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PART 1
BASIC CONCEPTS IN RESEARCH

Definition of Research

1. Research is a method of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method of inquiry

to enrich the system of objective knowledge in the fields of natural and social sciences.
2. Polit & Beck (2001) stated that research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or solve problems. The goals of research are to develop,
refine, and expand a body of knowledge.
3. Burns & Grove (2007), said that research is to search or examine again and again or
carefully. Research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or investigation to validate and refine
existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.
4. Parel (1973) defined research as a systematic investigation or something in order to
answer the questions posed by the researcher.

Importance of Research

1. Best & Kahn (1993) described research as “the systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate
control of events.
2. Taflinger (1996-2011) cites two basic importance of research, to learn something or to
gather evidence. To learn something is for our benefit. It is almost impossible for a
person to stop learning. Research is organized learning looking for specific things to add
to our store of knowledge.

Goals of Research

1. To produce evidence-based practice

Every discipline or institution must provide the best practice of management based on
research studies. In education, a practitioner must ensure that he/she is able to provide
the best teaching practices as proven by research, to learning.

2. To establish credibility on the Profession

A profession can be identified by the body of knowledge it utilizes. A profession is distinct
from other disciplines when there are practices and peculiarity of service in a given area
of field. Effective and efficient practices are products of research.

3. To observe accountability for the Profession

Every action conducted by a profession must have a rationale. There are principles why
a teacher has to prepare a curriculum/syllabus and why a manager needs to plan. All
professionals must be accountable for each task he/she performs.

4. To promote Cost-Effectiveness through Documentation

Results of research must satisfy to researcher’s goals before he/she can share it with
other researchers and professionals to whom findings may be beneficial.

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Purpose of Research

1. Explanatory/Formulative Research
The researcher’s goal is to formulate more precise questions that future research can
answer.

2. Descriptive Research
This research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting or
relationship. The major purpose of descriptive research is to describe characteristics of
a population or phenomenon.

3. Explanatory Research
The desire to know “why” to explain, is the purpose of exploratory research. It builds an
exploratory and descriptive research and goes on to identify the reasons for something
that occurs. Exploratory research looks for causes and reasons. For example,
researchers are interested in learning why some children bully other children.

The Use of Research

1. Basic Research
Basic Research advances fundamental knowledge about the human world. It focuses
on refuting or supporting theories that explain how this world operates, what makes
things happen, why social relations are a certain way, and why society change.

2. Applied Research
Applied researchers try to solve problems or help practitioners accomplish tasks. Applied
research is frequently descriptive research and its main strength is its immediate
practical use.

Types of Applied Research

1. Action Research
Action research is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking the
action. The primary reason for engaging in action research is to assist the “Action” in
improving and/or refining his or her actions.

2. Impact Assessment Research

To estimate the consequences of a planned change. Such assessment is used for
planning and making choices among alternative policies to make an impact assessment.

3. Evaluation Research
The process of establishing value judgement based on evidence about the achievement
of the goals at a proper time.
Second Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia, Naval, Biliran Province, Phillipines 6560
Tel. (053) 507-0014 ‫ ן‬Telefax. (053) 507-0014
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Time Dimension in Research

1. Cross-sectional Research
Researchers observe at one point in time. It usually the simplest and least costly alternative

2. Longitudinal Research
This researcher captures features of people or another unit at a more than one time. IT is usually
more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but is also more powerful.

Types of Longitudinal Research

1. Time Series
A longitudinal study in which the same type of information is collected on a group of
people or other units across multiple time periods.

2. Panel Study
The researcher observes exactly the same people, group, or organization across several
time periods. This type of research is very costly and many times may be impossible due
to its potential price tag.

3. Cohort Analysis
A longitudinal study that studies a category of people who share a similar life experience
within a specified time period.

4. Case Study
A special type of longitudinal study in which a researcher examines in depth many
features of a few cases over a long duration of time. Often times the data collected
includes very detailed and personal information about a person, organization, etc.

Second Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia, Naval, Biliran Province, Phillipines 6560
Tel. (053) 507-0014 ‫ ן‬Telefax. (053) 507-0014
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PART 2
CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF RESEARCH

Classification of Research

According to design and methodology, research can be qualitative or quantitative in

nature. There is also a third classification called the mixed-method research.

1. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a traditional, positivist, scientific method which refers to a
general set order by disciplined procedures to acquire information. The researcher is
concerned with the use of numbers and statistical analysis.

2. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research deals with understanding human behavior in a natural setting. It is
naturalistic in nature because it studies human behavior and the reasons that govern it.
It focuses on gaining insights on and an understanding of an individual’s perception of
events.

3. Mixed Methods
It is defined as the class of research where the researcher mixes or combines
quantitative and qualitative research techniques.

Types of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive Research
It designed to give “answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how which
are linked with a research problem.” It is applied only to describe what exists and to
gather information about the current status of a certain phenomenon.

2. Correlational Research
Tests for the relationship between to variables. Performing correlational research is done
to establish what the effect of one on the other might be and how that affects relationship.
The purpose is to use two or more variables to better understand the conditions of events
that we encounter, to predict future conditions and events and correlation does not
always mean causation.

3. Causal – Comparative Research

It looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship. This research is not conducted
between the two groups on each other. They look solely for a statistical relationship
between two variables it tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are
affected by the same circumstance. Causal – Comparative Research involves
comparison. The study of two or more groups is done without focusing on their relations.
The use of statistical analysis is engaged to synthesize the data.

4. Experimental Research
Experimental Research is concerned with cause-and-effect relationships in which all
experimental studies involve manipulation or control of the independent variables
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(causes) and measurement of the dependent variables (effects). Experimental research

is guided specifically by a hypothesis. Sometimes it can have several hypotheses. A
hypothesis is a statement to be proven or disproved.

Types of Qualitative Research

1) Phenomenology
The purpose is to describe experiences as they are lived. It examines uniqueness of the
individual’s lived situations. Each person has its own reality, reality is subjective.

2) Ethnography
The purpose is to describe a culture’s characteristics. It identifies culture variables for
study, and review literature. It involves the collection and analysis of the data about
cultural groups or minorities.

3) Historical
The purpose of historical study is to describe and examine events of the past to
understand the present and anticipate potential further effects. It concerns with the
identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past.

4) Case Study
The purpose of Case study is to describe-in-depth experience of one person, family,
group, community or institution. It is a direct observation and interaction with the subject.

Types of Mixed Method Research

1. Mixed Method Research

This research uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase of the study and the
quantitative paradigm for another phase of the study.

2. Mixed Model Research

This research mixes both qualitative and quantitative research approaches within a
stage of the study or across the stages of the research process.

Prepared by:

MARK CHRISTIAN ROBLE ALMAZAN, LPT

Contract-of-Service Faculty

Second Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia, Naval, Biliran Province, Phillipines 6560
Tel. (053) 507-0014 ‫ ן‬Telefax. (053) 507-0014
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Website: www.bipsu.edu.ph ‫ ן‬Email: op@bipsu.edu.ph ‫ ן‬Facebook: www.facebook.com/WoWBiPSU