BUILDING SERVICES II

UNIT-IV
ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021
SECOND YEAR B.ARCH
COURSE OBJECTIVE
Unit IV -
Electrical installations in a building from the supply company mains to individual outlet
points including meter board, distribution board, layout of points with load calculations.
Electrical wiring systems for small and large installations including different materials
involved
 Power : The Building Block of Economy

• Electricity- the most imp. Infrastructural input in the dev. & growth of economy.

• Consumption of electricity- imp. Index of advancement of the country & standard of

living.

• Economic growth rate of 8-9% on a sustained basis is necessary for us to catch up

with the rest of the world.
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Generation Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765KV)
Dhuvaran

Karamsad
CB

Power Plant Bus-bar Steel Tower

X’mer
Sending end SS (11/220kV) CB 220 kV Primary Grid
Bus-bar
(220/66 kV)

Commercial/ GCET 66 kV
Industrial Transmission
Customer

Secondary Transmission(66/132KV)
Distribution Transformer
Urban (11/0.415 kV) Primary Distribution
V V Nagar
Customers

Secondary Grid
Secondary Distribution (66/11 kV)

Distribution
Underground Cable
Pole
To Other
Residential Residential 66Kv
Customer Substations
Customer
 An Analogy – Power System vs Human Body

RLDC::Brain Generation :: Heart

USER

Sub-Transmission :: Sub-Arteries

Transmission :: Main Arteries

Distribution :: Capillaries
The Generation…
Human Body Power System
Blood Pressure Voltage
Heart Beat Frequency
The Pulse 72 Beats/Minutes 50 Cycles/Seconds
Cause Stress/Anxiety Load-Gen.-Mismatch
Risk Heart Beat Deviation Frequency Deviation
Generation

• Thermal Power Plant • Solar

• Hydro Power Plant • Tidal
• Nuclear Power Plant • Wind
• Diesel Power Plant • Geothermal
• Gas Power Plant • Bio-mass
• Combine Cycle plant • Fuel cells
 Energy Resource Map Of India
Hydro
• Hydro potential in North east and
Jammu
upper part of Northern Region
• Coal reserves mainly in Eastern Region
Ludhiana

SIKKIM
NR Delhi NEPAL

• Distribution of energy resources and

BHUTAN
Partabpur
RAPP Jaipur Guwahati
Lucknow CHICKEN
NECK NER

AR
Patna BANGLA
consumption centres are extremely

MM
DESH
Vindhyachal ER

AN
MY
Gandhinagar

Pipavav
Indore Bhopal Korba
Kolkata
unbalanced
WR Talcher/Ib Valley
Raipur

• Necessitate power transfer over long

Bhubaneswar
Tarapur
Mumbai
Vizag
LEGEND Coal
Hyderabad
Simhadri
Generation Load-Centre distances
SR Coal
Kaiga Krishnapatnam

Ennore Hydro
Bangalore South Madras
Kozhikode
Mangalore Chennai
Cuddalore Lignite

Coastal
Kayamkulam
Thiruvananthapuram
Kudankulam
COLOMBO Nuclear
SRI LANKA
ALL INDIA INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY
Central Sector:
54412 MW

State Sector:
82452 MW

Private Sector:
36761 MW

All India:
173625 MW
 Inadequate inter-regional transmission links

•Uneven distribution of power resources (coal, hydel,etc.)

•Transporting coal costlier than transmitting power.
•Scenario of simultaneous surplus (ER) and shortage (Other regions)
•Existing interregional transmission capacity only about 22350 MW
POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

INCREASING
ROLE
OF PRIVATE
PARTICIPATION

BOOMING
ENERGY
DEMAND
HUGE LOSSES IN LIBERALISATION
TRANSMISSION FROM
AND PILFERAGE GOVERNMENT
Isolated systems

• Isolated systems developed in and around industrial & urban areas

• Establishment of CEA under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 for coordinated
development of Power Sector

• The Act also provided for formation of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) in the States
State Grid Systems
• The systems around urban and industrial areas grew into full fledged State Grid
systems

• The country was demarcated in to five Regions for the purpose of coordinated power
sector planning

• Regional Electricity Boards were established in each of the regions for facilitating
integrated operation of state systems

• Inter-state lines were planned which were treated as Centrally sponsored schemes.
National Grid

• Focus of planning the generation and the transmission system shifted from the
orientation of regional self-sufficiency to the concept of optimization of utilization of
resources on All India basis

• A strong National Grid system would enable such an all-India generation planning
and development
Institutional Framework----Central Power Organization

GOVERNMENT STATE
OF INDIA GOVERNMENT

DEPT. OF NATIONAL MINISTRY MNES CERC

ATOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF POWER
ENERGY COUNCIL

NRB AEC NPC PLANNING DVC THDC PGCIL PFC

COMMISSION BBMB REC

CENTRAL NJPC NTPC ENERGY NPTI

ELECTRICITY NHPC MANAGEMENT CPRI
AUTHORITY NEEPCO CENTRE
 State Power Organization
STATE
GOVERNMENT

MINISTRY OR
SERC DEPARTMENT OF
POWER
STATE
ELECTRICITY
INSPECTION
ORGANISATION

STATE STATE PRIVATE

ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY SECTOR
BOARDS DEPARTMENTS LICENSEES
Electricity Generation and
distribution
 Electricity
Generation

Hydroelectric Thermoelectric Electro Thermonuclear

Power stations Power Station Power Station

Generated by hydro nuclear fusion

Steam driven
power reactions

The production of Water is heated, turns Two light atomic nuclei fuse
electrical power into steam and spins a together to form a heavier
through the use of the steam turbine which nucleus and in doing so, release a
gravitational force of drives an electrical large amount of energy
falling or flowing water generator
Hydro Electric Generation System
Coal Electricity Generating system:
Electro Thermonuclear Power Station
Solar Electricity Generation System
• Solar panels
high energy yield and reliability.
• Inverter Converts direct current from
the battery into 220V alternating
current.
• Input meter Accurately counts the
kilowatt-hours generated and fed into
the power grid.
• Meter measuring own use
Documents your household power
consumption.
 Thermoelectric Power Electro thermonuclear
Hydro Electric Power
Station Power station

Transformer

High Tension Supply – 132 kV

National Grid
Pylon

High Tension Supply – 11 kV

Step Down
Transformer

Low Tension Supply – 440/240V

Local Grid

Public & Industry &

Transport
Domestic Public Radio Communication
(Rail)
Lighting Services
Distribution Network
1. Hydroelectric dam
There is potential energy stored in a water reservoir behind a dam. It is converted to
kinetic energy when the water starts flowing down the penstock, from the dam. This
kinetic energy is used to turn a turbine.

2. Generator
The falling water strikes a
series of blades attached
around a shaft which
converts kinetic energy
to mechanical energy,
and causes the turbine
to rotate. The shaft is
attached to a generator,
so that when the turbine
turns, the generator is driven. The generator converts the turbine's mechanical
energy into electric energy.
3. Step-up transformer
Voltage is the pressure that makes electricity flow. Generators usually produce electricity with a low
voltage. In order for the transmission lines to carry the electricity efficiently over long distances, the
low generator voltage is increased to a higher transmission voltage by a step-up transformer.

4. Grid high voltage transmission lines

Grid transmission lines,
usually supported by tall
metal towers, carry high
voltage electricity over
long distances.

5. Terminal Station
Terminal stations control
power flow on grid transmission lines and reduce the grid voltage to sub-transmission voltage.
6. Sub-transmission lines
Sub-transmission lines supply power from terminal stations to large industrial customers
or distribution substations.

7. How it is used by the customer

Electric energy can be sold at transmission voltage to users of large amounts who own
and operate their own substations.
Most customers, however, are unable to accept energy at transmission voltage, and
require that it be stepped down in a transformer.

8. Distribution substation
A distribution substation is a
system of transformers, meters,
and control and protective
devices. At a substation,
transmission voltage is reduced
to lower voltages for distribution
to residential, commercial, and small and medium industrial customers.
Our home is powered by the power distribution grid (power grid for short)
which in its most simplest form can be explained.

1. Power is generated from a power plant in turbines

2. Power is sent to a transmission substation
3. Power is sent through high voltage wires to a power substation
4. Power is sent from a power substation through power lines connected by power poles to a
transformer drum out the front of your house. There should usually be a wire connecting the
power pole to the front of your house.
There are three general systems of arranging the conductors within a building
for electric lighting purposes.
 The Tree or Single Main System.
 The Subdivided Main System.
 The Three-Wire System.
Transformer
The transformer is based on two
principles:
• an electric current produce a magnetic
field
• a changing magnetic field within a coil
of wire induces a voltage across the
ends of the coil.

Changing the current in the primary coil

changes the magnetic flux that is
developed.
The changing magnetic flux induces a
voltage in the secondary coil.
Definitions
• Conductor: A substance through which electricity flows easily such as
copper, aluminum (wires, cables, bus-bars, etc.)
• Insulator: A substance through which electricity cannot flow easily such as
wood, glass, etc.
• Ampere: the unit rate of flow of an electric current through a conductor
• Ohm: the unit resistance offered by the conductor against current
• Volt: the unit pressure with which electric current flows through conductor
• Watt: the rate of consumption of power per unit time
• Short Circuit: A short circuit is a direct contact between a live and a neutral
conductor or a live conductor and earth.
 Generation & Transmission of electricity
• Electricity (Alternative Current) is produced in the power stations away from
the main settlements
• Electrical energy is produced by three alternators called “Phases”
• High voltage electricity from the power plant is distributed by means of four
High Tension wires (three phases & neutral) to a series of sub-stations where
step-down transformers reduce the voltage
• There are two types of consumers: High Tension (HT) and Low Tension (LT)
Consumers
• HT consumers are industries, campuses, fed with 11,000 V Three Phase wires
• LT tension consumers are fed with 220 V and of two types: 1. Three Phase
customer: large residential, commercial, etc. 2. One Phase single residential,
etc.
• At the entry end of the consumer supply line, electric meter and circuit
breakers needed to be provided.
 Building Electrification
Main components of building electrification are:
• Measuring device: meter
• Wiring systems
• Control devices: Distribution Boards (D.B.), Switches, Sockets-outlets
• Protective devices ( for equipments): Fuse, M.C.B., Voltage stabiliser,
UPS, etc.
• Safety devices (for human): Earthing, Lightning protector
 Wiring systems
Wires and cables of different ratings with insulation are laid permanently inside and sometimes outside the
building on the surfaces (wall, ceiling, floor) to supply power to different appliances and points.
In wiring system, a number of wires are needed to be laid for completing the circuits such as power supply
wire (live / phase wire), neutral wire and earthing wire.
It is necessary to take safety measures in wiring system in order to protect the lives and equipments.
Cables are used for high capacity current flow and highly insulated with pvc sheathing, G.I. armour as
protection against physical damages.
Multiple strands of insulated wires are put together with inner and outer pvc insulation jackets. Different
sizes and types are available.
In wiring system, several accessories are needed as junction boxes, bends, etc. The safety and control
devices are also important components.
There are basically two types of wiring systems used for walls and ceiling
 Open Wiring
 Concealed wiring
Open Wiring
Wires and cables are laid on the surfaces of walls and ceiling .
It is used most frequently
Main advantages are: economical, flexible: easy to lay, modifications and maintenance
Disadvantages: not always aesthetically accepted, vulnerable to mechanical injury to cable.
Different types of open wiring systems
mounted on wooden battens
laid in pvc casing-capping
laid inside metal or pvc conduits
Concealed Wiring

In this type conduits are laid within the construction of wall and ceiling
(making chase within the wall and for structural members while casting)
which could not be traced after finishes on the surfaces.
• Cables run inside the conduits

• Advantages: Cables are protected from the mechanical injuries,

aesthetically accepted
• Disadvantages: difficult for modification, re-wiring, maintenance and
costly
Concealed wiring
• As a word suggest concealed means “Hidden”. So, this wiring is done inside the
floors/walls and it is further concealed/ hidden by plastering the wall. In other
words, using plastic or electrical wiring inside a wall, ceiling or floor with
plastic or metallic piping is called secret concealed conduit wiring.
• Concealed conduit electrical wiring system is the most popular, aesthetically
beautiful and stronger. It is most as it is common type of electrical wiring used
nowadays, as the surface look neat and clean.
• For concealed wiring system, professional electrician/ technician needs to be
more skilled.
• In this system there is no risk of mechanical injury.
• In this wiring system there is no risk of electrical shock to users from cable
• Concealed wiring helps to maintain the aesthetic look of wall, as it looks neat
and clean and render surface plain for further decoration.
• Concealed wiring system is safe and durable.
• Risk of fire due to short circuit inside is always more.
Open Wiring
• As a word suggests open means exposed. It is a wiring method using cleats,
knobs, tubes and flexible tubing for the protection and support of insulated
conductors running, on walls and not concealed or hidden under any
elements of building
• Open wiring system does not give aesthetically good look. Nowadays this
system is rarely used.
• Here too, the need of skilled professional electrician/ technician cannot be
denied
• In this system there is a risk of mechanical injury to users.
• In this wiring system chance of electrical shock is more to u
• he wire runs on surface which gives ugly look. Case of this system, aesthetic
look of wall can be maintained by covering it with decorative and protective
materials which may add to the cost.
• Open wiring system is not that safe and durable as compared to concealed
wiring.
• Risk of fire due to short circuit is also present in open wiring system. But it is
easily visible so chances of fire can be prevented or reduced easily.
Concealed wiring
• Concealed wiring system is safe and durable.
• Risk of fire due to short circuit inside is always
more.
• This system is expensive (costly) as compared
to open wiring system.
• For making channel/ chases in the wall, it
requires more time.
• In this wiring system all the wires are in
closed Electrical conduit, therefore fault
cannot found easily and cannot be fixed
quickly and easily.
• It is challenging to work as compared to open
wiring.
Open Wiring
• Open wiring system is not that safe and durable as
compared to concealed wiring.
• Risk of fire due to short circuit is also present in open
wiring system. But it is easily visible so chances of fire
can be prevented or reduced easily.
• This system is less expensive (costly) as compared to
concealed wiring system.
• In this system no channels or chase are required in
wall. So, less time is consumed.
• In this wiring system all the cables are in open air,
therefore fault can be easily detected and can be fixed
quickly.
• In open wiring system, installation of wiring on the
wall is easy as compared to concealed wiring.
 Floor Trunking
• In large offices, where work stations are placed away from the walls, cables are needed to
run under the floor.
• It is necessary to provide a grid of under-floor ducts according to the alignment of furniture.
• The depth could be of 35 – 55 mm in which metal raceways run with cables inside

• Raceways are concealed with floor finishes

• Outlet boxes or junction boxes are not made concealed because wires are tapped from here
• Sometimes a different set of wiring is necessary for data cable apart from electrical cable for
supplying power.
• Sometimes, floating floors or false flooring is made for laying wide range and number of
cables below the floor.
Overhead Wiring--For large installations such as industries, commercial premises, etc. where
large numbers and sizes of cables are needed to travel, cable trays are mounted from the
ceiling or at upper part of the wall to carry cables.

Bus-bars: For distribution of heavy loads, instead of large numbers and sizes of insulated cables,
bare copper or aluminum bars / flats are used. Distribution cables are connected with cable-tap
connectors in flexible positions. Usually the length is short. Bus-bar ducting, bus-bar trunking are
suitable for industrial, commercial installations even adapted in high-rise buildings.
Distribution Boards (D.B.): It is the Main distribution board inside the premises where the supply cable
enters directly from the electrical meter and then distributed to various load centers or circuits. It
contains main switch, fuses for each circuit, M.C.B. It is usually located near the main entrance or at
the convenient central common area.

Switches: There are different types of electrical switches available as per the construction, working
mechanism:
• Toggle switch: The simplest switch system, it has an arrow-shaped armature that floats between the
contact points. When the switch is flipped to the on position, comes in contact with both terminals
thus providing a continuous flow of electrical current. There are different types available: single-pole,
two-pole, three-pole switches.
• Flush switches: has the mechanism set in a shallow box suitable for concealed wiring, usually push
button or piano key type.
Lightning Protector: This system includes
1.rooftop lightning rod of a conductive metal strip or rod (copper),
2. single / multiple conductive paths (G.I. / Copper) from the roof to the ground and
3. earthing. This system is necessary for high-rise or isolated structures to protect
buildings from lightning strikes. Lightning rods are fixed at the highest point of the
building.
Nowadays, an effective system called Early Streamer Emission Lighting rods is being
used.

Earthing: All electrical installations are needed to be connected to three-wire system

(phase, neutral and earth) by three-pin socket.
• The earthing system has a direct route to the soil to protect people from getting
electrical shocks during any fault occur in the installations. Earth wire terminates at
the ground by burying in a pit, filled with brick, sand and at the top with soil and
usually kept moist.
• Single phase or three phase.
• Small bldgs – electric supply with two line one phase wire (240 V) other neutral –
single phase
• Three phase – four wires, 420/230 v, Voltage between two wires will be 415v,
between phase wire and neutral is 240v.

 Lighting load sub circuit

 Power sub circuit
 Three type of circuits: Lighting, socket outlets & fixed apparatus
• Lighting load sub circuit:
Gives supply to lighting load points includes lamps, fans, tubes etc.
Ratings as per Indian electricity rules,
• Filament lamp, Ceiling Fan 60 v
• Socket for radio, Table fan 60 v
• Fluorescent Lamp 40 v
• Mercury Vapour Lamp 80 v
Important to know
• No of points connected should not exceed 10 points per sub circuit.
• Switches: 5A 250V
• Sockets – 3 pin type 5A 250V
• Size of wire used must be 3/22 SWG
• The size of earth wire must be 1.25 SWG copper or GI.
• Power sub circuit:
• Gives power to power loads like electric iron heater, single phase motors of
refrigerator, washing machine etc.
• Load connected should not be more that 500watts
• Rating 15A, 250V
• Size of wire must be 22/7 SWG
• Size of earth wire must be 14 SWG copper/GI
 CABLE, WIRE & ASSEMBLIES
 FANS, HEAT SINKS & HVAC
 SWITCHES & RELAYS
 CONNECTORS
 SECURITY & AUDIO VISUAL
 AUTOMATION & PROCESS CONTROL
 CHEMICALS & ADHESIVES
 ELECTRICAL SOCKETS
 CIRCUIT PROTECTION
 SENSORS & TRANSDUCERS
CABLES & WIRES ASSEMBLIES

FANS HEAT SINKS HVAC

SWITCHES & RELAYS

CONNECTORS
SECURITY & AUDIO VISUAL

AUTOMATION & PROCESS CONTROL

CHEMICALS & ADHESIVES

SENSORS & TRANSDUCERS

ELECTRICAL SOCKETS

TYPES / HOLES OF ELECTRICAL SOCKETS

Usually there are two or three slots or holes in electrical sockets. The two hole
electrical sockets are used for two pin plugs and three hole sockets for three pin plugs.
Two hole sockets: These electrical sockets carry two wires one of which is the live or
hot wire carrying alternating current from main AC supply to the appliances. The other
wire is the neutral wire that backs the current from the equipment to the mains supply.
Three hole sockets: In three hole electrical sockets, the function of two wires (live and
neutral) are similar to that of two hole sockets but the additional or the third wire is
earth or ground wire that grants electrical safety. In case of any fault in the electrical
system, the ground wire ensures that the exposed conductive surfaces should be at the
same electrical potential equal to the earth. This minimizes the risk of electrical shock if
someone accidentally touches electrical device.
Electrical Socket Materials
Electrical sockets usually have either plastic or metal body.
ELECTRICAL SOCKETS
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
Concealed electrical wiring has become the norm of the day in modern construction. For
safety and security of the installation, conduit pipes of different strengths are used to encase the
wiring and placed in grooves carved on the brick surface, before the walls and ceilings are
plastered and cemented.
Since the conduit pipes are inlaid, they should remain intact for the life of the building.

Sizes : 16mm, 20mm, 25mm &

32mm

Available Colours:
Black, Ivory, Grey
One Way Two Way Side Two Way Three Way

Four Way Coupler

Tee Elbow

Bend
There are three basic types of lighting that work together in your home.
 Ambient (general lighting)
 Task
 Accent

A good lighting plan combines all three types to light an area according to function and style.
 Ambient lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also known as general
lighting, it radiates a comfortable level of brightness without glare and allows you to see
and walk about safely.
 In some spaces such as laundry rooms, the ambient lighting also serves as the primary
source of task lighting.
 It can be accomplished with
chandeliers, ceiling or wall-
mounted fixtures, recessed
or track lights and with
lanterns mounted on the
outside of the home.
 Having a central source of
ambient light in all rooms is
fundamental to a good
lighting plan.
 Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks, such as reading, grooming, preparing and cooking
food, doing homework, working on hobbies, playing games and balancing your checkbook.
 It can be provided by recessed and track lighting, pendant lighting and under cabinet lighting, as
well as by portable floor and desk lamps.
 Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows and should be bright enough to
prevent eye strain.
 Accent lighting adds drama to a room by creating visual interest.
 As part of an interior design scheme, it is used to draw the eye to houseplants, paintings,
sculptures and other prized possessions or outdoor landscaping.

 It can also be used to highlight the

texture of a brick or stone wall,
window treatments

 To be effective, accent lighting

requires as least three times as much
light on the focal point as the general
lighting surrounding it.
 Accent lighting is usually provided by
recessed and track lighting or wall-
mounted picture lights.
 Chandeliers
 Hall/foyer fixtures
 Pendants
 Ceiling-Mounted Fixtures
 Wall-Mounted Fixtures
 Bath/Vanity Fixtures
 Portable Lighting
 Track Lighting
 Rail Lighting
 Recessed Lighting
 Under cabinet Lighting
Chandeliers add style and a decorative focal point to almost any room
in the house. Though they have traditionally been used in the dining
room, they are now commonly featured in bedrooms, kitchens, family
rooms, living rooms, foyers and even bathrooms.
Hall/foyer fixtures can create a beautiful focal point at the entrance to your home. They can provide
the ambient lighting that you need to greet guests and to assure safe passage into other areas of your
home.
Pendants can provide both task and ambient lighting. They are extremely popular and
available in an unlimited range of styles, shapes and colors.
Ceiling-mounted fixtures are excellent as a
source of ambient lighting and are especially
practical in areas with much activity, such as
foyers, hallways, bedrooms, kitchens, baths,
laundry rooms, playrooms and dens.
Wall-mounted fixtures can provide a unique sense of elegance and sophistication to any home.
They can also furnish ambient, task and accent lighting. Many are designed to match and supplement
chandeliers and other fixtures in sets or families.
 Bath/vanity fixtures supply task
lighting, while supplementing the
general lighting provided by
ceiling fixtures.

They are available in a wide range of styles,

colors and shapes and are being used much
more frequently today than the older
bath/vanity lighting strips.
Portable lighting can deliver ambient, task and accent lighting while giving you the flexibility to
move the light wherever you want. Table lamps, floor lamps and torchieres (floor lamps with an
uplight component) are available in a variety of styles to complement your interior design.

Small specialty lamps, such as clip-on-lights, adjustable

task lights and desk and accent lamps, fill a variety of
task, ambient and accent lighting needs.
Track lighting has undergone many changes in recent years. The trend in track lighting has been
toward smaller fixtures, which are much less noticeable in the space. Track lighting is excellent for
its flexibility and can provide ambient, task or accent lighting.
Rail lighting is increasing in popularity. As the demand grows for bendable, flexible rail lighting
systems, rail lighting has been rejuvenated not only for function, but to add an additional
decorative element to the space.
Recessed lighting can provide general, task and ambient lighting in a very subtle manner.
Installed in the ceiling with only the trim showing, recessed fixtures can be used anywhere in the
home, including outdoors, under eaves and on porches. They are ideal for any type of ceiling,
including tall ceilings, shorter ceilings and sloped ceilings.
Under cabinet fixtures offer both task and accent lighting. Mounted under kitchen wall cabinets,
they provide excellent task lighting at the countertop. Used in display cabinets, they provide
accent lighting for three-dimensional art and sculpture. In workshops or laundry rooms, they are
an ideal source of task and ambient lighting.