﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼـ ـ ــل ﻷﻨـ ـ ــﻪ ﻻ ﺘوﺠـ ـ ــد اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟـ ـ ــﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀـ ـ ــﻠﯿﺔ = y + sin x )(ii
dy
dx
داﻟﺘﺎن ) h(y),g(xﺒﺤﯿث:
= h ( y ).g (x
) y + sin x
ﻤﻼﺤظﺔ:
-1ﻻ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﯿن ﻟﻠﺘﻛﺎﻤل ﺒل ﻨﻛﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺜﺎﺒت واﺤد ..ﻷﻨﻪ ﻟو ﻛﺎن ..
ﺤﯿـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــث Aﺜﺎﺒـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــت اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــل وﻛـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺎن =∫ h ( y
)dy m ( y ) + A
16
∫ h ( y )dy + ∫ g (x )dx
= M ( y ) + A + N (x ) + B
= M ( y ) + N (x ) + C
ﺤﯿث C= A + Bﺜﺎﺒت اﺨﺘﯿﺎري
-2ﻗد ﻨﺴﺘﻌﯿض ﻋن Cﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘدار lnCإذا اﺤﺘوت ﺤدود اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺒﻌد اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
ﻋﻠﻰ داﻟﺔ . ln
وﺴﻨﻌرض ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯿﻠﻲ أﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠوﻟﺔ ﺘوﻀﺢ طرﯿﻘﺔ ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ
ﻟﻠﻔﺼل..
ﻣﺜﺎل )(2
= y (1 − x )dx
xdy ﺒﺄﺨذ yﻋﺎﻤل ﻤﺸﺘرك وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻘ�ﺎم
ﻋﻠ��ﻰ اﻟﺒﺴ��ﻂ وﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜ��ﺎن
( ﺜم اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) xyأو اﻟﻀرب ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل
1
اﻟﺤﺼ����ﻮل ﻋﻠ����ﻰ ﻧﻔ����ﺲ
xy اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠ�ﺔ ﺑ�ﺈﺟﺮاء اﻟﻘﺴ��ﻤﺔ
1− x dy اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻟ������ﺔ ﻻن درﺟ������ﺔ
= dx
x y اﻟﺒﺴ���ﻂ ﺗﺴ���ﺎوي درﺟ���ﺔ
اﻟﻤﻘﺎم
∫ (x
1 dy
∫y
= − 1 )dx -2ﺒﺘﻛﺎﻤل طرﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
17
ﻣﺜﺎل )(3
أوﺠد اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ:
−y 2 y dy
+ =
3
ex 0
x 2 dx
اﻟﺤل:
-1ﻨﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ...
ﻨﻌﯿد ﻛﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼول ﻋﻠﻰ dyﻓﻲ ﺤد و dxﻓﻲ اﻟﺤد اﻵﺨر...
y dy
e x e −y + =
3 2
0
x 2 dx
= x 2e x dx + ye y dy
3 2
0
-2ﺒﺘﻛﺎﻤل ﻟطرﻓﯿن ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ...
∫x e = dx + ∫ ye y dy
3 2
2 x
c
1 1
∫ = (3x 2 )e x dx + ∫ (2y )e y dy
3 2
c ﯾﻜﻔﻲ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ
3 2 ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ::ﯾﻜﻔﻲ
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ
1 x3 1 y2 ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ
= e + e c أﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ
3 2
ﻣﺜﺎل)(4
= (1 + t 2 )dt
1+ y 2 sec 2 θ d θ
= ∫ 1 + tan 2
θ
-2ﻨﻛﺎﻤل اﻟطرﻓﯿن sec θ 2
= ∫ sec 2
θ
dθ
= ∫dθ
== θ tan −1 y
18
dy
∫ 1+ y =∫ (1+ t )dt + c
2
2
t3
tan −1 ( y ) =t + +c
3
وﻫذا ﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم..
-3ﻟﻠﺤﺼــول ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺤــل ﻤﺴ ــﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤــﺔ اﻻﺒﺘداﺌﯿــﺔ )اﻟﺤ ــل اﻟﺨــﺎص( ﻨﻌــوض ﺒﺎﻟﺸ ــرط
y (0) = 1 ⇒ tan −1 (1) = 0 + 0 + c y (0) = 1ﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔاﻟﺜﺎﺒت c
π
⇒ = )c = tan −1 (1
4
إذا اﻟﺤل اﻟﺨﺎص ﻫو
−1 t3 π
tan ( y ) =t + +
3 4
3
π
وﺒﺈﻤﻛﺎﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﺒﺴﯿطﻪ
t
) y= tan(t + +
3 4
ﻣﺜﺎل )(5
x2 y3
+x + = + 2y
c
2 3
19
وﻫو ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤطﻠوب ﺤﯿث cﺜﺎﺒت اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
ﻣﺜﺎل )(6
ﻣﺜﺎل )(7
1
= y ′ + 2x (1 − y 2 ) 2
0 أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:
اﻟﺤل ..
-1ﻨﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أن
dy
= + 2x 1 − y 2
0 1
dx
∫
1− x 2
dx
ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 1 − y
2
= sin −1 y + x 2
c
sin −1 y = c − x 2
واﻟذي ﯿﺒﺴط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة..
=) y sin(c − x 2
20
ﻣﺜﺎل)(8
اﻟﺤل :
-1ﺒﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات ) ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ( ( tan y tanxﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
sec 2 x sec 2 y
dx + = dy
0
tan x tan y
-2ﺒﺘﻛﺎﻤل اﻟطرﻓﯿن
sec 2 x sec 2 y
∫ tan x dx + = ∫ tan y dy
0
21
ﻣﺜﺎل)(10
) 2 (1 + C e 4x
= y
1
ﻣﺜﺎل)(11
22
)......(1
1 y
dx + 3 = dy
0
x −5 y + y −2
ﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻨﻼﺤظ أن
)( y 3 + y − 2) = ( y − 1)( y 2 + y + 2
-2ﻨﻛﺎﻤل اﻟطرﻓﯿن ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
1 y
∫ x − 5dx + ∫ y 3
+ y −2
= dy
c
( )
= )A y 2 + y + 2 + ( By + C )( y − 1−y
1 1
=∴ A − , =B ,
4 4
−1 1 −1
= C= − 1 − 2 =−1 +
4 2 2
1 −1
y
−y −1 4 2
∴ = +
)( y − 1)( y 2 + y + 2) 4( y − 1) ( y 2 + y + 2
1 y −2
= − +
)4( y − 1) 4( y + y + 2
2
ﺒﻌد ﻓﺼل اﻟﻛﺴر ﻨﻘوم ﺒﺘﺒﺴﯿط ﺸﻛﻠﻪ ﻟﯿﺴﺎﻋدﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل و ﻨﺠد أن اﻟﺤداﻷول
y −2
ﯿﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ −ﻤن اﻟﺴﻬوﻟﺔ ﺘﻛﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻛن اﻟﺤد اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
1
4( y + y + 2) 4( y − 1)
2
23
اﺴﺘطﻌﻨﺎ اﻵن ﺘﺒﺴﯿط اﻟﻛﺴر اﻷول ﺒﻘﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻛﺴر اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ اﻟذي ﺴﻨﺒﺴطﻪ ﺒﺠﻌل اﻟﻤﻘﺎم
ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﺤد ﺘرﺒﯿﻊ 1+وذﻟك ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام إﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻤرﺒﻊ..
5 1 5 1
− = −
8 y + y +2
2
8 2 1 1
y + y + − +2
4 4
4
5 1 5 7
=
− 2
= − 2
8 1 7 8 4 1
y + + y + +1
2 4 7 2
4 2
5 7 5 2 7
=
− 2
= . .
8 2 1 8 7 2 y + 1 2
y +
2
+ 1 +1
7 7
إذًا ﻨﺠد أن...
2
−y −1 1 2y +1 5 2 7
= + − . .
( y − 1)( y + y + 2) 4( y − 1) 8 y + y + 2 8 7 2 y + 1 2
2 2
24
)( 2 .2اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘزل إﻟﻰ ﺼورة
ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
First-Order Differential Equation Reducible to
Separable Form
درﺴﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎً اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟدراﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام
اﻟﻔﺼل ،وﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻓﺈن أﻏﻠب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
ﻤﻤﺎ ﯿﺴﺘوﺠب إﯿﺠﺎد طرﯿﻘﺔ أﺨرى ﻟﺤل ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ وﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﻨﺎ
اﻤﻛﺎﻨﯿﺔ ﺘﺤوﯿل ﻤﺜل ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت إﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت
اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:
أو ًﻻ:اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ Homogeneous Differential
:Equation
ﺴﻨﺤﺘﺎج أوﻻ" إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻟداﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ nواﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌطﻰ
ﻤن اﻟﺘﻌرﯿف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ)(2 .2
ﻣﺜﺎل)(1
) = λ 3f ( x , y
25
x −y
= ) f (x , y ) (iiاﻟداﻟﺔ
x +y
داﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ ﺼﻔر ﻷن:
) λx − λ y λ ( x − y
f (λ
= ) x ,λy =
λx + y ) λ (x + y
x −y
) = = λ 0f ( x , y
x +y
x
داﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ ﺼﻔر وذﻟك ﻷن-:
λx
λx
y) e
=f (λx , λ λy
+ sin −1
λy
y
y
= e + sin −1
= x
= ) λ 0f ( x , y
) f (x , y
x
x − y +1
= ) f (x , y ) (iivاﻟداﻟﺔ
x + y −2
داﻟﺔ ﻏﯿر ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ وذﻟك
λx − λ y +1 x − y +1
) f (λx , λ y
= ≠ λr
λx + λ y − 2 x + y − 2
وﺒﻌد أن وﻀﺤﻨﺎ ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻟداﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺴﻨﻘدم اﻵن ﺘﻌرﯿف اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ أو ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺨر )اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ذات اﻟﺤدود
اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ(
26
) g (x , y
=y′ )...... (2 .2 أﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل:
) h (x , y
g (x , y )
داﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ ﺼﻔر. ﻓﯿﻘﺎل أﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﻪ إذا ﻛﺎﻨت اﻟداﻟﺔ
h ( x , y )
ﻤﻼﺤظﺔ:
• إذا ﻛﺎﻨت اﻟداﻟﺘﯿن ) N ( x , y ) , M ( x , yداﻟﺘﯿن ﻤن ﻨﻔس اﻟدرﺠﺔ
) M (x , y
ﺘﻛون درﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺼﻔر. ﻓﺈن اﻟداﻟﺔ
) N (x , y
• إذا ﻛﺎﻨت اﻟداﻟﺔ ) f ( x , yﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ ﺼﻔر ﻓﻲ x , y
وﻟﺘوﻀﯿﺢ اﻟﻔﻛرة أﻛﺜر ﻨﺘطرق إﻟﻰ اﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺴوف ﺘوﻀﺢ طرﯿﻘﺔ اﻟﺤل ﺒﺸﻛل
ﻋﻤﻠﻲ
27
ﻣﺜﺎل)(2
dy x + y
3 3
= أوﺠد اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
dx xy 2
اﻟﺤل:
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ وذﻟك ﻷن:
ﻛل ﻤن داﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴط x 3 + y 3وداﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم xy 2دوال ﻤن ﻨﻔس اﻟدرﺠﺔ )اﻟدرﺠﺔ
اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ(:
وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻨﺒدأ اﻵن ﺨطوات ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ...
-1اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻤرﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل اﻟﻤطﻠوب
x3+y3
=y′ )..........(1
xy 2
) g (x , y
= .( y ′ )ﻨﻼﺤظ ﻫﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل
) h (x , y
-5ﺘﺒﺴﯿط اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
x (1 + v
3 3
)
xv ′ + v = 3 2 أ(ﺒﺤذف اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿر x 3ﻤن اﻟﺒﺴط واﻟﻤﻘﺎم
x v
1 +v 3
′
xv + v = 2
v
ب(ﺘﺒﺴﯿط اﻟطرف اﻷﯿﻤن
1
= xv ′ + v+v
v2
1
= ⇒ xv ′
v2
ﺴﺘﺘﺤول إﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرﯿن x ,v
dv 1
x = 2
dx v
وﺘﺤل ﺒﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات x ,v
1 1
= xdv 2
dx ⇒ v 2dv = dx
v x
وﺒﺎﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
28
1
∫v ∫ = dv
2
dx
x
v3
= ln x + ln C
3
v3
= ln Cx
3
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤطﻠوب ﺒﻌد اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن
y
= v
x
1 y3
= ln Cx
3x3
y 3 = 3x 3 ln Cx
ﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤطﻠوب.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(3
(x 2
= + y 2 ) dx + ( x 2 − xy ) dy
أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ0 -:
اﻟﺤل:
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻷن ﻛﻼً ﻤن اﻟداﻟﺘﯿن
x 2 − xy , x 2 + y 2دوال ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن ﻨﻔس اﻟدرﺠﺔ )اﻟﺜﺎﻨﯿﺔ(.
) g (x , y
=y′ -1ﺘرﺘﯿب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل:
) h (x , y
(x 2
= − xy ) dy
− ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx
dy x2+y2
)……..(1 = − 2
dx x − xy
-2ﻨﻀﻊ
y
= y = xv ⇒ v
x
y ′ xv ′ + v
= -3ﻨﺸﺘق
-4ﻨﻌوض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ) (1ﻋن y , y ′
x 2 + x 2v 2
xv ′ + v =−
x 2 − x 2v
-5ﺘﺒﺴﯿط اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
) x 2 (1 + v 2
xv ′ + v =− أ( ﺒﺤذف x 2ﻤن اﻟﺒﺴط واﻟﻤﻘﺎم
) x 2 (1 −v
ب( ﺘﺒﺴﯿط اﻟطرف اﻷﯿﻤن
29
1 +v 2
xv ′ + v =−
1 −v
ج( ﺒﻨﻘل vﻟﻠطرف اﻷﯿﻤن وﺘوﺤﯿد اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎت
1 +v 2
= xv ′
− −v
1 −v
) −1 −v 2 − v (1 − v −1 −v 2 −v + v 2
=xv ′ = ⇒ xv ′
1 −v 1 −v
−1 −v 1 +v
= xv ′ = ⇒ xv ′ −
1 −v 1 −v
ﺘﺤوﻟت إﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
-iﺘﺤل ﺒﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات
dv 1 + v
x =
dx 1 −v
1 +v 1 −v dx
= xdv ⇒ dx = dv
1 −v 1 +v x
-iiﺒﺎﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
−v + 1
1 −v
)∫ 1 +v dv = −∫ x ........(2
dx ∫ v +1
1 −v −v + 1 ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ أن درﺠﺔ ﻛﯿﺜرة
∫ 1 +v dv = ∫ v + 1 dv ﻨﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
ﺤدود اﻟﺒﺴط = درﺠﺔ
1 −v 2 ﻛﺜﯿرة ﺤدود اﻟﻤﻘﺎم .إذاً
∫∴ dv = ∫ −1 + dv
1 +v v +1 ﻨﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺘطﺒﯿق
=−v + 2 ln 1 + v اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤطوﻟﺔ )..ﺒﻌد
ﺘرﺘﯿب ﺤدود اﻟﺒﺴط
1 −v واﻟﻤﻘﺎم ﺘﻨﺎزﻟﯿﺎً( ﻟﻨﺤﺼل
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻓﻲ):(2
dx
∫∫ 1 +v dv = − x ﻋﻠﻰ أن
= −v + 2 ln (1 + v
) ln x − ln C 1 −v 2
∴ =−1 +
−v + 2 ln (1 + v ) =− ln Cx 1 +v v +1
30
ﻣﺜﺎل)(4
31
) (iiﻨﻛﺎﻤل
dv dx
∫3 ∫= 2
tanh v x
cosh v
∫3 = dv 2 ln x + ln C
sinh v
=
3ln sinh v ln x 2 + ln C
ln sinh 3 v = ln Cx 2
sinh 3 v = Cx 2
= vﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤطﻠوب: وﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن
y y
sinh 3 = Cx 2
x x
ﻣﺜﺎل)(5
اﻟﺤل:
ﻼ ﻤن اﻟدوال
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ وذﻟك ﻷن ﻛ ً
− y , x , − x 2 + y 2دوال ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻟدرﺠﺔ )اﻷوﻟﻰ(.
-1ﻨﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل اﻟﻤطﻠوب
xdy = x 2 + y 2 dx + ydx
dy x2+y2 +y
=
dx x
-2ﻨﻀﻊ
y
= y = xv ⇒ v
x
y ′ xv ′ + v
= -3ﻨﺸﺘق
-4ﻨﻌوض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
x 2 + v 2 x 2 + vx
= xv ′ + v
x
-5ﺘﺒﺴﯿط اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ:
x 2 (1 + v 2 ) + vx
= xv ′ + v أ( أﺨذ x 2ﻋﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘرك داﺨل اﻟﺠذر
x
x 1 + v + vx 2
= xv ′ + v ب( اﻟطرف اﻷﯿﺴر ﻛﻤﺎ ﯿﻠﻲ:
x
32
= xv ′ + v
x ( 1 +v 2 +v )
x
sinh −1 v = ln Cx
1 1
==v sinh ( ln
) Cx Cx −
2 Cx
= vﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤطﻠوب ﺒوﻀﻊ
y
x
y 1 1
=∴ Cx −
x 2 Cx
1
=
2y Cx 2 −
C
ﻣﺜﺎل)(6
( 3x 2
= − 2y 2 ) y ′
2xy أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ:
اﻟﺤل:
( 3x 2
− 2 y 2 ) y ′, 2xy اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻷن ﻛﻼً ﻤن اﻟداﻟﺘﯿن
دوال ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤن ﻨﻔس اﻟدرﺠﺔ )اﻟدرﺠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﯿﺔ(.
-1ﻨﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة
2xy
=y′
3x − 2 y 2
2
33
-2ﻨﻀﻊ
y
y = xv ⇒ = v
x
y ′ xv ′ + v
= -3ﻨﺸﺘق
-4ﻨﻌوض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
2xy
=y′
3x − 2 y 2
2
2v − 3v + 2v 3
= xv ′ )ﺒﺘوﺤﯿد اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎت(
3 − 2v 2
2v 3 −v
′
= xv
3 − 2v 2
ﺘﺤوﻟت إﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
dv 2v −v3
x = ) (iﺒﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات
dx 3 − 2v 2
) (iiﺒﺎﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
34
ﺜﺎﻨﯿﺎً :ﺼور أﺨرى ﻏﯿر ﻗﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ :
وﺘﺘﻤﯿز ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻛﺎن ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨدام ﺘﻌوﯿض ﻤﻨﺎﺴب أن ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل وﻟﻛن ﻤﺜل ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﯿس ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻤﻌﯿﻨﺔ
ﻟﺘﺤدﯿد ﻫذا اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب ٕواﻨﻤﺎ ﯿﺘم اﺴﺘﯿﺤﺎء ﻫذا اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻤن ﺸﻛل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ,ﻛﻤﺎ ﺴﯿﺘﻀﺢ ذﻟك ﻤن اﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ.
أﻤﺎ اذا ﺘم ﺘﺤدﯿد اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺨطوات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:
ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯿﻠﻲ ﻨورد ﺒﻌض اﻻﻤﺜﻠﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘوﻀﺢ ﻓﻛرة اﻟﺤل .
ﻣﺜﺎل)(7
أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ 0
= (x + y )dx + 3dy
واﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻟوﺠود اﻟﻤﻘدار ) ( x + y
( x + y ) dx + 3dy =
0 -1ﻨﻛﺘب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺒدﻻﻟﺔ y ′
dy
(x + y ) + 3 =
0
dx
)0 .........(1
= ( x + y ) + 3y ′
35
y =′ v ′ − 1 -4ﻨوﺠد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ : y ′
-5ﻨﻌوض ﻗﯿﻤﺔ y ′واﻟﺘﻌوﯿض اﻟﻤﻘﺘرح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ )(1
= )v + 3 (v ′ − 1
0
3
∫ v − 3 dv = −∫ dx
3
= ∫ v − 3 dv + ∫ dx
0
= 3ln (v − 3) + x
c1
1
=)ln(v − 3 ) (c1 − x
3
1
) (c1 − x
= v −3e3
1
) (c1 − x
x + y =3 + e 3
1
) (c1 − x
y =3 − x + e 3
36
ﻣﺜﺎل)(8
اﻟﺤل:
ﯿﺘرك ﻛﺘﻤرﯿن ﻟﻠطﺎﻟب
ﻣﺜﺎل)(9
tr ′ + r +
tr
=0 أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
1+t 2
اﻟﺤل:
ﻤن اﻟواﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
-1ﻨﻀﻊ اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ) v = trﺤﯿث أن tr ′ + rﻫﻲ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ trﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟ ـ ( r
-2ﻨوﺠد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ r ′
v ′−r
= tr ′ = v ′ − r ⇒ r ′
t
-3ﻨﻌوض ﻋن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ trوﻋن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ r ′
v
v ′+ =
0
1+ t 2
-4ﻨﺒﺴط اﻟﺸﻛل ﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
v
v′= −
1+ t 2
-5أﺼﺒﺤت اﻵن ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
أ( ﺒﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات
dv v
= −
dt 1+ t 2
= ⇒ (1 + t 2 ) dv−vdt
dv dt
= −
v 1+ t 2
ب( ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
dv dt
∫v ∫= −
1+ t 2
37
− tan −1 t + ln C
= ln v
= ln v + tan −1 t
ln C
= ln v + tan −1 t
C
ﻣﺜﺎل)(10
=) s ′ cos (t + s أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺤل:
ﻤن اﻟواﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻟذﻟك ﻨﻠﺠﺄ
إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب:
s=′ v ′ − 1
-4ﻨﻌوض ﻋن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ vوﻋن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ s ′ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
v ′ − 1 =cosv
-5ﻨﺒﺴط اﻟﺸﻛل ﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
v ′ cosv + 1
=
dv
∫ cosv + 1 = ∫ dt
38
1
⇒ ∫ cosv + 1dv
1 1 − cosv
∫ (1 + cosv 1 − cosv )dv
1 − cosv
∫= dv
sin 2 v
1 − cosv
∫= dv
sin 2 v
= ∫ sec 2 v dv − ∫ cot v cscvdv
=
−cotv + cscv
= − cot v + cscv
t +c
ﻣﺜﺎل)(11
dt
اﻟﺤل :
ﻤن اﻟواﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل
39
dv
= 3 − 3v 2
dt
أﺼﺒﺤت اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل:
أ( ﺒﻔﺼل اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿرات
=dv ( 3 − 3v ) dt
2
=
dv 3 (1 −v ) dt
2
dv
= 3dt
) (1 −v 2
ب( ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
dv
∫ (1 −v ) = 3∫ dt
2
1 1 +v
ln = 3t + ln C
2 1 −v
1 + v 12
( ) = e 3t + ln c
1 −v
1 +v
⇒ =c1e 6t
1 −v
-6وﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن vﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤل ﺒﺎﻟﺼورة اﻟﻀﻤﻨﯿﺔ )ﺒدﻻﻟﺔ rو ( t
3t + r + 1
= c1e 6t
3t + r − 1
40
) (3 .2اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ
Exact Differential Equation
ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﻠوم أن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل اﻟﺘﺎم أو اﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻟﻠداﻟﺔ ) u ( x , yﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻐﯿرﯿن ) −du − ( x , y
ﺣﯿﺚ ) u ( x , yﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ Rﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى xyﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
du du
=
du dx + )dy .....(3 .2
dx dy
واﻵن إذا ﻛﺎﻨت u ( x , y ) = Cﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤن ) (3 .2ﻨﺠد أن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل اﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻠداﻟﺔ
du ( x , y ) = 0أي أن
du du
dx + = dy
0
dx dy
وﺒﺎﻟﻌﻛس إذا أﻋطﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ:
du du
=
du dx + dy
dx dy
u (x , y ) = C ﻓﺈن ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺴﯿﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0 ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ
واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺿﻊ طﺮﻓﮭﺎ اﻷﯾﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ
أي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) u ( x , y
du ( x , y ) M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
=
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(1
41
وﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻫو اﻟداﻟﺔ u ( x , y ) = Cﺤﯿث uﺘﺤﻘق اﻟﺘﻌرﯿف
اﻟﺴﺎﺒق وذﻟك ﻷﻨﻪ إذا ﻛﺎﻨت اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ:
)0 .....(4 .2
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ):(1 .2
∂M ∂N
M ( x , y ) , N ( x , y ) ,دوال ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻠﺔ, إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
∂y ∂X
Rﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى xyﻓﺈن اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻀﺮوري واﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ھﻮ:
∂M ∂N
= , ∀(x , y ) ∈ R
∂y ∂x
42
اﻟﺒرﻫﺎن:
∂M ∂N
M ( x , y ) , N ( x , y ) ,دوال ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ , ﻟﺘﻛن اﻟدوال
∂y ∂x
ﻤﺴﺘطﯿﻠﺔ Rﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘوى xyاﻵن ﻹﺜﺒﺎت أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘطﯿﻠﺔ . R = M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
ﻨﻔرض أن
∂f ∂f
) M (x , y
= = ) , N (x , y
∂x ∂y
∂M ∂N
)أي ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻀﺮوري واﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ = -3ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط
∂y ∂x
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ(.
-4إﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﻜﻞ داﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ. u ( x , y ) = C :
ھﻨﺎك أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ھﺬه اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻨﺬﻛﺮ ھﻨﺎ أﺳﮭﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق وأﻛﺜﺮھﺎ
ﺳﺮﻋﺔ:
أ(ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ ) M ( x , yﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮـ ) xﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ(
ب(ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺣﺪود ) N ( x , yاﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ( xﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ . y
ج(ﻧﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ وﻧﺴﺎوﯾﮭﻤﺎ ﺑﺜﺎﺑﺖ وﻟﯿﻜﻦ . C
43
وﻟﺘوﻀﯿﺢ ﻓﻛرة اﻟﺤل ﻨورد ﺒﻌض اﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(2
-3ﻨﺘﺤﻘق ﻤن اﻟﺸرط:
∂M
= 2x )ﻨﺸﺘق اﻟداﻟﺔ ) M (x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر yوذﻟك ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت(
∂y
∂N
)ﻨﺸﺘق اﻟداﻟﺔ ) N (x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر xوذﻟك ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( = 2x
∂x
∂M ∂N
= واﻀﺢ أن
∂y ∂x
∴ اﻟﺸرط ﻤﺘﺤﻘق.
-4إﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﺤل u ( x , y ) = c
أ( ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ) M ( x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر ) xﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ(
=∫ M ( x
=∫ , y ) dx
2xydx x 2y
ب( ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﻘط ﺤدود ) N ( x , yاﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺘﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ xﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر : y
) N ( x , y=) x 2 − 1إذاً ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﻘط اﻟﺤد ) ( −1ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟ ـ ( y
= ∫ ( −1) dy
−y
44
x 2 y + ( − y ) =C
= ∴x 2y − y
C ﺘﻤﺜل ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(2
اﻟﺤل:
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ واﻀﺢ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ،ﻛﻤﺎ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﯿر ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ وﻻ ﯿوﺠد
ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻌوﯿض ﻤﻨﺎﺴب.
∴ ﺴﻨﺤﺎول دراﺴﺔ ﻛوﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ
-1اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔأي أﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻘق اﻟﺸﻛل اﻟﻤطﻠوب.
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
-2ﻨﺤدد ﻗﯿم : N ، M
=) M ( x , y
dx ) (e − y cos xy
2y
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dxﯿﻌطﻲ ) M (x , y
45
) − ( x cos xy − 2xe 2 y − 2 y
= N ( x , y ) dy
ﻣﺜﺎل)(3
=y′
y 2 − 2xye xy
2
اﻟﺤل:
=y′
y 2 − 2xye xy
2
وﻫذا ﯿﻛﺎﻓﺊ:
y 2e xy + x 2
2
= dy dx
y 2 − 2xye xy
2
(y 2
= − 2xye xy dy
2
( )
y 2e xy + x 2 dx
2
)
(y 2
− 2xye xy
2
) 2
46
N ( x , y ) dy
= y 2 − 2xye xy ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dyﺘﻤﺜل ) N (x , y
2
∂N
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x
∂N
=
−2 ye xy − 2xy 3e xy
2 2
∂x
∴ اﻟﺸرط ﻤﺘﺤﻘق ⇐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﺘﺎﻤﺔ .
3
ب(ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﻘط )ﺤدود ) N (x , yاﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺘﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ ( xﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر : y
اﻟﺤد اﻟذي ﻨﻛﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻘط ﻫو : y 2
y3
= ∫ y dy
2
3
x3 y3
−e xy − + =
2
8
3 3
⇒ −3e xy − x 3 + y 3 =24
2
= ⇒ 3e xy + x 3 − y 3 + 24
2
0
47
ﻣﺜﺎل)(4
اوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻵﺘﯿﺔ:
) 2x ( y − 3
= dx + ln ( x 2 + 1) dy
0
x +1
2
اﻟﺤل:
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻛﻤﺎ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﯿر ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ وﻻ
ﯿوﺠد ﻟﻬﺎ أي ﺘﻌوﯿض ﻤﻘﺘرح ﻤﻨﺎﺴب ﻟذﻟك ﺴﻨﺤﺎول دراﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻨت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
ﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
-3ﻨﺸﺘق ﻤن اﻟﺸرط:
∂M
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y
∂M 2x
= 2
∂y n +1
∂N
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x
∂N 1
) = 2 ( 2x
∂x x +1
∂M ∂N
⇒ =
∂y ∂x
∴ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
-4إﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﺤل : u ( x , y ) = c
أ(ﺴﻨﻛﺎﻤل ) M ( x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر ) xﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ(
2x
∫ ( x , y ) dx
= ∫M ( y − 3) dx
x 2
+1
)( y − 3) ln ( x 2 + 1
=
48
ج(ﻨﺴﺎوي اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل اﻷول ﺒﺎﻟﺜﺎﺒت : C
= )( y − 3) ln ( x 2 + 1
C
ﻣﺜﺎل)(5
= ⇒ ( 2x y + y ) dy − (1 − 2xy ) dx
2 2
0 2
= ⇒ (1 − 2xy ) dx − ( 2x y + y ) dy
2 2
0 2
-3ﻨﺘﺤﻘق ﻤن اﻟﺸرط:
∂M ∂M
= = ) −2 ( x )( 2 y
−4xy ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y ∂y
∂N ∂N
= −4xy ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
49
∂M ∂N
⇒ =
∂y ∂x
∴ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
-4إﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﺤل اﻟﻛﺎﻤل u ( x , y ) = c
أ(ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ) M ( x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر ) xﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ(
= ∫ (1 − 2xy ) dx
= ∫ M ( x , y ) dx x −x y
2 2 2
3
ج(ﻨﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤﻠﯿن وﻨﺴﺎوﯿﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺜﺎﺒت وﻟﯿﻛن : C
y3
x − x 2y 2 − =C
3
ﻹﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﺤل اﻟذي ﯿﺤﻘق اﻟﺸرط y (1) = 3
(3)3
1 − (3) 2 − = C ⇒ 1− 9 − 9 = C
3
= ⇒C−17
∴ اﻟﺤل اﻟﺨﺎص:
y3
x − x 2y 2 − = + 17
0
3
و ﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤطﻠوب.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(6
اوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻵﺘﯿﺔ:
= ( cos x sin x − xy ) dx + y (1 − x ) dy
2 2
0
اﻟﺤل:
50
ﻤن اﻟواﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻏﯿر ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼل ﻛﻤﺎ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﯿر ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ وﻻﯿوﺠد
ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻌوﯿض ﻤﻨﺎﺴب.
∴ ﻨﺤﺎول ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
-1ﺘرﺘﯿب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻛون ﺼﻔرﯿﺔ أي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
)ﻫﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل اﻟﻤطﻠوب(.
-2ﻨﺤﺎول ﺘﺤدﯿد : N ، M
M ( x , y ) cos x sin x − xy 2
= ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dxﯿﻤﺜل ) M (x , y
) y ) y (1 − x 2
=N (x , ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dyﯿﻤﺜل ) N (x , y
-3ﻨﺘﺤﻘق ﻤن اﻟﺸرط:
∂M ∂M
= 2xy ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y ∂y
∂N ∂N
= −2xy ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
⇒ = ∴ ﻤن اﻟﻤﻼﺤظ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
∂y ∂x
1 1
=
− cos 2 x − x 2 y 2
2 2
1
− cos 2 x + x 2 y 2
=
2
ب( ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﻘط ﺤدود ) N ( x , yاﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺘﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ xﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر : y
N ( x , y ) =y (1 − x 2 ) =y − yx 2
−
1
2
( = cos 2 x + x 2 y 2 ) + y 2
1
2
C
= cos 2 x + x 2 y 2 − y 2
c1
وﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﻤطﻠوب.
51
ﻹﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﺤل اﻟﺨﺎص ﻨﻌوض ﻋن اﻟﺸرط y (0) = 2
= cos 2 0 + (0) − (2) 2
c1
= ⇒ c1−3
= cos 2 x + x 2 y − y 2 + 30
وﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﺨﺎص اﻟﻤطﻠوب.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(7
اﻟﺤل:
-1ﺘرﺘﯿب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻛون ﺼﻔرﯿﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
)اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل اﻟﻤطﻠوب(.
-2ﻨﺤدد ﻗﯿم : N ، M
=M ( x ,
y ) 2x 3x + y − ye − x
2
∂y ∂y
∂N ∂N
= 2x − 2xe − x ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
2
∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ = ∴ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ .
∂y ∂x
-4ﻨوﺠد اﻟﺤل u ( x , y ) = c
أ(ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ) M ( x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر ) xﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ(
∫ M ( x , y ) dx = ∫ ( 6x + 2xy − 2xye − x dx )
2
2
6x 3 2x 2 y 2x 2 − x 2 1
= + + ye 2
3 2 2 x
52
= 2x 3 + x 2 y + ye − x
2
53
)( 4 .2اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘؤول إﻟﻰ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ
ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠب اﻷﺤﯿﺎن ﺘﻛون اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ذات اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
∂M ∂N
. ≠ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻏﯿر ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن
∂y ∂x
وﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌض اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﯿﻤﻛن ﺘﺤوﯿل ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﻏﯿر اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻻت
ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻋن طرﯿق اﻟﻀرب ﺒـ ) µ ( x , yواﻟذي ﯿﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل
)ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل( ﻷﻨﻪ ﻋن طرﯿق اﻟﻀرب ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﯿﻤﻛن ﻤﻛﺎﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة.
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم ﺘﺤﻘق ﺸرط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم ﻓﺈن ﻨﻠﺠﺄ إﻟﻰ ﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل
واﻟذي ﯿﻤﻛﻨﻨﺎ ﻤن ﺘﺤوﯿل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﺤل ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨد
اﻟﺴﺎﺒق.
ﺒﻘﻲ أن ﻨﻌرف ﻛﯿف ﯿﻤﻛن ﺤﺴﺎب ﻫذااﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل؟
54
∂µ ∂µ ∂M ∂N
M −N + − )0 ............(5 .2
= µ
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ:
M y −Nx
) ≅ f (x إذا ﻛﺎن:
N
∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x
) ≅ f (x أي إذا ﻛﺎن:
N
M y −Nx
وﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺒﻌد اﻟﺘﺒﺴﯿط داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xﻓﻘط ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ إذا ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻘدار
N
ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﯿﻛون ﻫو أﯿﻀﺎً داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xوﻫو ﯿﻌطﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
∫ µ (x ) = e
f ( x )dx
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﯿﺔ:
M y −Nx
) ≅ g (y إذا ﻛﺎن:
M
∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x
) ≅ g (y أو ﺒﻌﺒﺎرة أﺨرى:
M
M y −Nx
وﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺒﻌد اﻟﺘﺒﺴﯿط داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ y ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻨﻪ إذا درﺴﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻘدار
M
ﻓﻘط ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﯿﻛون ﻫو أﯿﻀًﺎ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ yوﯿﻌطﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
∫ µ(y ) =e
− g ( y )dy
55
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ:
إذا ﻛﺎن:
M y −Nx
) ≅ F (x + y
M −N
ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﯿﻤﻛن إﯿﺠﺎدﻩ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
z= x + y -1ﻨﺠﻌل
-2ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻛداﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ Zﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
∫ µ (z ) = e
− f ( z )dz
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟراﺒﻌﺔ:
M y −Nx
) ≅ G ( xy إذا ﻛﺎن
xM − yN
z = xy -1ﻨﺠﻌل
-2ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻛداﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ zﻤن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
∫ µ (z ) = e
− G ( z )dz
-3ﻨﻌوض ﺒ ـ xyﺒد ً
ﻻ ﻤن zﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻛداﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xyأي
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ) µ ( xy
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻤﺴﺔ:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0 إذا ﻛﺎﻨت اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ:
56
اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ:
-إذا أﻋﻄﯿﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ وﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ دراﺳﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﺤﻠﮭﺎ
)ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ – اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ – اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ – اﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ( وﻟﻢ ﺗﻔﻠﺢ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﻚ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر
اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﻤﺲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ.
-2إذا ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ إﺣﺪاھﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﯿﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻀﺮﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﯿﺪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ.
-3ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ.
-4ﺗﺤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ.
ﺗﺬﻛﺮ:
أﻧﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ) µ ( x , yﺳﯿﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ) N ( x , yو
) M ( x , yإﻟﻰ دوال ﺟﺪﯾﺪة:
) M ( x , y ) = µM ( x , y
) N ( x , y ) = µN ( x , y
وھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم.
ﻣﺜﺎل)(1
أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:
( 4xy 2
= − x 2 + 3 y ) dx + ( 2x 2 y + x ) dy
0
اﻟﺤل:
-1اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺼﻔرﯿﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
-2ﻨﺤدد Nو : M
M ( x , y )= 4xy 2 − x 2 + 3 y ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dxﯿﻤﺜل ) M (x , y
=N ( x
, y ) 2x 2 y + x ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dyﯿﻤﺜل ) N (x , y
-3ﻨﺘﺤﻘق ﻤن ﺸرط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم:
∂M ∂M
= 8xy + 3 ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻨﻌﺘﺒر xﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y ∂y
∂N ∂N
= 4xy + 1 ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻨﻌﺘﺒر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻏﯿر ﺘﺎﻤﺔ. ≠ ﻤن اﻟواﻀﺢ أن
∂y ∂x
-4ﻨدرس أي ﻤن اﻟﺤﺎﻻت )اﻟﺨﻤس( اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﯿﺘﺤﻘق:
57
ﻨﺨﺘﺒر ااﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ:
M y −Nx
؟
ﻨدرس ﻫل ) = f ( x
N
)M y − N x ( 8xy + 3) − ( 4xy + 1 4xy + 2
= =
N 2x y + x
2
2x 2 y + x
2 ( 2xy + 1) 2
= =
x ( 2xy + 1) x
2
= ) ⇒ f (x
x
M y −Nx
ﯿﻌطﻲ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xوﻫو اﻟﻤطﻠوب ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ. وﺠدﻨﺎ ﻓﻌﻼً أن اﻟﻤﻘدار
N
∫ µ (x ) = e
f ( x )dx
-5وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب ﻫو:
أي أن:
2
=∫ ( x ) e
dx
=µ =e =e
2
2ln x ln x
x
x2
-6ﺒﻤﺎ أﻨﻨﺎ وﺠدﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺒﻀرﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة
( 4xy 2
= − x 2 + 3 y ) dx + ( 2x 2 y + x ) dy
0
) M ( x , y ) = µM ( x , y
) = x 2 ( 4xy 2 − x 2 + 3 y
= 4x 3 y 2 − x 4 + 3x 2 y
) N ( x , y ) = µN ( x , y
) = x 2 ( 2x 2 y + x
= 2x 4 y + x 3
وﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘق ﻤن أن , M Nﺘﺤﻘق ﺸرط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم:
∂M ∂M
= 8x 3 y + 3x 2 ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت( ) ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y ∂y
58
∂N ∂N
= 8x 3 y + 3x 2 ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
∂ M ∂N
= واﻀﺢ أن
∂y ∂x
5
ﻣﺜﺎل)(2
= cos ydx + ( x sin y − 1) dy
0 أوﺠد ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ:
اﻟﺤل:
-1ﻨرﺘب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻛون ﺼﻔرﯿﺔ أي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻛل:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
= cos ydx + ( x sin y − 1) dy
0
-2ﻨﺤدد Nو : M
M ( x , y ) = cos y ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dxﯿﻤﺜل ) M (x , y
=( N
x , y ) x sin y − 1 ﻤﻌﺎﻤل dyﯿﻤﺜل ) N (x , y
-3ﻨﺨﺘﺒر ﺘﺤﻘق اﻟﺸرط:
∂M ∂M
= − sin y ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y ∂y
59
∂N ∂N
= sin y ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻏﯿر ﺘﺎﻤﺔ. ≠ ∴
∂y ∂x
-4ﻨدرس أي اﻟﺤﺎﻻت )اﻟﺨﻤس( اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﯿﺘﺤﻘق؟
ﻨﺨﺘﺒر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ:
M y −Nx
؟ أي ﻫل ﯿﺘﺤﻘق أن ) = f ( x
N
) M y − N x − sin y − ( sin y −2sin y
= =
N x sin y − 1 x sin y − 1
∴ ﻨﻼﺤظ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻤﺜل داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ∴ . xﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﯿﺔ.
∫ µ(y ) =e
− g ( y )dy
-5وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴب ﻫو
=µ ( y ) e ∫ = e ) ∫ 2 tan ydy e −2ln ( cos y
− ( −2 tan y )dy
=
) ln ( cos −2 y −2 1
= e = cos = =
y sec 2
y 2
cos y
-6ﺒﻤﺎ أﻨﻨﺎ وﺠدﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﺈن ﺒﻀرﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة
)اﻟﻤرﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﺼﻔرﯿﺔ(:
= cos ydx + ( x sin y − 1) dy
0
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
= sec 2 y ( cos y ) dx + sec 2 y ( x sin y − 1) dy
0
-7وﺘﺤل ﻹﯿﺠﺎد u ( x , y ) = Cﻛﻤﺎ ﺴﺒق
أ( ﻨوﺠد Nو Mﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ )واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘق ﺸرط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم(:
M ( x , y ) = cos y sec 2 y
=N ( x , y ) sec 2 y ( x
= sin y − 1) x sec 2 y sin y − sec 2 y
60
∂M ∂N
= وﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن أن
∂y ∂x
∂M
= sec y tan y ﻨﺠد أن
∂y
∂N
= sec y tan y
∂x
-8ﻨوﺠد اﻟﺤل u ( x , y ) = C
أ(ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ) M ( x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر ) xﻤﻊ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ(:
∫ M ( x , y ) dx
= ( cos y sec y )dx ∫ sec ydx
=∫
2
ﻣﺜﺎل)(3
اﻟﺤل:
-1ﻨرﺘب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورﻩ اﻟﺼﻔرﯿﺔ أي اﻟﺸﻛل:
= M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy
0
( 2x 2
= − 2 y 2 + 1) dx + ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1) dy
0
61
∂N ∂N
= 4x ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
أي أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻟﯿﺴت ﺘﺎﻤﺔ. ≠ ﻟﻛن وﺠدﻨﺎ أن
∂y ∂x
-4ﻨدرس أي ﻤن اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﻤس اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﯿﺘﺤﻘق:
ﻨﺨﺘﺒر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ:
M y −Nx
؟ ﻫل ) = f ( x
N
M y −Nx −47 − 4x
=
N 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1
ﻻ ﯿﻤﻛن أن ﺘﻤﺜل داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xﻓﻘط ∴ .ﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﯿﺔ.
اﺨﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﯿﺔ.
M y −Nx
؟ أي ﻫل ) = g ( y
M
M y −Nx −4 y − 4x
=
M 2x 2 − 2 y 2 + 1
ﻻ ﯿﻤﻛن أن ﺘﻤﺜل داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ yﻓﻘط ﻟذﻟك ﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﻺﺨﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻟث.
ﻨﺨﺘﺒر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ:
M y −Nx
؟ أي ﻫل ) = F ( x + y
M −N
M y −Nx −4 y − 4x ) −4 ( y + x
=
M −N )( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 + 1) − ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1 2
= ) −2 ( y + x
= = ) −2(x + y
) F (x + y
M y −Nx
ﯿﻌطﻲ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ x + yوﻫو اﻟﻤطﻠوب ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ. وﺠدﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻘدار
M −N
∂M ∂N
( = -5ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻹﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻨﺘﺒﻊ اﻵﺘﻲ :ﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن أن )
∂y ∂x
-6ﺒﻤﺎ أﻨﻨﺎ وﺠدﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺒﻀرﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ
ﻨﺠد أﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ:
62
= e ( x + y ) ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 + 1) dx + e ( x + y ) ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1) dy
2 2
0
∂M ∂N
( = -7ﻨوﺠد Nو Mوﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻘق ﺸرط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم ) ﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن أن
∂y ∂x
)x , y ) e ( x + y ) ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 + 1
=( M
2
)x , y ) e ( x y ) ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1
=( N
2
+
∫e
) (x + y
( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 ) dx + ∫ e (x + y ) dx
2 2
=
∫e
(x ) +y
(2(x )
− y 2 ) dx + ∫ e ( x + y ) dx
2 2
= 2
= ∫ 2 ( x + y ) e ( x + y ) ( x − y ) dx + ∫ e ( x + y ) dx
2 2
= e ( x + y ) ( x − y ) − ∫ e ( x + y ) dx + ∫ e ( x + y ) dx
2 2 2
= e (x
) +y
) (x − y
2
ب( ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﻘط ﺤدود ) N ( x , yاﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ xﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر : y
)x , y ) e ( x + y ) ( 2x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1
=( N
2
ﻣﺜﺎل)(4
63
∂M ∂M
= 1 + 2xy ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر xﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂y ∂y
∂N ∂N
= 1 − 2xy ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒت( )ﻨﺤﺴب
∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺴت ﺘﺎﻤﺔ. ≠ واﻀﺢ أن
∂y ∂x
-4ﻨدرس أي ﻤن اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﻤس ﺘﺤﻘق ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل:
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠرﺒﺔ ﺴﻨﺠد أن ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل ﻟﯿس داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xﻓﻘط وﻟﯿﺴت داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ yﻓﻘط
وﻛذﻟك ﻟﯿﺴت داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ) x + yﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن ذﻟك؟؟(.
ﻨﺨﺘﺒر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟراﺒﻌﺔ:
M y −Nx
؟ ﻫل ) = G ( xy
xM − yN
M y −Nx ) y + 2xy − (1 − 2xy 4xy 1
= = = 2
xM − yN x ( y + xy ) − y ( x − x y ) 2x y
2 2 2 2
xy
M y −Nx
ﯿﻌطﻲ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xyوﻫو اﻟﻤطﻠوب ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ. وﺠدﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻘدار
xM − yN
-5وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻹﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻨﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
أ( ﻨﺠﻌل
2
= ) G (z ⇐ z = xy
z
ب( ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻛداﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ zﻤن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
2
∫ e ∫z
− G ( z )dz
− dz
=µ ( z ) e
=
−2 1
== e −
z ln z
=e
ln z
z2
ج( ﻨﻌوض ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘدار xyﺒدﻻً ﻤن zﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻛداﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xy
أي أن:
1
=( µ
=xy ) µ
) (z
) ( xy
2
-6ﺒﻤﺎ أﻨﻨﺎ وﺠدﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺒﻀرﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻗﯿد اﻟدراﺴﺔ
واﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﺼﻔرﯿﺔ:
= y (1 + xy ) dx + x (1 − xy ) dy
0
( 2
= y (1 + xy ) ) dx + 2 2 ( x (1 − xy ) ) dy
1 1
2
0
x y x y
وﺘﺤل ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛرﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ"ﺒﺈﯿﺠﺎد u ( x , y ) = C
-7ﻨوﺠد Nو Mواﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘق ﺸرط اﻟﺘﻤﺎم:
64
y + xy 2
= ) M (x , y
x 2y 2
x + x 2y
= ) N (x , y
x 2y 2
∂M ∂N
( = )ﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن أن
∂y ∂x
-8ﻨوﺠد اﻟﺤل u ( x , y ) = C
أ( ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ) M ( x , yﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر ) xﻤﻊ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر yﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ(.
y + xy 2
∫ = ∫ M ( x , y ) dx x 2y 2
dx
ب( ﻨﻛﺎﻤل ﻓﻘط ﺤدود ) N ( x , yاﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ xﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر : y
x − x 2y x x 2y
) ,y
=N ( x = −
x 2y 2 x 2y 2 x 2y 2
1 1
= 2
−
xy y
اﻟﺤد اﻟذي ﺴﻨﻛﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻫو
1
−
y
1
= ∫ − y dy
− ln y
65
) (5 .2اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ
Linear first-order defferential equations
ﻣﻤﯿﺰات اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ yﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ : y
اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ : standard form -1ﺣﺪ ﯾﺤﻮي yوﺣﺪ
dy ﯾﺤﻮي y ′
= + a (x ) y
) r (x
dx -2ﺑﻘﯿﺔاﻟﺤﺪود
او ﻣﺎﯾﻜﺎﻓﺌﮭﺎ : واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ھﻲ دوال
= y ′ + a (x ) y
) r (x ﻓﻲ xﻓﻘﻂ
.ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺪوال ) a (xو ) r (xھﻲ دوال ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ . x
66
اﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ yﺘﺘﻤﯿز ﻤﺎ ﯿﻠﻲ :
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
)x 6e x (i
dy
x = − 4y
dx
ﺒﺎﻟﻨظر اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻨﺠد اﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠف ﻋن اﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ
ﯿﺨﺘﻠف ﻋن 1 ﻓﻲ yﺤﯿث أن ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
dy
dx
ﻟذﻟك ﻨﻘﺴم ﻋﻠﻰ xﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ..
dy 4
= − y
x 5e x
dx x
ﻨﺠد اﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ ﺤﯿث :
)(1ﻤﻌﺎﻤل y ′ﯿﺴﺎوي . 1
) (2ﻤﻌﺎﻤل : yﻫو اﻟداﻟﺔ ) ) a (xﻤﻊ أﺨذ اﻹﺸﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر(
4
a (x ) = −
x
)(3اﻟداﻟﺔ ) r (xﻓﻲ اﻟطرف اﻷﯿﻤن :
r (x ) = x 5e x
)0
dy
)(ii (x 2 + 9 = + xy
dx
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ y
) (1ﺘﺤوي ﺤدًا ﯿﺤوي y ′وﺤدًا آﺨر ﯿﺤوي . y
) (2وﺒﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺤدود واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼت ﻫﻲ دوال ﻓﻲ xﻓﻘط.
وﻟﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ ﻨﻘﺴم ﻋﻠﻰ ) (x 2 + 9ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
67
dy x
+ 2 = y
0
dx x + 9
وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻓﺈن
x
= ) a (x
x +9
2
r (x ) = 0
ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ)(2 .2
اذا ﻛﺎﻨــت ) a (xو ) r (xدوال ﻤﺘﺼ ــﻠﺔ ﻓ ــﺈن اﻟﺤــل اﻟﻌ ــﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ــﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀ ــﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ :
= y ′ + a (x ) y
) r (x
ﯿﻌطﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ :
1 c
y ∫ I (x )r (x )dy +
I (x ) ) I (x
*اﻟﺒرﻫﺎن :
ﻟدﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
= y ′ + a (x ) y
) r (x
ﻨﺤﺎول دراﺴﺔ ﻛوﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ..
-1ﻨرﺘب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﺼﻔرﯿﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ Mو N
dy
= ) + a (x ) y − r (x
0
dx
= dy + [a (x ) y − r (x ) ] dx
0
-2ﻨﺤدد Mو N
=
) M a (x ) y − r (x
N =1
-3ﻨدرس ﺘﺤﻘق اﻟﺸرط :
68
∂M
) = a (x
∂y
∂N ∂M ∂N
=0 ⇒ ≠
∂x ∂y ∂x
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﯿر ﺘﺎﻤﺔ.
-4ﻨوﺠد ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
M y −Nx
) = a (x ﻨدرس اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ..
N
∫ I (x ) = e اﻟطرف اﻻﯿﻤن ﻫو داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ xﻓﻘط ..اذن
a ( x )dx
∫ M (x , y )dx
= ∫ I (x )a (x ) ydx − ∫ r (x )I (x )dx
∫ ye
a ( x )dx
∫ a ( x )dx dx
∫ a (x )dx − ∫ r (x )e
∫ a (x )dx
∫ = ye ∫ − ∫ r (x )e
a ( x )dx a ( x )dx
69
-2اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿر :x
أي أن اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿر اﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫو xواﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻫو yوﺘﻛﺘب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة : ﻣﯿﺰات اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
dx
)r ( y ) ........(8 .2
= + a ( y )x اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ : x
dy .1ﺣﺪ ﯾﺤﻮي xوﺣﺪ
ﯾﺤﻮي x ′
-2ﺑﻘﯿﺔاﻟﺤﺪود
واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت دوال
ﻓﻲ yﻓﻘﻂ
ﺘﻨﺒﯿﻪ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ xﺘﺘﻤﯿز ﺒﻤﺎ ﯿﻠﻲ :
ﯿﺴﺎوي 1 • ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
dx
dy
• ﻤﻌﺎﻤل xﻫو داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ yوﻨ ارﻋـﻰ اﻹﺸـﺎرة ﻓـﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎر).وﻫو ﻤﺎﻨﻤﺜﻠـﻪ
ﺒﺎﻟداﻟﺔ ) ( a ( y
• اﻟداﻟ ــﺔ ) r ( yﻫ ــﻲ اﻟداﻟ ــﺔ اﻟﻤوﺠ ــودة ﻓ ــﻲ اﻟط ــرف اﻷﯿﻤ ــن )داﻟ ــﺔ ﻓ ــﻲ y
أﯿﻀﺎً (.
ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﻞ:
-1ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ) I ( yھﻮ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ y
∫ I (y ) = e
a ( y )dy
ﻣﺜﺎل )(2
70
(e y
) dy
−1
dx
+e y
= x
)0 (ii
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻏﯿر ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻﯿﻤﻛن ﻛﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼورة اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ x
dx
= + a ( y )x
) r (y
dy
وﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺼورة اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ y
dy
= + a (x ) y
) r (x
dx
اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ:
إذا أردﻨﺎ ﺤل أي ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻨﺘﺒﻊ اﻵﺘﻲ:
-1ﻨﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴﯿﺔ .
-2ﻨﺤدد اﻟدوال aو ) .. rﺘﻛون دوال ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘل (
-3ﻨوﺠد ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل Iواﻟذي ﯿﻛون أﯿﻀﺎ داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘل .
-4ﻨﻌوض ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻨون ﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺤل .
ﻣﺜﺎل )(3
ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ 0
= xdy + 2( y − 4x 2 )dx
اﻟﺤل:
-1ﻨﻌﯿد ﺘرﺘﯿب اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ..وذﻟك ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل .. dyواﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ dx
dy y
= + 2 − 4x
0
dx x
dy y
= +2 8x
dx x
-2ﻨﺤدد ﻛل ﻤن
71
r ( x ) = 8x
2
= ) a (x
x
-3اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل ﻫو داﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ : x
2
=∫ (x ) e
dx
=I x
=e
2ln x
x2
-4اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻫو :
1 c
=y ∫2
8x 3dx + 2
x x
1 x4 c
= 8 +
x2 4 x2
c
= 2x 2 +
x2
ﻣﺜﺎل )(4
و
1
⇒ = du dx v =x
x
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻨون
72
=∫ ln
xdx x ln x − ∫ dx
= x ln x − x
)= x (ln x − 1
ﻓﯿﻛون:
= ∫
=I (x ) e )e x ( ln x −1
ln xdx
ﻣﺜﺎل )(5
ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ
π
, x = 0
dx
sin y = − x cos ysin y − y cos y − 1
dy 2
اﻟﺤل :
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ -1ﻨرﺘب ﺸﻛل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ,ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
dx
dy
dx
= − x cot y
1 − y cot y − csc y
dy
وﻫذﻩ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ x
-2ﻨﺤدد اﻟدوال ) a ( yو ) r ( y
73
1
csc y ∫
=x [ csc y (1 − y cot y − csc y )dy + c ]
: ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠزيء ﺤﯿث ∫ y cot y csc ydy اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻨوﺠد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل
cos y −1
dv = ⇒ v =
sin 2 y sin y
u=y ⇒ du = dy و
−y −1
∫ y cot y csc=
ydy
sin y
−∫
sin y
dy
−y
= + ln csc y − cot y
sin y
: ﻓﯿﻛون اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﻫو
1 y
=x ln csc y − cot y + cot y + sin y − ln csc y − cot y + c
csc y
=x sin y [ y csc y + cot y + c ]
x =
y + cos y + c sin y
. ﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ
π
x( )=0 ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸرط
2
π
0= +c
2
π
⇒ c =−
2
π
x =
y + cos y − sin y
2
. ﻫو اﻟﺤل اﻟﺨﺎص اﻟﻤطﻠوب
(6) ﻣﺜﺎل
T (π ) = 1 ﺤﯿث ﺤل ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﺒﺘداﺌﯿﺔ
dT
sin θ
+T =
dθ
74
اﻟﺤل -:
-1اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ T
a (θ ) = 1 -2ﻨﺤدد ) a (θو ) : r (θ
r (θ ) = sin θ
-3اﯿﺠﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻤل اﻟﻤﻛﺎﻤل :
∫ I (θ ) = e
a (θ )d θ
∫
== e eθ
dθ
75
1 1 θ
=T
eθ 2 e ( sin θ − cos θ ) + c
T (π ) = 1 وﺤﯿث أن
ﻨﻌوض ﻓﯿﻛون c = e π
1
2
ﻣﺜﺎل )(7
76
) (6 .2اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘؤول إﻟﻰ ﺨطﯿﺔ:
Equation that leads to linear Equation
ﻓــﻲ اﻟــدرس اﻟﺴــﺎﺒق ﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨــﺎ ﺒﺸــﻲء ﻤــن اﻟﺘﻔﺼــﯿل ﺤــل اﻟﻤﻌــﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀــﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿــﺔ ﻤــن
اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة
ﻗــد ﺘﺼــﺎدﻓﻨﺎ ﻤﻌــﺎدﻻت ﻟﻬــﺎ ﺼــورة ﻤﻘﺎرﺒــﺔ وﻟﻛﻨﻬــﺎ ﺘﺤــوي ﺤــد ﻤــﺎ ﻤﻤــﺎ ﯿﺠﻌﻠﻬــﺎ ﻏﯿــر ﺨطﯿــﺔ
ﻓﯿﺘﻌ ــذر ﺤﻠﻬ ــﺎ ﺒ ــﺎﻟطرق اﻟﺴ ــﺎﺒﻘﺔ وﻟﻛ ــن ﺒﺎﺴ ــﺘﺨدام ﺘﻌ ــوﯿض ﻤﻨﺎﺴ ــب ﯿﻤﻛ ــن اﺨﺘزاﻟﻬ ــﺎ إﻟ ــﻰ
ﻤﻌـ ــﺎدﻻت ﺘﻔﺎﻀـ ــﻠﯿﺔ ﺨطﯿـ ــﺔ وﺘﺤـ ــل ﺒـ ــﻨﻔس اﻟطرﯿﻘـ ــﺔ اﻟﺴـ ــﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺤـ ــل اﻟﻤﻌـ ــﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀـ ــﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻤن اﻟرﺘﺒﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ.
وﻤن ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت :
-1ﻠﻊﺌخﻙ ﺒ ﺎذﻤهﻙﻰ Bernoulli'sEquatio
إن ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺒرﻨوﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ yﺘﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة:
)r (x ) y n .....(9 .2
= y ′ + a (x ) y
ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺒرﻨوﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ xﺘﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼورة:
)r ( y )x n ......(10 .2
= x ′ + a ( y )x
إذا ﻛﺎﻨت n = 0أو n = 1ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻛون ﺨطﯿﺔ .
ٕواذا ﻛﺎﻨت n ≠ 1, 0ﻓﻬﻲ ﻏﯿر ﺨطﯿﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﻬﺘم ﺒدراﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﺠزء
ﻨﻌرف اﻟﺘﻌرﯿف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
وﻋﻠﯿﻪ ّ
ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ)(6 .2
ﻣﯿﺰﺗﮭﺎ:
dy
-1ﺣﺪ ﯾﺤﻮي
ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ yﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ : dx
dy -2ﺣﺪ ﯾﺤﻮي yﺣﺪ
= + a (x ) y
r (x ) y n
dx ﯾﺤﻮي y n
ﺣﯿﺚ nﻋﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ. -3ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺪود
z =y 1− n
وھﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﺗﺆول إﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ zﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت دوال ﻓﻲ
x
77
ﻷﯿﺠﺎد ﺤل ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺒرﻨوﻟﻲ ) (1ﻨﺘﺒﻊ ﻤﺎﯿﻠﻲ: ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﯿﺰات
-1ﻨﻘﺴم ﻋﻠﻰ y nﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ : ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ y
أن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ y ′ﯾﺴﺎوي
)r ......(11 .2
= y − n y ′ + ay 1− n 1
z = y 1− n -2ﺒوﻀﻊ:
ﺜم ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل اﻟطرﻓﯿن ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ xﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
z =′ (1 − n ) y − n y ′
-3ﺘﻌدل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ) (11 .2ﺒﺎﻟﻀرب ﻓﻲ ) (1 − n
)y 1− n =(1 − n )r .....(12 ..2
(1 − n ) y − n y ′ + a (1 − n )
z′ z
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟـ ــﺔ ) (13 .2ﻫـ ــﻲ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟـ ــﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀـ ــﻠﯿﺔ ﺨطﯿـ ــﺔ ﻓـ ــﻲ zﯿﻤﻛـ ــن ﺤﻠﻬـ ــﺎ ﺒـ ــﺎﻟطرق اﻟﺴـ ــﺎﺒﻘﺔ
واﻟﺤﺼول ﻋﻠﻰ . z
-5ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن zﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة.
-1ﻧﺮﺗﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ : y
)ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ y ′ﯾﺴﺎوي 1وﻧﻘﻞ r (x ) y nإﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﯾﻤﻦ (.
dy
= + a (x ) y
r (x ) y n
dx
-2ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ y n
-3ﻧﻀﻊ z = y 1− n
وﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد z ′ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ :
dy
z =′ (1 − n ) y − n
dx
-4ﻧﻌﻮض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻌ�ﺪ ﺗﻌ�ﺪﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺘﻨﺎﺳ�ﺐ اﻟﺤ�ﺪاﻷول ﻣ�ﻦ اﻟﯿﺴﺎروﯾﺴ�ﺎوي ﻗﯿﻤ�ﺔ z ′
اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ zﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة :
= z ′ +ψ (x )z
) φ (x
وﺗﺤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ .
-5ﻧﻌﻮض ﻋﻦ zﺑﻘﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب yﻛﺪاﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ . x
ﺴﻨوﻀﺢ ذﻟك ﻓﻲ اﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ:
ﻣﺜﺎل )(1
78
ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ xe −2 x y 3
= 2y ′ − y
اﻟﺤل -:
-1ﻨﺠﻌﻠﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ اﻟﺼ ــورة اﻟﻌﺎﻤ ــﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ــﺔ ﺒرﻨــوﻟﻲ ﻓ ــﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿ ــر yوذﻟ ــك ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴ ــﻤﺔ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل y ′
1 1 −2 x 3
y ′− = y xe y
2 2
ﺤﯿث
1
a (x ) = −
2
xe −2 x
= ) r (x
2
-2ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ y 3ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
)xe −2 x 1
= …….( 2 y −3 y ′ − y −2
z = y −2 -3ﺒوﻀﻊ
ﺜم ﻤﻔﺎﻀﻠﺔ اﻟطرﻓﯿن ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿر xﻟﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
z ′ = −2 y −3 y ′
-4ﻨﻌدل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ) (1ﻟﯿﺘﻨﺎﺴب اﻟﺤد اﻷﯿﺴر وﯿﺴﺎوي ﻗﯿﻤﺔ z ′اﻟﻤﺤﺴوﺒﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻀرب ﻓﻲ −1ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
)−xe −2 x .....(2
= −2 y −3 y ′ + y −2
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن zو z ′ﻓﻲ ) (2ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
= z ′+z)−xe −2x .....(3
وﻫذﻩ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﺨطﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ . z
-5ﻨﺤل اﻵن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ) (3ﻛﻤﺎ ﯿﻠﻲ -:
=( I ∫
=x ) e
dx
ex -ﻨوﺠد ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل :
-ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻫو :
1
I (x )r (x )dx + c
∫ I (x )
z
1
z = x ∫ −xe − x dx + c
e
1 −x
=z e (x + 1) + c
ex
79
c
z e −2 x (x + 1) +
=
ex
-6ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن zﺒدﻻﻟﺔ yﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﯿﻛون اﻟﺤل ﻫو :
1
2
=)ce − x + e −2 x (x + 1
y
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:
∫e
m −1 m −2
x
x m x
= e ( x mx m
− m (m − 1)x ) − ......
∫e
−x
) x m = −e − x ( x m + mx m −1 + m (m − 1)x m − 2 + .....
ﻣﺜﺎل )(2
= 3 y ′ − 2 y cot x
y 4 csc 4 x ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
اﻟﺤل -:
-1ﻫــﻲ ﻤﻌﺎدﻟــﺔ ﺒرﻨــوﻟﻲ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿــر yوﺒﺘﻌــدﯿﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺼــﺒﺢ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﺼــورة اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺴــﯿﺔ ﻨﺤﺘــﺎج أن
ﻨﻘﺴم اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل y ′ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
2 y 4 csc 4 x
y ′− = y cot x
3 3
2 y cot x
a (x ) = −
3
4
csc x
= ) r (x
3
-2ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ y 4ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
)csc 4 x ......(1
= 3 y −4 y ′ − 2 y −3 cot x
-3ﺒوﻀﻊ
z = y −3 ⇒ z ′ = −3 y −4 y ′
ﺒﺘﻌدﯿل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ) (1ﻟﯿﺘﻨﺎﺴـب اﻟﺤـد اﻷول ﻤـن اﻟﯿﺴـﺎر وﯿﺴـﺎوي ﻗﯿﻤـﺔ z ′اﻟﻤﺤﺴـوﺒﺔ ﻨﺤﺘـﺎج
اﻟﻀرب ﻓﻲ , −1ﺜم ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸرﻋن z , z ′ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
= z ′ + 2z cot x
− csc 4 x
-4ﻨﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﺒﺎﻟطرق اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ :
= ∫
=I (x ) e sin 2 x
2cot xdx
ﻋﺎﻤل اﻟﺘﻛﺎﻤل:
80
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻨون اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨطﯿﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
1
− csc 2 xdx + c
∫ sin 2 x
= z
1
=z ] [cot x + c
sin 2 x
-5ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌوﯿض ﻋن zﺒدﻻﻟﺔ yﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌطﺎة ﯿﻨﺘﺞ أن اﻟﺤل ﻫو
1
=y −3 ] [cot x + c
sin 2 x
sin 2 x
= y3
] [cot x + c
sin 2 x
= y
] [cot x + c
3
ﺤﻠﻬ ــﺎ ﯿﻛ ــون ﺒـ ــﻨﻔس طرﯿﻘ ــﺔ ﺤ ــل ﻤﻌﺎدﻟـ ــﺔ ﺒرﻨ ــوﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀ ــﻠﯿﺔ ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿ ــر yوﻟﻛ ــن ﻫﻨـ ــﺎ
. z =′ (1 − n )x − n z = x 1−nوﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯿﻛون ﻨﺴﺘﺨدم اﻟﺘﻌوﯿض
dx
dy
وﺴﻨوﻀﺢ ذﻟك ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺤل اﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ
ﻣﺜﺎل )(3
ﻣﺜﺎل )(4
= xydx + (x 2 − 3 y )dy
0 ﺤل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
اﻟﺤل :ﯿﺘرك ﻛﺘﻤرﯿن ﻟﻠطﺎﻟب.
81
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
dny d n−1 y dy
an ( x) n + an−1 ( x) n−1 + ... + a1 ( x) + a0 ( x) y = F ( x)
dx dx dx
if F ( x) = 0 then it is called homogeneous; otherwise it is called non-homogeneous.
D f ( x) = D{D f ( x)} = 3
d2 f d3 f
D f ( x) = D{Df ( x)} = 2 ,
2 3 2
dx dx
d 2 f df
( D + D − 2) f ( x) = D f ( x) + Df ( x) − 2 f ( x) = 2 +
2 2
− 2 f ( x)
dx dx
d2y dy
+ 2 a + by = 0
dx 2 dx
or, in operator notation
( D 2 + 2aD + b) y = 0
( D − r1 )( D − r2 ) y = 0
96
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
d2y dy
Solution of + 2 a + by = 0
dx 2 dx
Roots r1 & r2 Solution
y = C1e + C2 e
r 1x r 2x
Real and unequal
y = (C1 x + C2 )e
r 2x
Real and equal
Example
Solve the following differential equations:
d 2 y dy d2y dy
(a) + − 2y = 0, (b) + 4 + 4y = 0
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
d2y dy d2y
(c) 2
+ 4 + 6y = 0, (d) + 4y = 0
dx dx dx 2
Solution
d 2 y dy
(a) + − 2y = 0
dx 2 dx
The characteristic equation is
D2 + D − 2 = 0
( D − 1)( D + 2) = 0 ⇒ r1 = 1 and r2 = −2
The solution is
y = C1e x + C2 e −2 x
97
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
d2y dy
(b) + 4 + 4y = 0
dx 2 dx
The characteristic equation is
D 2 + 4D + 4 = 0
( D + 2) 2 = 0 ⇒ r1 = r2 = −2
The solution is
y = (C1 x + C2 )e −2 x
d2y dy
(c) 2
+ 4 + 6y = 0
dx dx
The characteristic equation is
D 2 + 4D + 6 = 0
− B ± B 2 − 4 AC
r1, 2 =
2A
− 4 ± (4) 2 − 4(1)(6) − 4 ± 16 − 24
r1, 2 = =
2(1) 2
− 4 ± − 8 − 4 ± j2 2
r1, 2 = =
2 2
r1, 2 = −2 ± j 2 ⇒ r1 = −2 + j 2 and r2 = −2 − j 2
⇒ α = −2 and β = 2
The solution is
98
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
d2y
(d) + 4y = 0
dx 2
The characteristic equation is
D2 + 4 = 0
( D − j 2)( D + j 2) = 0 ⇒ r1 = j 2 and r2 = − j 2
⇒ α = 0 and β = 2
The solution is
y = C1 cos 2 x + C2 sin 2 x
Exercises
99
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
d2y dy
+ 2 a + by = F ( x)
dx 2 dx
The procedure has three basic steps. First, we find the homogeneous solution yh
d2y dy
2
+ 2a + by = 0
dx dx
Second, we find a particular solution y p of the complete equation. Finally, we add
y p to yh to form the general solution of the complete equation. So, the final solution is
y = yh + y p
Variation of Parameters
This method assumes we already know the homogeneous solution
yh = C1u1 ( x) + C2u 2 ( x)
The method consists of replacing the constants C1 and C2 by functions v1 ( x) and
100
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
⎡u1 u2 ⎤ ⎡ v1′ ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢u ′ u′ ⎥ ⎢v′ ⎥ = ⎢ F ( x)⎥
⎣ 1 2 ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 u2 u1 0
F ( x) u ′2 − u2 F ( x) u ′ F ( x) u1 F ( x)
v1′ = = , v2′ = 1 =
u1 u2 D u1 u2 D
u1′ u ′2 u1′ u2′
u1 u2
where D=
u1′ u2′
ii. Integrate v1′ and v2′ to find v1 and v2 .
iii. Write the particular solution as
y p = v1u1 + v2u2
Example
d2y dy
Solve the equation + 2 − 3y = 6
dx 2 dx
Solution
The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
d2y dy
+ 2 − 3y = 0
dx 2 dx
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r1 = −3 and r2 = 1 , so
yh = C1e −3 x + C2 e x
Then u1 = e −3 x , u2 = e x
e −3 x ex
D= = e −2 x + 3e −2 x = 4e −2 x
− 3e −3 x e x
0 ex e −3 x 0
6 e x − 6e x 3 3x − 3e −3 x 6 6e −3 x 3 − x
v1′ = = = − e , v2′ = = −2 x = e
4e −2 x 4e −2 x 2 4e −2 x 4e 2
3 1 3 3
v1 = ∫ − e3 x dx = − e3 x , v2 = ∫ e − x dx = − e − x
2 2 2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
y p = v1u1 + v2u2 = ⎜ − e3 x ⎟e −3 x + ⎜ − e − x ⎟e x = −2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y = yh + y p = C1e −3 x + C2 e x − 2
Example
Solution
The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
y′′ − 2 y′ + y = 0
The characteristic equation is
D 2 − 2D + 1 = 0
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( D − 1) 2 = 0
The roots are r1 = r2 = 1
The solution is yh = (C1 x + C2 )e x
yh = C1 xe x + C2 e x
xe x ex
D= = xe 2 x − ( xe 2 x + e 2 x ) = −e 2 x
xe x + e x ex
0 ex
e x ln( x) e x − ln( x)e 2 x
v1′ = = = ln( x)
− e2 x − e2 x
xe x 0
xe x + e x e x ln( x) x ln( x)e 2 x
v2′ = = = − x ln( x)
− e2 x − e2 x
v1 = ∫ ln( x)dx = x ln( x) − x
v2 = − ∫ x ln( x)dx
dx x2
u = ln(x) ⇒ du = , dv = xdx ⇒ v=
x 2
⎛ x2 x2 1 ⎞ ⎛ x2 x ⎞
v2 = −⎜⎜ ln( x) − ∫ × dx ⎟⎟ = −⎜⎜ ln( x) − ∫ dx ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 2 x ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ x2 x2 ⎞ x2 x2
= −⎜⎜ ln( x) − ⎟⎟ = − ln( x)
⎝ 2 4⎠ 4 2
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⎛ x2 x2 ⎞
y p = v1u1 + v2u 2 = ( x ln( x) − x )xe + ⎜⎜ − ln( x) ⎟⎟e x
x
⎝ 4 2 ⎠
x2 x x2 x
= x e ln( x) − x e + e − e ln( x)
2 x 2 x
4 2
x2 x 3x 2 x
= e ln( x) − e
2 4
The complete solution is
x2 x 3x 2 x
y = yh + y p = C1 xe + C2 e + e ln( x) −
x x
e
2 4
Undetermined Coefficients
This method gives us the particular solution for selected equations.
d2y dy
+ 2 a + by = F ( x)
dx 2 dx
If F (x) has a term of The expression for y p
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Example
Solution
The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
y′′ + 3 y = 0
The characteristic equation is
D2 + 3 = 0
The roots are r1 = j 3 , and r2 = − j 3 ⇒ α = 0 and β = 3
So, yh = C1 cos( 3x) + C2 sin( 3x)
1
Ae x + 3 Ae x = e x ⇒ A + 3 A = 1 ⇒ A =
4
1
So, yp = ex
4
And the complete solution is
1
y = C1 cos( 3x) + C2 sin( 3x) + e x
4
Important Note
The expression used for y p should not have any term similar to the terms of the
homogeneous solution. Otherwise, multiply the term that is similar to the homogeneous
solution repeatedly by x until it becomes different.
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Example
Solution
The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
y′′ − 3 y′ + 2 y = 0
The characteristic equation is
D 2 − 3D + 2 = 0
( D − 1)( D − 2) = 0
The roots are r1 = 1, and r2 = 2
yh = C1e x + C2 e 2 x
Ae x − 3 Ae x + 2 Ae x = 5e x
0 = 5e x (Wrong Answer)
x
The trouble can be traced to the fact that e is already a solution in the
x
The appropriate way is to modify the particular solution to replace Ae by
y p = Axe x
y′p = Axe x + Ae x
(Axe x
+ 2 Ae x ) − 3(Axe x + Ae x ) + 2 Axe x = 5e x
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− Ae x = 5e x
⇒ A = −5
So, y p = −5 xe x
The complete solution (general solution) is
y = C1e x + C2 e 2 x − 5 xe x
Example
Solve the equation
(c) y′′ − y′ − 2 y = 4 x
3
Solution
(a) The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
y′′ − 6 y′ + 9 y = 0
The characteristic equation is
D 2 − 6D + 9 = 0
( D − 3) 2 = 0
The roots are r1 = r2 = 3
yh = (C1 x + C2 )e3 x
y p = Ax 2 e3 x ⇒ y′p = 3 Ax 2 e 3 x + 2 Axe3 x
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= 9 Ax 2 e3 x + 12 Axe3 x + 2 Ae3 x
Substituting into the differential equation y′′ − 6 y′ + 9 y = e
3x
we get
(9 Ax e
2 3x
+ 12 Axe3 x + 2 Ae3 x ) − 6(3 Ax 2 e 3 x + 2 Axe3 x ) + 9 Ax 2 e 3 x = e 3 x
2 Ae3 x = e 3 x
⇒ 2A =1
1
⇒ A=
2
1 2 3x
So, yp = xe
2
1
The general solution is y = (C1 x + C2 )e3 x + x 2 e 3 x
2
(b) The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
y′′ − y′ = 0
The characteristic equation is
D2 − D = 0
D( D − 1) = 0
The roots are r1 = 1, and r2 = 0
yh = C1e x + C2
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(c) The homogeneous solution yh can be found using the reduced equation
y′′ − y′ − 2 y = 0
The characteristic equation is
D2 − D − 2 = 0
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( D − 2)( D + 1) = 0
The roots are r1 = 2 , and r2 = −1
yh = C1e 2 x + C2 e − x
y p = Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D ⇒ y′p = 3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C
y′p′ = 6 Ax + 2 B
6 Ax + 2 B − (3 Ax 2 + 2 Bx + C ) − 2(Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D ) = 4 x 3
− 2 Ax 3 − (3 A + 2 B )x 2 + (6 A − 2 B − 2C )x + (2 B − C − 2 D ) = 4 x 3
⇒ A = −2
3 A + 2 B = 0 ⇒ 3(−2) + 2 B = 0 ⇒ B = 3
6 A − 2 B − 2C = 0 ⇒ 6(−2) − 2(3) − 2C = 0 ⇒ C = −9
15
2B − C − 2D = 0 ⇒ 2(3) − (−9) − 2 D = 0 ⇒ D=
2
So, y p = −2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x + 7.5
y = C1e 2 x + C2 e − x − 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x + 7.5
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Example
¾ y′′ = 9 x + 2 x − 1
2
D 2 = 0 ⇒ r1 = r2 = 0 ⇒ yh = C1 x + C2
y p = x 2 ( Ax 2 + Bx + C )
¾ y′′ − y ′ = x
D2 − D = 0
D ( D − 1) = 0 ⇒ r1 = 0 and r2 = 1 ⇒ yh = C1 + C2 e x
y p = x( Ax + B )
¾ y′′ − 5 y = 3e − 2 x + 1
x
D2 − 5 = 0
( D − 5 )( D + 5 ) = 0 ⇒ r1 = 5 and r2 = − 5
yh = C1e 5x
+ C2 e − 5x
y p = Ae x + Bx + C
¾ y′′ − 4 y′ + 3 y = e +2
3x
D 2 − 4D + 3 = 0
( D − 3)( D − 1) = 0 ⇒ r1 = 3 and r2 = 1 ⇒ yh = C1e3 x + C2 e x
y p = Axe3 x + B
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¾ y′′ + y = 6e + 6 cos( x )
x
D 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ r1 = j and r2 = − j ⇒ α = 0 , β = 1
yh = C1 cos( x) + C2 sin( x)
¾ y′′ − 2 y′ + y = xe
x
D 2 − 2D + 1 = 0
( D − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ r1 = r2 = 1 ⇒ yh = (C1 x + C2 )e x
y p = ( Ax + B )( x 2 e x )
¾ y′′ + y = x sin( 2 x )
2
D 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ r1 = j and r2 = − j ⇒ α = 0 , β = 1
yh = C1 cos( x) + C2 sin( x)
Notes:
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Example
¾ x + 4 x − 3 x − 18 = 0
3 2
x2 + 6x +9
x −2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3x − 18
m x3 ± 2 x 2
6x 2 − 3x
m 6x2 ± 12 x
9 x − 18
m 9 x ± 18
0 0
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)2 = 0 ⇒ r2 = r3 = −3 .
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Example
y′′′ − 6 y′′ + 11 y′ − 6 y = 0
D 3 − 6 D 2 + 11D − 6 = 0
Factors of 6 are: (± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6 ) .
f (1) = (1) 3 − 6(1) 2 + 11(1) − 6 = 0 ⇒ r1 = 1.
f ′( D) = 3D 2 − 12 D + 11
f ′(1) = 3(1) 2 − 12(1) + 11 = 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ r1 = 1 is not a repeated root.
D 2 − 5D +6
D −1 D3 − 6D 2 + 11D − 6
m D3 ± D 2
− 5D 2 + 11D
± 5D 2 m 5D
6D − 6
m 6D ± 6
0 0
D 2 − 5D + 6 = 0
( D − 2)( D − 3) = 0 ⇒ r2 = 2 and r3 = 3
yh = C1e + C2 e + C3 e
r 1x r 2x r 3x
yh = C1e x + C2 e 2 x + C3e 3 x
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Example
y′′′ − 6 y′′ + 2 y′ + 36 y = 0 ⇒ D 3 − 6 D 2 + 2 D + 36 = 0
Factors of 36 are: (± 1, ± 2, ± 3, . . .)
f (1) = (1) 3 − 6(1) 2 + 2(1) + 36 = 33 ≠ 0
f (−1) = (−1) 3 − 6(−1) 2 + 2(−1) + 36 = 27 ≠ 0
f (2) = (2) 3 − 6(2) 2 + 2(2) + 36 = 24 ≠ 0
f (−2) = (−2) 3 − 6(−2) 2 + 2(−2) + 36 = 0 ⇒ r1 = −2
f ′( D) = 3D 2 − 12 D + 2
f ′(−2) = 3(−2) 2 − 12(−2) + 2 = 38 ≠ 0 ⇒ r1 = −2 is not a repeated root.
D 2 − 8D + 18
D +2 D 3 − 6D + 2 D + 36
2
m D3 m 2D 2
− 8D 2 + 2 D
± 8D 2 ± 16 D
18D + 36
m 18D m 36
0 0
D 2 − 8 D + 18 = 0
− B m B 2 − 4 AC 8 m (8) 2 − 4(1)(18) 8 m 64 − 72
r2,3 = = =
2A 2(1) 2
r2,3 = 4 m j 2 ⇒ r2 = 4 + j 2 & r3 = 4 − j 2
⇒ α =4 & β= 2
yh = C1e + eαx (C2 cos(β x ) + C3 sin (β x ))
r 1x
( ( )
yh = C1e −2 x + e 4 x C2 cos 2 x + C3 sin 2 x ( ))
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Example
y′′′ + 3 y′′ + 3 y′ + y = 0
D 3 + 3D 2 + 3D + 1 = 0
Factors of 1 are: ± 1
yh = C1e + C2 e + C3e
r 1x r 2x r 3x
yh = C1e − x + C2 xe − x + C3 x 2 e − x
Example
y ( 4 ) + 8 y′′ + 16 y = 0
D 4 + 8 D 2 + 16 = 0
(D 2
+ 4) = 0
2
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Example
y ( 4 ) + 8 y′′′ + 24 y′′ + 32 y′ + 16 y = 0
D 4 + 8 D 3 + 24 D 2 + 32 D + 16 = 0
Factors of 16 are: (± 1, ± 2, ± 4, ± 8, ± 16 )
f (−1) = (−1) 4 + 8(−1) 3 + 24(−1) 2 + 32(−1) + 16 = 1 ≠ 0
f (−2) = (−2) 4 + 8( −2) 3 + 24(−2) 2 + 32(−2) + 16 = 0 ⇒ r1 = −2
f ′( D) = 4 D 3 + 24 D 2 + 48 D + 32
f ′( −2) = 4( −2) 3 + 24(−2) 2 + 48(−2) + 32 = 0 ⇒ r2 = −2
f ′′( D ) = 12 D 2 + 48 D + 48
f ′′(−2) = 12(−2) 2 + 48(−2) + 48 = 0 ⇒ r3 = −2
f ′′′( D) = 24 D + 48
f ′′′(−2) = 24(−2) + 48 = 0 ⇒ r4 = −2
yh = C1e + C2 e + C3 e + C4 e
r 1x r 2x r 3x r 4x
yh = C1e −2 x + C2 xe −2 x + C3 x 2 e −2 x + C4 x 3e −2 x
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Example
y′′′ + y′ = sec(x)
First of all we find the homogeneous solution, i.e.,
y′′′ + y′ = 0
D3 + D = 0
D ( D 2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ r1 = 0 ,
⇒ r2,3 = ± j ⇒ α = 0 & β =1
yh = C1 + C2 sin ( x ) + C3 cos( x )
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1 sin( x) cos( x)
cos( x) − sin( x)
Det = 0 cos( x) − sin( x) = +1
− sin( x) − cos( x)
0 − sin( x) − cos( x)
0 sin( x) cos( x)
sin( x) cos( x)
D1 = 0 − sin( x) = + sec( x)
cos( x)
cos( x) − sin( x)
sec( x) − sin( x) − cos( x)
1 0 cos( x)
0 − sin( x)
D2 = 0 0 − sin( x) = +1
sec( x) − cos( x)
0 sec( x) − cos( x)
= sin( x) × sec( x) = tan( x)
1 sin( x) 0
cos( x) 0
D3 = 0 cos( x) 0 = +1
− sin( x) sec( x)
0 − sin( x) sec( x)
= cos( x) × sec( x) = 1
D1 sec( x) + tan( x)
v1 = ∫ dx = ∫ sec( x)dx = ∫ sec( x) × dx
D sec( x) + tan( x)
sec 2 ( x) + sec( x) tan( x)
=∫ dx = ln sec( x) + tan( x)
sec( x) + tan( x)
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D2 sin( x)
v2 = ∫ dx = − ∫ tan( x)dx = − ∫ dx = ln cos( x)
D cos( x)
D3
v3 = ∫ dx = − ∫ dx = − x
D
y p = v1u1 + v2u 2 + v3u3
Example
y′′′ − y′ = 4 x 3 + 6 x 2
The homogeneous solution is found by solving y′′′ − y′ = 0
D3 − D = 0 ⇒ D ( D 2 − 1) = 0
D ( D − 1)( D + 1) = 0 ⇒ r1 = 0 , r2 = 1 & r3 = −1
yh = C1 + C2 e x + C3e − x
y p = x(Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D ) = Ax 4 + Bx 3 + Cx 2 + Dx
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y = yh + y p = C1 + C2 e x + C3e − x − x 4 − 2 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 12 x
Example
y ( 4 ) − 8 y′′ + 16 y = 0 ⇒ D 4 − 8 D 2 + 16 = 0
(D 2
− 4) = 0
2
⇒ r1, 2 = ±2 & r3, 4 = ±2
yh = C1e 2 x + C2 e −2 x + C3 xe 2 x + C4 xe −2 x
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Exercises
Find the solution of the following Differential Equations
1) y′′ + y = 3 x 2 2) y′′ + 2 y′ + y = x 2
3) y′′ + 2 y′ + 3 y = 27 x 4) y′′ + y = −30 sin(4 x)
5) y′′ + y = 6 sin( x) 6) y′′ + 4 y′ + 3 y = sin( x) + 2 cos( x)
7) y′′ + 4 y′ + 4 y = 18 cosh( x) 8) y′′ − 2 y′ + 2 y = 2e x cos( x)
9) y ( 4 ) − 5 y′′ + 4 y = 10 cos( x) 10) y′′ + y′ − 2 y = 3e x
11) y′′ + y = x 2 + x 12) y′′ − y = e x
13) y′′ − 2 y′ + y = e x 14) y′′ + y′ + y = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 12 x 2
15) y′′′ + 2 y′′ − y′ − 2 y = 1 − 4 x 3 16) y′′ − 2 y′ + 2 y = 2e x cos( x)
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1
⎧0 t<0
u0 (t ) = ⎨
⎩1 t >0
Example
Express the following functions in terms of the unit step function
⎧0 t<a
⎧8 t<2 ⎪
(a) f (t ) = ⎨ (b) f (t ) = ⎨ K a<t <b
⎩6 t>2 ⎪0
⎩ t >b
Solution
⎧0 t<2 ⎧0 t<2
(a) f (t ) = 8 + ⎨ = 8 − 2⎨ = 8 − 2u2 (t )
⎩− 2 t>2 ⎩1 t>2
(b) f (t ) = K [u a (t ) − ub (t )]
⎧0 t<a ⎧0 t <b
where u a (t ) = ⎨ and ub (t ) = ⎨
⎩1 t>a ⎩1 t >b
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Laplace Transform
Let f (t ) be a function of t . Then the Laplace Transform of f (t ) is
∞
L{ f (t )} = F ( s ) = ∫ f (t )e −st dt
0
k
So, L{k } =
s
¾ f (t ) = e
at
∞ ∞ ∞
L{e }= ∫ e 1 −( s − a ) t
at at
.e dt = ∫ e
− st −( s − a ) t
dt = − e
0 0 s−a 0
L{e at } = −
1 1
(0 − 1) =
s−a s−a
¾ cos(at ) , sin(at )
L{e jat } =
s a
+ j
s2 + a2 s2 + a2
s a
By comparison ⇒ L{cos(at )} = & L {sin( at )} =
s2 + a2 s2 + a2
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¾ f (t ) = sinh( at ) = (e − e −at )
1 at
2
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 s+a−s+a a
L{sinh(at )} = ⎜ − ⎟= =
2 ⎝ s − a s + a ⎠ 2 s2 − a2 s2 − a2
¾ f (t ) = cosh(at ) = (e + e −at )
1 at
2
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 s+a+s−a s
L{cosh(at )} = ⎜ + ⎟= =
2 ⎝ s − a s + a ⎠ 2 s2 − a2 s2 − a2
¾ f (t ) = t
∞
L{t} = ∫ t.e −st dt
0
1
u =t ⇒ du = dt , dv = e − st dt ⇒ v = − e −st
s
∞ ∞ ∞
− t −st − 1 −∞ 0
L{t} = e
1 1
+ ∫ e −st dt = 0 − 0 − 2 e −st = 2
(e − e )
s 0 0 s s 0 s
1
L{t} =
s2
In general, L t { }=
n n!
s n+1
¾ f (t ) = u (t )
∞ ∞ ∞
− 1 −st 1
L{u (t )} = ∫ u (t )e dt = ∫ (1)e dt =
− st
e − st
=
0 0 s 0 s
¾ f (t ) = u a (t )
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∞ ∞ ∞
− 1 −st e −as
L{ua (t )} = ∫ ua (t )e dt = ∫ (1)e dt =
− st − st
e =
0 a s a s
L{C1 f1 (t ) + C2 f 2 (t )} = C1 F1 ( s ) + C2 F2 ( s )
Example
L{4t 2 − 3 cos(2t ) + 5e −t } = 4 ×
2! s 1
− 3× 2 + 5×
s 3
s +4 s +1
8 3s 5
= − 2 +
s s + 4 s +1
3
2) Shifting Property
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
L{e at f (t )} = F ( s − a )
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
L{ f (t − a)} = F ( s )e − as
Example
L{e −t cos(2t )}
s
Here, f (t ) = cos( 2t ) & a = −1, then F ( s ) = and
s2 + 4
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s +1
L{e −t cos(2t )} = F ( s + 1) =
( s + 1) 2 + 4
3) Derivative Property
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
L{ f ′(t )} = sF ( s ) − f (0)
4) Integral Property
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
⎧t ⎫ F ( s)
L ⎨∫ f (u )du ⎬ =
⎩0 ⎭ s
Example
⎧t ⎫
L ⎨∫ sin( 2u )du ⎬
⎩0 ⎭
2
Here, f (t ) = sin( 2t ) then F ( s ) = and
s2 + 4
⎧t ⎫ F (s) 2
L ⎨∫ sin( 2u )du ⎬ = =
⎩0 ⎭ s s ( s 2 + 4)
n
5) Multiplication by t
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
L{t f (t )} = (−1)
n d n F (s)
n
ds n
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Example
L{t 2 sin(t )}
1
Here, f (t ) = sin(t ) then F ( s ) =
s2 +1
6) Division by t
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
∞
⎧ f (t ) ⎫
L⎨ ⎬ = ∫ F (u )du
⎩ t ⎭ s
Example
⎧ sin(t) ⎫
L⎨ ⎬
⎩ t ⎭
1
Here, f (t ) = sin(t ) then F ( s ) = and
s2 +1
⎧ sin(t ) ⎫
∞
1 ∞ π ⎛1⎞
L⎨ ⎬=∫ 2 du = tan −1 (u ) s = − tan −1 ( s ) = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎩ t ⎭ s u +1 2 ⎝s⎠
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7) Initial-Value Property
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
lim f (t ) = lim sF ( s )
t →0 s →∞
8) Final-Value Property
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
lim f (t ) = lim sF ( s )
t →∞ s →0
Gamma Function
The gamma function Γ(n) can be defined as
∞
Γ(n) = ∫ t n−1e −t dt
0
⎛1⎞
Γ⎜ ⎟ = π
⎝2⎠
Example
∞
¾ Γ(n + 1) = ∫ t e dt
n −t
u = t n ⇒ du = n.t n−1dt , dv = e − t dt ⇒ v = −e − t
∞
−t n ∞
Γ(n + 1) = − e t 0
+ n ∫ t n−1e −t dt = nΓ(n)
0
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Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
∞
¾ Γ(1) = ∫ e (1) dt = − e
−t −t ∞
0
= −(e −∞ − e 0 ) = 1
0
So, Γ(1) = 1
Γ(2) = 1 × Γ(1) = 1
Γ(3) = 2 × Γ(2) = 2
Γ(4) = 3 × Γ(3) = 3 × 2 = 3!
Γ(n + 1) = n!
⎛3⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1
¾ Γ⎜ ⎟ = Γ⎜ ⎟ = π
⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠ 2
⎛7⎞ 5 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5 3 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 5 3 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 15
¾ Γ⎜ ⎟ = Γ⎜ ⎟ = × Γ ⎜ ⎟ = × × Γ⎜ ⎟ = π
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 8
n! Γ(n + 1)
¾ Lt { }=
n
=
s n+1 s n+1
⎛5⎞ 3 ⎛3⎞ 3 1 ⎛1⎞ 3
Γ⎜ ⎟ Γ⎜ ⎟ × Γ⎜ ⎟ π
¾ L{t } = 5 / 2 =
3/ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ =
2 2 ⎝2⎠ 4
= 5/ 2
s s5/ 2 s5/ 2 s
∫ f (t )e
− st
dt
L{ f (t )} = 0
1 − e −sT
130
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Evaluation of Integrals
If F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} then
∞ ∞
∫ f (t )e ∫ f (t )dt = F (0)
− st
dt = F ( s ) ⇒
0 0
∞
1 1
∫ e sin(t )dt = L{sin(t )} s=2 =
−2 t
=
0 (2) 2 + 1 5
Example
Find the Laplace transform for the the
signal shown:
π
Solution
This is a periodic signal with a period π 2π
of T = 2π .
⎧ t 0<t <π
f (t ) = ⎨
⎩2π − t π < t < 2π
T
∫ f (t )e
− st
dt
F1 ( s )
F (s) = 0
=
1− e − sT
1 − e − 2π s
π 2π
F1 ( s ) = ∫ t e − st
dt + ∫ (2π − t )e −st dt
0 π
π 2π 2π
= ∫t e − st
dt + ∫ 2π e − st
dt − ∫ t e −st dt
0 π π
131
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π 2π 2π
− te −st π
e −st 2π −st te −st 2π
e −st
= +∫ dt − e + −∫ dt
s 0 0 s s π s π π s
and so on.
f (t )
Example
3
Express the function f (t ) in terms of the
2
unit step function. Then find its Laplace
transform. 1
1 2 3 4
Solution
⎧0 0 < t <1
⎪1 1< t < 2
⎪
⎪2 2<t <3
f (t ) = ⎨
⎪3 3<t < 4
⎪4 4<t <5
⎪
⎩: :
f (t ) = u1 (t ) − u2 (t ) + 2(u2 (t ) − u3 (t ) ) + 3(u3 (t ) − u4 (t ) ) + 4(u4 (t ) − u5 (t ) ) + ....
f (t ) = u1 (t ) + u 2 (t ) + u3 (t ) + u 4 (t ) + ....
e − s e −2 s e −3s e −4 s
L{ f (t )} = + + + + ...
s s s s
e−s e−s
= (1 + e + e + e + ...) = ⋅ 1 −s
−s −2 s −3 s
s s 1− e
132
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Exercises
2ω s
f (t ) = t sin(ω t ) Ans. F ( s ) =
2)
(s 2
+ω2 )
2
s2 + a2
f (t ) = t cosh(a t ) Ans. F ( s ) =
(s − a2 )
3) 2 2
2a s
f (t ) = t sinh(a t ) Ans. F ( s ) =
4)
(s 2
− a2 )
2
2
5) f (t ) = 2te t Ans. F ( s ) =
(s − 1)2
s+2
6) f (t ) = e −2t cos(t ) Ans. F ( s ) =
(s + 2)2 + 1
A( s + α ) + Bβ
7) f (t ) = e −α t ( A cos( β t ) + B sin( β t ) ) Ans. F ( s ) =
(s + α )2 + β 2
f (t ) = (t − π )uπ (t ) e −π s
8) Ans. F ( s ) = 2
s
⎛ 1 2 ⎞ −2s
9) f (t ) = tu 2 (t ) Ans. F ( s ) = ⎜ 2 + ⎟e
⎝s s⎠
f (t ) = uπ (t ) sin(t ) − e −π s
10) Ans. F ( s ) = 2
s +1
133
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2(1 − e −π s )
11) 2 Ans. F ( s ) =
s
t
0 π
k
k
12) Ans. F ( s ) =
t s (1 + e −a s )
0 a 2a 3a 4a
4
3 1
13) Ans. F ( s ) =
2 s (1 + e −s )
1
t
1 2 3 4
134
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2) f (t) = 4π − t , 2 2
(0 < t < 2π ) Ans. F ( s ) =
s 3 (e 2π s − 1)
e 2π (1−s ) − 1
3) f (t ) = e , t
(0 < t < 2π ) Ans. F ( s ) =
(1 − s )(1 − e −2π s )
0<t <π
1 −π s π −π s
⎧t (1 − e ) − e
4) f (t ) = ⎨ Ans. F ( s ) = s 2 s
⎩0 π < t < 2π
(1 − e −2π s )
0<t <π
π 1 −π s
⎧ t e −π s (e −π s − 1) + (e − 1) 2
5) f (t ) = ⎨ Ans. F ( s ) = s s 2
⎩π − t π < t < 2π − 2π s
(1 − e )
135
Mathematics Second Year
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Example
Find f (t ) if
5 s +1 1
(a) F ( s ) = , (b) F ( s ) = , (c) F ( s ) = ,
s+3 s2 +1 ( s + 25) 2
s+2 s 1
(d) F ( s ) = , (e) F ( s ) = , (f) F ( s ) = ,
( s + 2) 2 + 1 ( s − 1) 2 − 4 s 2 ( s 2 + 1)
4
(g) F ( s ) =
s + 2s + 10
2
Solution
−3t
(a) f (t ) = 5e
s +1 s 1
(b) F ( s ) = = + ⇒ f (t ) = cos(t ) + sin(t )
s2 + 1 s2 + 1 s2 +1
{ }
(c) Using the shifting property L e f (t ) = F ( s − a ) then L
at −1
{F ( s − a)} = e at f (t ) .
1 −1 ⎧ 1 ⎫
Here, we have F ( s ) = with a = −25 . Since, L ⎨ 2 ⎬ = t then
s2 ⎩s ⎭
⎧ 1 ⎫
L−1 ⎨ 2⎬
= t ⋅ e −25t
⎩ ( s + 25) ⎭
s
(d) Here, we have a shifting of − 2 with F1 ( s ) = . So, f1 (t ) = cos(t ) and
s2 +1
⎧ s+2 ⎫
L−1 ⎨ ⎬ = f (t ) = cos(t ) ⋅ e
−2t
⎩ ( s + 2) + 1⎭
2
136
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s s −1+1 s −1 1
(e) F ( s ) = = = +
( s − 1) 2 − 4 ( s − 1) 2 − 4 ( s − 1) 2 − 4 ( s − 1) 2 − 4
1 t
So, f (t ) = e cosh(2t ) +
t
e sinh( 2t )
2
⎧ 1 ⎫
(f) We know that L ⎨
−1
⎬ = sin(t ) and using the property of division by s which
⎩ s + 1⎭
2
⎧1 1 ⎫
t
L ⎨ ⋅ 2 ⎬ = ∫ sin(u )du = 1 − cos(t )
−1
⎩ s s + 1⎭ 0
Again using the same property we get
⎧1 1 ⎫ t
L ⎨ 2 ⋅ 2 ⎬ = ∫ (1 − cos(u ) )du = t − sin(t )
−1
⎩ s s + 1⎭ 0
4 4 4
(g) F ( s ) = = =
s 2 + 2 s + 10 s 2 + 2 s + 1 − 1 + 10 ( s + 1) 2 + 9
4 4
This is F1 ( s ) = with a shifting of a = −1. So, f1 (t ) = sin(3t ) and
s +9 2
3
4
f (t ) = e −t sin(3t )
3
Example
3s + 7
Find f (t ) if F ( s ) =
s − 2s − 3
2
137
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Solution
3s + 7 A B
= +
( s + 1)( s − 3) s + 1 s − 3
⇒ 3s + 7 = A( s − 3) + B ( s + 1)
First Method
3s + 7 = As − 3 A + Bs + B ⇒ A + B = 3
⇒ − 3A + B = 7
Solving these two equations we get A = −1 and B = 4
Second Method
3s + 7 = A( s − 3) + B ( s + 1)
At s = −1 we get − 3 + 7 = −4 A ⇒ A = −1
At s = 3 we get 9 + 7 = 4B ⇒ B = 4
Third Method
3s + 7 3(−1) + 7 4
A= = = = −1
( s − 3) s=−1 −1 − 3 −4
3s + 7 3(3) + 7 16
B= = = =4
( s + 1) s =3 3 +1 4
3s + 7 −1 4
F (s) = = +
( s + 1)( s − 3) s + 1 s − 3
So f (t ) = −e − t + 4e 3t
138
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Example
3s + 1
Find f (t ) if F ( s ) =
( s − 1)( s 2 + 1)
Solution
3s + 1 A Bs + C
= +
( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) s − 1 s 2 + 1
3s + 1 3(1) + 1 4
A= = = =2
s 2 + 1 s=1 (1) 2 + 1 2
3s + 1 2 Bs + C
So = + 2 ⇒ 3s + 1 = 2( s 2 + 1) + ( Bs + C )( s − 1)
( s − 1)( s + 1) s − 1 s + 1
2
3s + 1 = 2s 2 + 2 + Bs 2 − Bs + Cs − C
3s + 1 = (2 + B) s 2 + (C − B ) s + 2 − C ⇒ 2 + B = 0 ⇒ B = −2
⇒ C − B = 3 ⇒ C =1
3s + 1 2 − 2s + 1
F (s) = = +
( s − 1)( s 2 + 1) s − 1 s 2 + 1
2 2s 1
F (s) = − 2 + 2
s −1 s +1 s +1
So f (t ) = 2e t − 2 cos(t ) + sin(t )
Note:
K
If f (t ) has the form of then the partial fraction of it will be
( s − si ) n
K C1 C2 Cn−1 Cn
= + + ...... + +
( s − si ) n ( s − si ) ( s − si ) 2 ( s − si ) n−1 ( s − si ) n
139
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Cn = F ( s )(s − si )
n
s = si
Cn−1 =
1 d
1! ds
[
F ( s )(s − si )
n
]
s = si
Cn−2 =
1 d2
2! ds 2
[
F ( s )(s − si )
n
]
s = si
or in general Cn−k =
1 dk
k! ds k
[
F ( s )(s − si )
n
]
s = si
Example
s −1
Find f (t ) if F ( s ) =
( s + 1) 3
Solution
s −1 A B C
= + +
( s + 1) 3 ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2 ( s + 1) 3
C = s − 1 s=−1 = −2
1 d
B= (s − 1) = 1
1! ds s = −1
1 d2 1 d
A= 2
( s − 1) = (1) =0
2! ds s = −1
2 ds s =−1
1 2
So F ( s ) = −
( s + 1) 2 ( s + 1) 3
⇒ f (t ) = e −t (t − t 2 )
140
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Example
− 4s As + B Cs + D
F (s) = = + (H.W )
( s 2 + 4) 2 ( s 2 + 4) ( s 2 + 4) 2
Another Solution
− 4s 2s
∫ ( s 2 + 4) 2 ds = −2 ∫ ( s 2 + 4) 2 ds
−2⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = sin( 2t )
−1 ⎝ s2 + 4 ⎠
⇒ f (t ) = −t sin( 2t )
Example
1
−1
¾ F ( s ) = tan ( s ) ⇒ F ′( s ) =
1+ s2
t ⋅ f (t ) ⇔ −
d
[F ( s)] ⇒ − t ⋅ f (t ) ⇔
1
ds s2 +1
sin(t )
− t ⋅ f (t ) = sin(t ) ⇒ f (t ) = −
t
2s
¾ F ( s ) = ln( s + 2)
2
⇒ F ′( s ) =
s2 + 2
( )
− t ⋅ f (t ) = 2 cos 2t ⇒ f (t ) =
−2
t
cos 2t ( )
141
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e −4 s
¾ F (s) =
s−2
We know that L{g (t − a )u a (t )} = G ( s )e
− as
. Here a = 4
1
⇔ e 2t = g (t ) ⇒ g (t − 4) = e 2 ( t −4 )
s−2
f (t ) = e 2 ( t −4 )u 4 (t ) = e 2 ( t −4 )u (t − 4)
Exercises
Ans. f (t ) = (1 + cos(2t ) ) / 4
1
2) F ( s ) =
s 3 + 4s
1⎛ s −a⎞
3) F ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Ans. f (t ) = 2 e − at − 1
s⎝s+a⎠
8
4) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = sinh( 2t ) − 2t
s 4 − 4s 2
Ans. f (t ) = (e 2t − 1 − 2t − 2t 2 ) / 8
1
5) F ( s ) =
s 4 − 2s 3
1 ⎛ s +1 ⎞
6) F ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Ans. f (t ) = 1 + t − cos(t ) − sin(t )
s2 ⎝ s2 + 1⎠
142
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1
7) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = 2 − 2 e − t / 2
s2 + s / 2
8) F ( s ) =
1
Ans. f (t ) = (
1 kt
e − 1) −
t
s 3 − ks 2 k2 k
9) F ( s ) =
5
s 3 − 5s
( )
Ans. f (t ) = cosh 5 t − 1
1 1 1
10) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = sinh(2t ) − t
s 4 − 4s 2 8 4
nπ
11) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = e −2t sin( nπ t )
( s + 2) 2 + n 2π 2
s
12) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = e −3t (cos(t ) − 3 sin(t ) )
( s + 3) 2 + 1
e − as ⎧t − a t>a
14) F ( s ) = 2 Ans. f (t ) = ⎨
s ⎩ 0 t<a
143
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⎧ t −1 1< t < 2
⎪2t − 3 2<t <3
(e − s + e −2 s − 3e −3 s + e −6 s ) ⎪
15) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = ⎨
s2 ⎪ 6−t 3<t <6
⎪⎩ 0 elsewhere
se −π s ⎧cos(2t ) t >π
16) F ( s ) = 2 Ans. f (t ) = ⎨
s +4 ⎩ 0 elsewhere
e −π s ⎧− eπ −t sin(t ) t >π
17) F ( s ) = 2 Ans. f (t ) = ⎨
s + 2s + 2 ⎩ 0 elsewhere
s + 12
18) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = 3 − 2e −4t
s 2 + 4s
3s
19) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = 2e −4t + e 2t
s 2 + 2s − 8
3s 2 − 2s − 1
20) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = 2e 3t + cos(t ) + sin(t )
( s − 3)( s 2 + 1)
10 − 4s
21) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = e 2t (2t − 4)
( s − 2) 2
s 3 + 3s 2 − s − 3
22) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = e − t (cos(2t ) − 2t sin( 2t ) )
( s 2 + 2s + 5) 2
s 3 − 7 s 2 + 14 s − 9
23) F ( s ) = Ans. f (t ) = te t − 0.5t 2 e 2t
( s − 1) 2 ( s − 2) 3
144
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(d) ty′ + y = t
Y ( s )(s 2 + 2s + 1) =
1
+1
s2
1 + s2
Y ( s )(s + 2s + 1) = 2
2
s
145
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1 + s2 1 + s2 A B C D
Y ( s) = 2 2 = 2 = + + +
s (s + 2 s + 1) s (s + 1)2 s s 2 (s + 1) (s + 1)2
1+ s2
B= =1
(s + 1)2 s =0
A= ⎢ 2⎥
= = = −2
ds ⎣ (s + 1) ⎦ s =0 (s + 1) 4
s =0
1
1+ s2
D= 2 =2
s s = −1
d ⎡1 + s 2 ⎤ s 2 (2 s ) − (1 + s 2 )(2 s ) −2+4
C= ⎢ 2 ⎥ = 4
= =2
ds ⎣ s ⎦ s =−1 s s = −1
1
−2 1 2 2
Y ( s) = + 2+ + ⇒ y (t ) = −2 + t + 2e − t + 2t ⋅ e − t
s s s + 1 (s + 1)2
(b) Taking the Laplace transform of the two sides, we get
4 4
sY ( s ) − y (0) + Y ( s ) = ⇒ sY ( s ) − 0 + Y ( s ) =
s s
4 4
Y ( s )(s + 1) = ⇒ Y (s) =
s s(s + 1)
4 A B
= +
s(s + 1) s s + 1
4 4
A= = 4 , and B = = −4
(s + 1) s=0 s s=−1
4 4
Y ( s) = − ⇒ y (t ) = 4 − 4e − t
s s +1
146
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147
Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
−1 −1 1 1
dY ( s ) = 3
ds ⇒ Y ( s) = ∫ 3
ds ⇒ Y ( s) = ⇒ y (t ) = t
s s 2s 2 2
(e) Taking the Laplace transform of the two sides, we get
−d 2
(s Y (s) − sy(0) − y′(0)) − − d (sY (s) − y(0)) + Y (s) = 0
ds ds
−d 2
(s Y (s) − 0 − 1) + d (sY (s) − 0) + Y (s) = 0
ds ds
−d 2
(s Y (s) − 1) + d (sY (s)) + Y (s) = 0
ds ds
− (s 2Y ′( s ) + Y ( s ) × (2 s ) ) + (sY ′( s ) + Y ( s ) ) + Y ( s ) = 0
(− s 2
+ s )Y ′( s ) + (− 2 s + 2 )Y ( s ) = 0 ⇒ (− s 2
+ s )Y ′( s ) = (2 s − 2 )Y ( s )
dY ( s ) 2 s − 2 dY ( s ) 2(s − 1)
Y ′( s ) = = Y ( s) ⇒ = ds
ds − s2 + s Y ( s ) − s(s − 1)
dY ( s ) 2
∫ Y ( s) ∫ − s ds ⇒ ln(Y ( s) ) = −2 ln(s) ⇒ ln(Y ( s) ) = ln(s )
−2
=
⎛1⎞ 1
ln (Y ( s ) ) = ln⎜ 2 ⎟ ⇒ Y (s) = ⇒ y (t ) = t
⎝s ⎠ s2
Example
Solve the following differential equations
(a) y1′ = − y2 y1 (0) = 1
y′2 = y1 y2 (0) = 0
dx
(b) = 2x − 3y x ( 0) = 8
dt
dy
= y − 2x y ( 0) = 3
dt
148
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Solution
(a) Taking the Laplace transform of the two equations, we get
sY1 ( s ) − y1 (0) = −Y2 ( s ) ⇒ sY1 ( s ) − 1 = −Y2 ( s ) ⇒ sY1 ( s ) + Y2 ( s ) = 1
sY2 ( s ) − y2 (0) = Y1 ( s ) ⇒ sY2 ( s ) − 0 = Y1 ( s ) ⇒ − Y1 ( s ) + sY2 ( s ) = 0
⎡ s 1⎤ ⎡Y1 ( s ) ⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢− 1 s ⎥ ⎢Y ( s )⎥ = ⎢0⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 1
0 s s
Y1 ( s ) = = 2 ⇒ y1 (t ) = cos(t )
s 1 s +1
−1 s
s 1
−1 0 1
Y2 ( s ) = = 2 ⇒ y2 (t ) = sin(t )
s 1 s +1
−1 s
149
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8 3
3 s −1 8( s − 1) − 3 × 3 8s − 8 − 9 8s − 17
X ( s) = = = 2 = 2
s−2 3 ( s − 2)( s − 1) − 3 × 2 s − 3s + 2 − 6 s − 3s − 4
2 s −1
8s − 17 A B
X (s) = = +
( s + 1)( s − 4) s + 1 s − 4
8s − 17 8(−1) − 17 − 25
A= = = =5
s − 4 s =−1 −1 − 4 −5
8s − 17 8(4) − 17 15
B= = = =3
s + 1 s =4 4 +1 5
5 3
X (s) = + ⇒ x(t ) = 5e − t + 3e 4t
s +1 s − 4
s−2 8
2 3 3( s − 2) − 8 × 2 3s − 6 − 16 3s − 22
Y ( s) = = = 2 = 2
s−2 3 ( s − 2)( s − 1) − 3 × 2 s − 3s + 2 − 6 s − 3s − 4
2 s −1
3s − 22 C D
Y (s) = = +
( s + 1)( s − 4) s + 1 s − 4
3s − 22 3(−1) − 22 − 25
C= = = =5
s − 4 s =−1 −1 − 4 −5
3s − 22 3(4) − 22 − 10
D= = = = −2
s + 1 s =4 4 +1 5
5 2
Y (s) = − ⇒ y (t ) = 5e − t − 2e 4t
s +1 s − 4
150
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Exercises
Find the solution of the following Differential Equations
1) 4 y′′ + π 2 y = 0 , y (0) = 2 , y′(0) = 0 .
2) y′′ + ω 2 y = 0 , y ( 0) = A , y′(0) = B .
3) y′′ + 2 y′ − 8 y = 0 , y (0) = 1 , y′(0) = 8 .
4) y′′ − 2 y′ − 3 y = 0 , y ( 0) = 1 , y′(0) = 7 .
5) y′′ − ky′ = 0 , y (0) = 2 , y′(0) = k .
6) y′′ + ky′ − 2k 2 y = 0 , y (0) = 2 , y′(0) = 2k .
7) y′ + 4 y = 0 , y (0) = 2.8
1
8) y′ + y = 17 sin( 2t ) , y (0) = −1.
2
9) y′′ − y′ − 6 y = 0 , y ( 0) = 6 , y′(0) = 13 .
1
10) y′′ − y = 0, y (0) = 4 , y′(0) = 0 .
4
11) y′′ − 4 y ′ + 4 y = 0 , y ( 0 ) = 2 . 1, y′(0) = 3.9
12) y′′ + 2 y′ + 2 y = 0 , y (0) = 1 , y′(0) = −3 .
13) y′′ + 7 y′ + 12 y = 21 e 3t , y ( 0) = 3. 5 , y′(0) = −10 .
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Mathematics Second Year
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri
y2′ + y3 = t 2 + 2
34) y1′′ = y1 + 3y2 , y2′′ = 4 y1 − 4et , y1 (0) = 2 , y1′ (0) = 3 , y2 (0) = 1 , y2′ (0) = 2 .
35) y1′′ + y2 = −5 cos(2t ) , y2′′ + y1 = 5 cos(2t ) , y1 (0) = y1′ (0) = 1 , y2 (0) = −1,
y2′ (0) = 1 .
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