Research Learning Packet 1

Republic of the Philippines
BILIRAN PROVINCE STATE UNIVERSITY

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Understanding the Nature and Ethics of Research

Learning Packet 1: Basic Concepts in Research
NAME OF STUDENT: Liezel Joy O. Quilojano GRADE:
DEGREE PROGRAM/LEVEL: BPED 3-A
Concept is an abstract term, notion or idea, often conveyed in a single word which serves as
a springboard or building block of a theory (de Belen, 2015).
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Define research;
2. Explain the importance of research;
3. Differentiate the goals and purposes of research; and
4. Explain the characteristics of educational research.
ENGAGE
Definition of Research
Research is a method of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method of inquiry to
enrich the system of objective knowledge in the fields of natural and social sciences.
The authors cited below defined research from different points of view:
 Polit & Beck (2001) stated that research is a systematic inquiry that uses
disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. The goals of research
are to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge.
 Palispis (2001) cited that research is carried out for a specific purpose to answer
specific questions to solve a particular problem or issue. It seeks new knowledge
and provides useful information in the form of verifiable data. It contributes to the
attainment of the development goals of a nation. Research is not only conducted
because it is a prerequisite to obtaining a degree, but more so because it can
potentially mobilize society.
 Burns & Grove (2007), said that research is to search or examine again and again or
carefully. Research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or investigation to validate and
refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.
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 Parel (1973) defined research as a systematic investigation or something in order

to answer the questions posed by the researcher.
 Coleman & Briggs (2002) defined research as both a critical and self-critical inquiry
aimed at contributing towards the advancement of knowledge and wisdom.
 Sanchez (2002) defined research as a discovery and exploration of the unknown. It
involves an investigation if facts leading to the discovery of new ideas and new
methods. It proceeds from the known to the unknown. The end result is the
discovery of truth. To arrive at such, the researcher uses a method that suits his
chosen field.
Research is an academic understanding across disciplines. It involves scholarly process of

search and research. It involves observation, investigation, and experimentation on a
subject for any of the following purpose to discover new knowledge and paradigm; to
develop and improve standards and protocols; and to test and apply theories or laws in
professional practice (De Belen, 2015).
Importance of Research
Researchers must not simply set results and recommend actions. The importance of
research should be measured on the extent to which they are being actually carried out
(Katigbak, 2008).
Best & Kahn (1993) described research as “the systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations,
principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.”
Research is conducted in many different settings. Conducting research in an educational

setting is important in every educator’s professional life (Educational Research, 2011).
Education in a research is done to improve these practices. Education should look at
research as a way to develop new understanding about teaching, learning, and educational
administration. This new knowledge will lead to the improvement of educational practice
(Gall and Barg, 2003).
Taflinger (1996-2011) cites two basic importance of research: to learn something or to

gather evidence. To learn something is for our benefit. It is almost impossible for a person
to stop learning. Research is organized learning looking for specific things to add to our
store of knowledge.
Goals of Research
Goals in conducting research as cited in Cristobal & Cristobal (2013) are as follows:
1. To produce evidence-based practice.
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2. To establish credibility on the profession.

3. To observe accountability for the profession.
4. To promote cost-effectiveness through documentation
Purpose of Research
The purpose of research is stated clearly and explicitly in a format appropriate for the style
of investigation. The purpose of research indicates the focus and direction of research
(Descombe, 2002).
The purpose of research may be organized into three groups based on what the researcher
is trying to accomplish, explain a new topic, describe a social phenomenon, or explain why
something occurs. Studies may have multiple purpose (e.g. both to explore and to describe)
but one purpose casually dominates.
1. Exploratory/Formulative Research
2. Descriptive Research
3. Explanatory Research
Other purposes of research:

 Provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field.
 Undertaken for sustainable development of and further productivity in any field like
education, management, business, nursing, and other areas.
 Develops tools for assessing the effectiveness of any practice.
 Provides solutions to problems encountered in the different areas of work.
 Develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any
discipline.
 Advances the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.
Characteristics of Research
Research is a process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information to answer
questions. But to qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics (Kumar,
2009). To qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics: it must be
controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical, and critical.
Basic and Applied Research Compared

The procedures and techniques utilized by basic and applied researchers do not differ.
Both employ scientific method to answer the questions at hand. The community is the
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primary consumer of basic research. The consumers of applied research findings are
practitioners such as teachers, caseworkers, or decision makers.
Applied researchers have an obligation to translate findings from scientific, technical

language into the language of decision makers or practitioners.
Types of Applied Research
 Action Research.
Action research is a discipline process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking
the action. The primary reason for engaging in action research is to assist the
“action” in improving and/or refining his or her reactions. Practitioners who engage
in action research find it to be an empowering experience. Action research has this
positive effect for many reasons. The most important is that action research is
always relevant to the participants. Relevance is guaranteed because the focus of
each research project is determined by the researchers, who are also the primary
consumer of the findings.
 Impact Assessment Research.

To estimate the consequence of a planned change. Such assessment is used for
planning and making choices among alternative policies to make an impact
assessment (ex: to determine changes in housing if a major/new highway is built).
 Evaluation Research.
The process of establishing value judgment based on evidence about the
achievement of the goals at a proper time. Evaluation research measures the
effectiveness of a program, policy or way of doing something.
Two types of evaluation research as a formative and summative. Formative is built-

in monitoring or continuous feedback on a program used for program management.
Summative evaluation looks at final program outcomes. Both usually necessary.
Time Dimension in Research

Treatment of time is another dimension in research. Some studies give us a snapshot of a
single, fixed time point and allow us to analyze in detail.
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The two types are the following:

 Cross-sectional research. Researchers observe at one point. It is usually the simplest
and least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the change
process. It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, but is most consistent in
the descriptive approach.
 Longitudinal research. This research captures features of people or other unit at a
more than one time. It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional
research but it is also more powerful, especially when the researches such as
answer to questions about change. Three types of longitudinal research are time
research, panel, and cohort.
ASSESS
1. From the various definitions of research, what are the common points of view about
it? Write your answer in the text box below.
The research is new a set of knowledge that involves systematic
observations, investigation and experimentation on a subject to generate new
concepts, methodologies, and understandings in a creative way. This is done
with analyzation and synthesis to come up with new creative outcomes .
2. Browse over the internet, look for additional information on the emerging types, goals,
and purposes of research
There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational,
Casual-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental and Experimental research. Attempts
to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables. These types of
design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key difference. Many
researchers agree that the goals of scientific research are: Establishing facts,
analyzing information, and reaching new conclusions. A research purpose is

met through forming hypotheses, collecting
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conclusions, implementing findings into real-life applications and forming new
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research questions.
3. Based from your response in item number 2, differentiate the goals and purposes of
research through diagram.
RESEARCH
Goals Purpose
Establishing facts, analyzing Forming hypotheses, collecting
information, and reaching new data, analyzing results, forming
conclusions conclusions, implementing
findings into real-life
applications and forming new
research questions.
Goal can be called as Purpose can be called as

the point one wishes the reason one aims to
to achieve achieve a goal
4. Based from the content in “Engage” section, qualify you’re conceptual understanding
educational research.
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Research is a systematic way to validate and refine existing knowledge and to
generate new knowledge in a creative way. Over the past decades, researchers
has been conducting research in order to find answers to things that are
unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and contribute developing knowledge in a field
study.
Congratulations, BiPSUnista, for completing Learning Packet 1.
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#WoWBiPSU

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Republic of the Philippines

BILIRAN PROVINCE STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Understanding the Nature and Ethics of Research

NAME OF STUDENT: Liezel Joy O. Quilojano GRADE:

DEGREE PROGRAM/LEVEL: BPED 3-A

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

 Parel (1973) defined research as a systematic investigation or something in order

Research is an academic understanding across disciplines. It involves scholarly process of

Research is conducted in many different settings. Conducting research in an educational

Taflinger (1996-2011) cites two basic importance of research: to learn something or to

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

2. To establish credibility on the profession.

Other purposes of research:

Basic and Applied Research Compared

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Applied researchers have an obligation to translate findings from scientific, technical

Types of Applied Research

 Impact Assessment Research.

Two types of evaluation research as a formative and summative. Formative is built-

Time Dimension in Research

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

The two types are the following:

The research is new a set of knowledge that involves systematic

observations, investigation and experimentation on a subject to generate new

concepts, methodologies, and understandings in a creative way. This is done

with analyzation and synthesis to come up with new creative outcomes .

There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational,

Casual-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental and Experimental research. Attempts

to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables. These types of

analyzing information, and reaching new conclusions. A research purpose is

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Goal can be called as Purpose can be called as

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Research is a systematic way to validate and refine existing knowledge and to

unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and contribute developing knowledge in a field

Congratulations, BiPSUnista, for completing Learning Packet 1.

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