EC441 Data Acquisition 2012 ‫ جامعة طرابلس خريف‬،‫ھندسة الحاسب األلي‬

EC441
Data Acquisition
Tutorial II
By Muharrem Drebi
Fall 2012

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 EC441 Data Acquisition 2012 ‫ جامعة طرابلس خريف‬،‫ھندسة الحاسب األلي‬
Problems and Solutions
• Q3.1 A measurement system consists of a chromel–alumel
thermocouple (with cold junction compensation), a millivolt-to-current
converter and a recorder. Table Prob. 1 gives the model equations,
and parameters for each element. Assuming that all probability
distributions are normal, calculate the mean and standard deviation
of the error probability distribution, when the input temperature is 117
°C.

• A3.1
E mf = 4.017 ×10 −2 ×117 + 4.66 ×10 −6 ×117 2 = 4.764mV
i = 3.893 × 4.764 + 1.95 ×10 −4 × 4.764 × (−10) + 2.00 × 10−3 (−10) − 3.864 = 14.653mA
T M = 6.25 ×14.653 + 25.0 = 116.581 o C E = T M − T = 116.581 − 117 = -0.419 o C
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• A3.1
2
 ∂Emf 
2
σ Emf =   × σ C2o = 1× (6.93 ×10 − 2 ) 2 = 0.0048
 ∂C0 
2 2 2
 ∂i   ∂i   ∂i 
σ i = 
2  × σ Emf

2
+   × σ ∆Ta + 
2
 × σ a21
 ∂Emf   ∂∆Ta   ∂a1 
σ i2 = (K1 + K M ∆Ta )2 × σ Emf + (K M Emf + K I ) × σ ∆2T + (1) × σ a2
2 2 2
a 1

σ i2 = (3.893 + 1.95 ×10 − 4 × (−10)) 2 × 0.0048 + (1.95 ×10 −4 × 4.764 + 2.0 ×10 −3 ) 2 ×10 2 + 0.14 2
σ i2 = 0.09315
2 2
 ∂TM   ∂TM 
σ T2 =   × σ i
2
+   × σ a22 = ( K 2 ) 2 × σ i2 + (1) 2 × σ a22 = 6.252 × 0.09315 + 0.32
 ∂i   ∂a2 
M

σ T2 = 3.728 , σ E = σ T
M M
= 1.93

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• Q3.2 A pressure measurement system consists of a pressure

sensor, deflection bridge, amplifier and recorder. Table Prob. 2 gives
the linear sensitivities and error bandwidths for each element in the
system.
• (a) Calculate the standard deviation σE of the error distribution
function.
• (b) Given that the recorder is incorrectly adjusted so that its
sensitivity is 225 Pa mV−1, calculate the mean error E for an input
pressure of 5 × 103 Pa.

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• A3.2

h12 (0.005)
2
σ 2
1 = = = 8.333 ×10−6 Ω 2
3 3
h22 −2 −1 2 −6 (5 ×10 − 4 mV ) 2
σ 22 2 2
= K2σ1 + = (4 ×10 mVΩ ) × 8.333 ×10 Ω + 2
= 9.667 ×10 −8 mV 2
3 3
h32 −8 (0.5mV ) 2
σ 32 2 2
= K3 σ 2 + 3 2
= (10 ) × 9.667 ×10 mV +2
= 0.18mV 2
3 3
h42 −1 2 (100 Pa) 2
σ 42 2 2
= K4σ 3 + = (250 Pa mV ) × 0.18mV + 2
= 14,583.333
3 3
σE = σ 4 = 120.7615Pa

O = K1 K 2 K 3 K 4 I = 10 −4 ΩPa −1 × 4 ×10 −2 mVΩ −1 ×103 × 225Pa mV −1 × 5 ×103 Pa = 4.5 ×103 Pa

E = O − I = K1 K 2 K 3 K 4 I − I = 4.5 ×103 Pa − 5 × 103 Pa = −500 Pa

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• P3.3 Figure Prob. 3 shows a block diagram of a force transducer

using negative feedback. The elastic sensor gives a displacement
output for a force input; the displacement sensor gives a voltage
output for a displacement input. VS is the supply voltage for the
displacement sensor.
• (a) Calculate the output voltage V0 when
• (i) VS = 1.0 V, F = 50 N
• (ii) VS = 1.5 V, F = 50 N.
• (b) Comment on the practical significance of the variation of the
supply voltage VS.

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• a (i)

10 −4 × 100 ×1.0 ×103 10 × 50

Vo = −4 3
× F = = 4.9505
1 + 10 × 10 ×100 ×1.0 ×10 101

• a(ii)

10 −4 ×100 ×1.5 ×103 15 × 50

Vo = −4 3
× F = = 4.967
1 + 10 × 10 ×100 ×1.5 ×10 151

• b Vs variation has negligible effect due to feedback compensation.

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• P3.4 Figure Prob. 4 is a block diagram of a voltmeter. The motor

produces a torque T proportional to voltage V, and the output
angular displacement θ of the spring is proportional to T. The
stiffness Ks of the spring can vary by ±10% about the nominal value
of 5 × 10−2 rad N−1m−1.
Given that the following are available:
• (i) a d.c. voltage amplifier of gain 1000
• (ii) a voltage subtraction unit
• (iii) a stable angular displacement transducer of sensitivity
100 V rad−1,
• (a) draw a block diagram of a modified system using these
components, which reduces the effect of changes in Ks;
• (b) calculate the effect of a 10% increase in Ks on the sensitivity of
the modified system.

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• A3.4 (a)

K m × K s ×1000 2 ×10 −1 × 5 ×10 −2 ×1000

• (b) θ1 =
1 + K m × K s ×1000 ×100
×V =
1 + 2 ×10 −1 × 5 ×10 − 2 ×1000 ×100
×V

θ1 10
= × V = 0.009990009990 radV -1
V 1001
K m × K s ×1.1×1000 2 ×10 −1 × 5 ×10 −2 ×1.1×1000
θ2 = ×V = ×V
1 + K m × K s ×1.1×1000 ×100 1 + 2 ×10 −1 × 5 ×10− 2 ×1.1×1000 ×100
θ2 11
= × V = 0.009990917348 radV -1
V 1101
θ2 − θ1 = 9.07358 ×10-7 radV -1
V V
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• P3.5 A temperature measurement system consists of a thermocouple, an amplifier, an 8-

bit analogue to-digital converter and a microcontroller with display facilities. Table Prob.
5 gives the model equations and parameters for each element in the system. The
temperature of the thermocouple measurement junction is T1 °C and the temperature of
the reference junction is T2 °C. The microcontroller corrects for T2 having a non-zero
mean value.
(a) Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the error probability density function when
the input temperature T1 is 100 °C. Treat rectangular distribution as normal with σ = h
3
(b) Explain briefly what modifications should be made to the system to reduce the quantities
calculated in (a).

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• A3.5
E T 1,T 2 = 0 + 4.3796 × 10 −2 × (100 − 20) − 1.7963 ×10 −5 × (100 2 − 20 2 )
E T 1,T 2 = 3.33
2 2
 ∂E   ∂E 
σ E2 =  T 1,T 2  × σ a20 +  T 1,T 2  × σ T2 2 = σ a20 + (− a1 − 2 × a2 × T2 ) 2 × σ T2 2
 ∂a0   ∂T2 
T 1,T 2

σE T 1,T 2
= 0.0996
V = 255 × 3.33 + 0 = 849.465
2 2
 ∂V   
σ V2 =   × σ E2 +  ∂V  × σ b2 = K12 × σ E2 + σ b2
  ∂b 
 ∂ET 1,T 2 
T 1,T 2 1 T 1,T 2 1
 1
σ V = 25.889
n = 0.1× 849.465 + 0 = 85 rounded to nearest int eger
2 h22 2
σ = K ×σ +
n 2 V
3
σ n = 2.605
Tm = 1.0 × 85 + 20 = 105
E = Tm − T1 = 5o C
2
 ∂T 
σ = σ =  m  × σ n2 = K 32 × σ n2
2
E
2
Tm
 ∂n 
σ E = 2.605o C
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