Term 1(2013-2020)
1. Soalan 2013/Q16
Chlorine gas exists as diatomic molecules, Cl2. In
an experiment, 326.6 g of Cl2 was used to react
with excess iron to produce iron(III) chloride,
FeCl3.
a. Write a balanced equation for this
reaction. [1m]
b. Calculate the theoretical yield of FeCl3.
[2m]
c. If the percentage of the actual yield of
FeCl3 obtained in the laboratory is 82.0%,
calculate the mass of FeCl3 produced.
[2m]
d. Explain why there is a difference
between the calculated theoretical yield
of FeCl3 with that of the actual yield
obtained in the laboratory. [2m]
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2FeCl3(s)………………[1] Most candidates were able to write the balanced
*reject ⇌ equation. However, many candidates made a mistake
when they wrote Fe3+ instead of Fe in the equation.
3
Some candidates used fraction ( in front of Cl2) as the
2
stoichiometric number in writing the balanced
equation.
326.6 𝑔 Many candidates lost marks when calculating the
Moles of Cl2 = 71.0 gmol−1 = 4.60 mol Cl2
2 mol FeCl3 theoretical yield of FeCl3 because they could not give
Moles of FeCl3 = 4.60 mol Cl2 x 3 mol Cl2
or 3.07 mol the numerical answer correct to three significant
FeCl3……………..[1] figures. Some of them failed to write the unit for the
Mass of FeCl3 = 3.07 mol x 162.3 g mol-1 = 497.7 g or mass of FeCl3 calculated.
498 g…………….[1]
If x = the experimental yield of FeCl3 (mass of FeCl3 Most candidates substituted in their numerical
produced) calculation, the percentage of actual yield of FeCl3 as
𝑥
82.0% = 498x100……..[1] 82% instead of 82.0% which was given in the question.
∴x = 408 g or 407 g ………….[1] Only a few of them gave the mass of FeCl3 produced
to the correct significant figures.
There is difference between the calculated theoretical Most candidates answered wrongly because they gave
yield of FeCl3 with the actual yield obtained in the other factors not related to the experiment without
laboratory due to the differences of explanations such as iron(III) chloride had evaporated
temperature/pressure/amount of or turned to gas.
Cl2/impurities………..[1+1]
Soalan 2013/Q17
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is manufactured by the Contact
process. One of the important reaction in this process
is as follows:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g); ∆H = -197 kJ mol-1
At 1000K, equilibrium was achieved when the partial
pressures of SO2, O2 and SO3 gases in the mixture are
0.456 atm, 0.180 atm and 0.364 atm respectively.
a. Define the term partial pressure. [1m]
The pressure which the gas would exert if alone
occupied the same container
Some candidates were able to define the term partial
pressure correctly. Candidates who failed to get the
mark are those that
i. Gave the calculation of the partial pressure
of a specific gas as in Dalton’s law
ii. Gave the expression for the partial
pressure
iii. Define the pressure of a solid mixture,
substance, ion or a mixture

b. Write an expression for the equilibrium
constant, Kp, for the reaction in terms of partial
pressures. [1m]
c. Calculate the value of Kp at 1000K. [2m]
d. Explain the effect on the position of
equilibrium if
i. The total pressure of the system is
reduced to 0.850 atm. [2m]
ii. Helium gas is added to the mixture but
the total pressure is maintained at its
original value. [2m]
𝑃𝑆𝑂3 2 Most candidates were able to write the expression for
Kp = 𝑃 2𝑃 *reject: [ ]
𝑆𝑂2 𝑂2 Kp correctly. Common errors made by candidates
included writing the expression in term of
concentration, using the concentration symbol, [ ], not
partial pressure or writing SO3 as the denominator and
SO2 as the numerator.
(0.364)2 Most candidates were able to get the correct Kp value.
𝐾𝑝 = (0.456)2 (0.180) = 3.54 atm-1
Again, common errors made by candidates included
failure to substitute the partial pressure of O2 correctly
such as 0.18 atm instead of 0.180 atm or failure to
write the numerical answer to the correct significant
figures or failure to write the unit for Kp
Answer: c. 3.54 atm-1
The number of moles of gas on the left is more than on Most candidates failed to get the first mark because
the right if pressure is decreased, the equilibrium will they did not state that the number of moles of the gas
shift to the left on the left is more than the number of moles of the gas
on the right. However, they could give the correct
direction for the movement of the position of the
equilibrium.
The partial pressures of SO2, O2 and SO3 decrease. Most candidates could state correctly the right
Equilibrium shift to the left. direction for the movement of the position of the
equilibrium but failed to explain why it had shifted to
the left.
1. Soalan 2013/Q18
When excited electrons fall from a higher to
a lower energy level, the excess energy is
emitted as radiation.
a. State the energy level transitions of an
electron that can produce the Lyman
series in an emission spectrum of the
hydrogen atom, and give three
characteristics of the series. [4m]
b. The ionisation energy of hydrogen can Graph: axes + label [1] curve/straight line [1]
be determined by using the frequency of
the convergence limit, v∞, of the Lyman
series. The convergence limit occurs
when the difference in frequency of
successive lines, ∆v, is zero. Five
frequencies with their corresponding
∆v values
are shown in the table below.
v/ 1014Hz ∆v/ 1014Hz
29.23 1.60
30.83 0.74
31.57 0.40
31.97 0.24
32.21 0.16
By plotting a graph of ∆v against v,
determine v∞, for hydrogen, and
calculate the ionisation energy in kJ
mol-1. [6m]
c. i. State Hund’s rule. [1m]
ii. Write the electronic configurations of
copper and chromium in their ground
states, and comment on any
irregularities in both their electronic
Electron transitions from any higher energy levels or n>1
To the lowest energy level in an atom or n =1 [1]
Three characteristics of the series:
• It is found in the UV region [1]
• The series consists of discrete/separate lines [1]
• The lines become closer or converge [1]
Hund’s rule: for degenerate orbital (orbitals of similar energy),
electrons are filled singly with parallel spin/ greatest number of
paralled spins [1]
Cu: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 or ……3d104s1 [1]
Cr: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 or …….3d54s1 [1]
Irregularities: 4s orbital is half-filled [1]
Explanation: Half-filled (3d5) and completely filled (3d10)
Many candidates failed to get the first mark
when they stated that the transition is for the
electron from high energy level to n=1 which
involved only one transition. Most candidates
were able to state that the Lyman series is
found in the UV or ultraviolet region. Common
errors included the spelling of ultraviolent
instead of ultraviolet, and giving a general
statement such as Lyman series has high
frequency or energy
Most candidates were able to get good marks
for the graph. Common errors included the
failure to write the correct units for the axes or
plotting the graph on the reverse axes.
However, many candidates failed to state the
value of the convergent limit although they
were in the question. They failed to draw the
line crossing the x-axis.
When stating the Hund’s rule most candidates
failed to mention degenerate orbital/orbitals
with the same energy or the electron is filled
singly with parallel spins.
However, many candidates were able to write
the electronic configuration of Cu and Cr
correctly, and they were able to explain the
increased stability of half-filled or fully-filled
 configurations. [4m] subshells/orbitals has greater stability [1] orbitals.

Soalan 2013/Q19 PV = nRT [1] This was the least popular question.
Ozone, O3, may be used as a bactericide in the 101.3𝑥103 𝑥10.0𝑥10−6 Majority of the candidates obtained very low marks.
n(O2) = 8.31𝑥298.0
[1]
treatment of waste water. The concentration of ozone 3.40𝑥10 −3 Although most candidates could write the equation Pv
in water may be determined using the following = 4.09x10-4 or 𝑅
[1] = nRT correctly, but they could not get the rest of the
equation: 3.40𝑥10−3 marks because they did not substitute the given data
n(O3) =4.09x10-4 or [1]
O3(g) + 3I-(aq) + 2H+(aq) → O2(g) + I3-(aq) + H2O(l) −4
𝑅 correctly. Many candidates also had problems giving
4.09𝑥10
a. In an experiment, 500.0 cm3 of a waste water [O3] = [1] the answer to the correct significant figures. The
500.0𝑥10−3
sample was treated with an excess of iodide 6.80𝑥10−3 candidates should not round up the answer before the
= 8.18x10-4 mol dm-3 or 𝑅
mol dm-3 [1]
ions. The volume of oxygen gas collected from final answer. Only the final answer should be written
the reaction at 25.0oC and 101.3 kPa was 10.0 to the correct significant figures.
cm3. Calculate the concentration of ozone in 6.80𝑥10−3
Answer: 8.18x10-4 mol dm-3 or mol dm-3
the waste water sample under the above 𝑅

conditions of temperature and pressure. [6m]

b. Draw the Lewis structures of O3 and I3-. Using the
valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory, deduce
both of their shapes. [9m]
Lewis Structure of ozone: [1]
The central O atom has two bonding pairs and one lone
pair [1]
From VSEPR theory, trigonal planar [1]
Molecular shape – bent or V-shaped [1]
Bond angle less than 120o (<1200) [1]
Lewis structure of I3- : DIAGRAM [1]
The central I atom has two bonding pairs and three
lone pairs [1]
From VSEPR theory, trigonal bipyramid *insists on
name [1]
Molecular shape – linear [1]
Bond angle is 180o [1]
MAX [9]
Many candidates were unable to draw the Lewis
structure of O3 and I3- correctly. The negative charge
on the I3- species was not shown in the Lewis diagram.
Most candidates did not mention the value of the angle
in the Lewis structure. For example, the angle for
ozone is less than 120o and the angle for I3- ion is 180o.
The correct Lewis structure for ozone and I3- are as
follow:
However, some candidates used valence-shell electron-
pair repulsion theory to deduce the structure of O3 and
I3-.
Soalan 2013/Q20
Carbon dioxide is a gas at 25.0oC and 1.00 atm. Its
triple point is at -56.4oC and 5.11 atm, and its critical
point is at 31.1oC and 73.0 atm.
a. Sketch and label the phase diagram for carbon
dioxide. [3m]
Axes [1] Most candidates were able to sketch the phase
Shape [1] diagram of CO2 satisfactorily. Common errors included
Label [1] not labelling the axes; reversing the axes, drawing the
solid-liquid line with a negative gradient and not
labelling the three phases. Most candidates drew a
curve between the solid and liquid phases instead of
straight line.

b. Carbon dioxide gas can be liquefied under
suitable conditions. Using the kinetic theory of
gases, explain the liquefaction of gaseous
carbon dioxide at 25.0oC by increasing the
pressure. [4m]
c. Carbon dioxide gas from a fire extinguisher is
often used to put out small fires. A white fog is
observed when carbon dioxide is released from
the fire extinguisher.
i. Explain the formation of the white fog.
[2m]
When pressure is increased,
• The gas molecules become closer/volume
decrease [1]
• Intermolecular forces increases/ van der Waals
forces increase [1]
• Movement of molecules become restricted/
molecule cannot move freely [1]
• Condensation into liquid occurs[1]
As CO2(g) is released from the cylinder, the surrounding
temperature decreases/drops or CO2(g) cools the
air/CO2 absorbs heat from the air [1]. Water vapour in
the air condenses to form white fog [1]
Most candidates misunderstood the collision theory
with the kinetic theory. Hence, their explanation was
out of point and they lost marks. However, some
candidates were able to write that the white fog is
formed by condensation process of gaseous CO2.
Majority of candidates were unable to relate the
formation of the white fog was due to the
condensation of water vapour. Most candidates
thought that the white fog was formed by the
condensation process of gaseous CO2.

ii. A fire extinguisher cylinder has an
internal volume of 2.00 dm3 and
contains 1.80 kg of carbon dioxide.
Calculate the pressure of carbon
dioxide gas in the cylinder at 25.0oC.
[3m]
𝑛𝑅𝑇 Most candidates lost marks for substituting an
pV = nRT or p = 𝑉
[1]
1.80𝑥103 incorrect given data into pV = nRT equation and not
( )(8.31)(25.0+273)
= 44.0 2.00𝑥10−3 [1] writing the numerical answer to the correct significant
= 5.07 x 10 kPa/ 5.07 x 107 Pa or 6.10R x 103 kPa [1]
4 figures. Although, the value of R was not given, most
candidates could get the value from Section A. Thus,
they could answer this part correctly.

iii. The actual pressure in the fire
extinguisher is 2.50 x 104 kPa under
similar conditions as in (c)(ii). Explain
the difference between the actual
pressure and the calculated value.
[3m]
Soalan 2014/Q16
Ammonia is directly synthesised from nitrogen and
hydrogen by the Haber process. Ammonia is used
in the manufacture of nitric acid and is also
converted to nitrogenous fertilisers to be used in
agriculture.
a. Ammonia does not exhibit an idea
behaviour as assumed by the kinetic theory
of gases. Explain why ammonia shows this
behaviour. [2m]
b. Under what conditions would ammonia
exhibit an ideal behaviour? [1m]
c. Derive an expression for the density of a
gas, 𝜌, from the ideal gas law. [1m]
d. A sample of gases contains an equal amount Total MR = 17.0 + 4.0 + 28.0 = 49.0
of ammonia, helium and nitrogen.
Determine the density, in g dm-3, of this
sample under atmospheric pressure and a
o
temperature of 30 C. [3m]
[The gas constant, R, is 8.31 J K-1 mol-1 and
the atmospheric pressure, p, is 1.01 x 105
Pa]
Answer: 5.07 x 107 Pa or 5.07 x 104 kPa or 6.10R x 106
Pa or 6.10 x 103 kPa is the accepted answer.
The actual pressure is lower than the calculated value Common errors made by the candidates included
[1]. CO2 does not exhibit ideal gas behavior [1]. writing the statement –CO2 does not follow Raoult’s
Intermolecular attractions between CO2 molecules law and no statement on the comparison of the actual
present [1] pressure with calculated pressure was given, but they
Hence, pressure exerted/rate of collision on the walls just mentioned there is a difference. Most candidates
of the cylinder is reduced [1] did not mention that the pressure exerted on the walls
of the cylinder is reduced.
- Ammonia has attraction forces / polar molecules / The question tested the knowledge and understanding on the
hydrogen bond / weak Van Der Waals forces / application of the ideal gas law, and on the non-ideal gas behaviour,
intermolecular forces [1] using ammonia as an example.
- particle has volume / large molecular size / occupied
space [1]
Most of the candidates were able to explain the non-ideal behaviour
for ammonia as due to the presence of intermolecular interaction and
molecular size.
High temperatures and low pressures Many candidates were able to state that ammonia would behave as
an ideal gas at low pressures and high temperatures.
- PV = nRT @ PV = mRT / MR [1] Majority of candidates were able to derive an expression for density
PM R m MR [1] of a gas, r, from the ideal gas law. But many of them did not use the
= / =
RT V RT symbol for the density as given in the question. Candidates also did
not use the standard symbol, especially Mr or M for relative molecular
mass in the equation. Many wrote RMM.
[1] Many candidates were able to calculate the density of a mixture of
(1.01  10 5
)( 49.0) [1] gases using the density equation derived. Only a few candidates gave
= (ins 49.0)
(8.31)(30 + 273) the incorrect mass, example, 14.0 for nitrogen instead of 28.0 and
In g dm-3 ; p = 1.97 g dm-3 (3 s.f.) [1] incorrect significant number for the total formula mass of gases, i.e.
49 instead of 49.0. Many candidates did not give the final answer with
the correct number of significant figures and correct unit, or failed to
give the answer in g dm-3. The answer should be 1.96 g dm-3 or 1.97 g
dm-3.
Soalan 2014/Q17 The question tested the concept of chemical kinetics
The dimerization of buta-1,3-diene, C4H6, occurs Calculate 1/ [C4H6] and place in graph accordingly [1] for a second order reaction, and the ability of
according to the equation Time / s 0 1000 1800 3000 4000 candidates to draw graph.
2CH2=CHCH=CH2(g) → C8H12(g) [C4H6] / 10-3
13.3 8.54 6.67 5.00 4.17
mol dm-3
An experiment was carried out in a laboratory and the Many candidates were able to complete the table but
1/ [C4H6] /
results that were obtained at a certain temperature, T, 75.2 117 150 200 240 they failed to note that the concentration data was
mol-1 dm3
is shown in the table below. given as 10-3 and with three significant figures.
Time/s 0 1000 1800 3000 4000
[C4H6/ 13.3 8.54 6.67 5.00 4.17
10-3 mol
dm-3]
1
[C4 H6 ]
/
mol-
1
dm3
a. Complete the above table. [1m]

b. Plot a graph of
1
against time. [3m] Axis [1] (with unit) ; plotting points [1] ; linear plot [1] Most candidates were able to draw the graph from the
[C4 H6 ]
300 data given. Some of the candidates were unable to use
1/[C4H6] / mol-1 dm 3
proper scales for the axes when drawing the graph. A
250 1
few candidates did not add the unit for [C H ] at the y-
200 4 6
axis as mol dm-3
150
100
50
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
time / s

c. From the graph in (b), Second order Many candidates failed to note that the reaction was
i. State the order of the reaction. [1m] second order

ii. Determine the value of the rate constant gradient = rate constant (ins gradient / k ) Majority of the candidates were able to determine the
for the reaction. [2m] 240 − 200 −1 3 −1 value of rate constant for the reaction
k= [1] ; k = 0.040 mol dm s [1]
4000 − 3000
 iii. Write the rate equation for the reaction.
[1m]
2. Soalan 2014/Q18
a. Niels Bohr postulated that energy ∆E is
released in the form of light when there is a
transition of electron between a higher energy
level to a lower energy level.
i. The Lyman and Balmer series in the
atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen
are formed when there is a transition
of electrons between energy levels.
Draw an energy level diagram that
shows the formation of these two
series. [4m]
ii. One of the lines in the Lyman series has
a wavelength of 121.6 nm. Calculate
the energy of this transition in joules.
[5]
[The Planck’s constant, h, is 6.63 x 10-34
Js and the speed of light, c, is 3.00 x 108
m s-1]
b. An atom of element X has 7 protons in its
nucleus.
i. Explain how the electron configuration
of X obeys Hund’s rule. [3m]
ii. Draw the orbitals of the valence shell
of X. [3m]
rate equation ; rate = k [C4H6]2 (follow through i. order) [1] Many candidates could not write the correct rate
equation as rate = k[C4H6]2. Many incorrectly wrote as
rate equation = k[C4H6]2 or rate = 0.0412 [C4H6]2.
Energy (m1) The question tested the knowledge and understanding
n= on the concept of atomic theory (emission spectra,
n= 5 electronic configuration, and orbitals). Almost all
n= 4 students answered this question.
n= 3
Most candidates were able to draw an energy level
n= 2 diagram for both Lyman and Balmer series. But many
candidates incorrectly labelled the y-axis as ‘energy
n= 1 level’. The correct answer was ‘energy’. They also did
Lyman Series (m2) Balmer Series (m3) not draw the lines getting closer and labelled the
* Show at least 1 electron transfer) energy levels as n1, n2, n3 instead of n=1, n=2, n=3 etc.
m4 : energy level converge (become closer)
m1 : f = 3.00 x 108 / 121.6 x 10-9 [1] m2 : 2.47 x 1015 s-1 [1] Most of the candidates could calculate the energy
m3 : f = c /  or E = hf [1] corresponding to the line in the Lyman series with a
m4 : E = 6.63 x 10 x 2.47 x 10 s
-34 15 [1] wavelength of 121.6 nm. The candidates wrote ∆H
m5 : E = 1.64 x 10-18 J [1]
instead of ∆E in the equation. They also did not use the
Alternative : E = hf @ h c /  [m1 + m2] (if only E = hf [m2])
data as given in the question. For example, 121.6 nm
(6.63  10−34 ) (3.00  108 ) [m3] m5 : E = 1.64 x 10 J [1]
-18
E = should be changed to 121.6 x 10-9 m, and not 1.216 x
121.6  10−9 [m4]
10-7 m. Many candidates did not give the final answer
with the correct number of significant figures. The
answer should be 1.64 x 10-18 J.
m1 : - Hund's rule : orbitals with the same energy levels are each Many of the candidates were able to write the
filled with 1e- singly / parallel spins @ degenerate orbitals with electronic configuration of element X from the number
maximum number of parallel e- are more stable [1]
of protons. Most of the candidates did not state
m2 : - electronic configuration X = 1s22s22p3 @ diagram [1]
- 2px , 2py , 2pz must be filled with single e-/ parallel spin [1] Hund’s rule completely. Many omitted the word
‘parallel spin’ and/or ‘singly’.
m1 : 2s [1] 2py 2pz 2px The majority of candidates did not understand
Question 18(b)(ii), i.e. they did not draw the 2s and 2px,
2py and 2pz orbitals. A few candidates were able to
draw the 2p orbitals, but did not label the
m2 : shape [1] corresponding axes.
m3 : label 2px [1]
7. Soalan 2014/Q19
a. i. State the principle of the valence-shell-
electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR). [2m]
ii. Using the VSEPR theory, predict and explain
the shapes and bond angles of ClF2+ and SF4
species. [6m]
b. In terms of the structure and bonding, explain
the following statement:
i. Magnesium chloride will only conduct
electricity in molten state but not in
solid state. However, copper is a god
conductor of electricity in solid and
molten states. [3m]
ii. Ice is less dense than water. When ice
melts, its volume decreases. [4m]
Soalan 2014/Q20
a. Write the equilibrium constants for the reactions
below, and explain how are the two equilibrium
constants related.
i. A2 + B2⇌ 2AB
m1 : - Electron pair repulse as far apart as possible. [1] The question tested the knowledge and understanding
m2 : - lone-pair & lone-pair repulsion > lone-pair & bond-pair on the concept of chemical bonding. This was the
repulsion > bond-pair & bond-pair repulsion [1]
second popular question.
Many candidates were able to state the principle of the
valence-shell-electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR)
Alt : (If CF2I+ ; m1 - 3 b.p.e ; m2 : trigonal planar ; m3 : 1200) Most candidates were able to use the VSEPR theory to
ClF2+ SF4 explain the shapes of ClF2+ and SF4 but they lost marks
Structure @ for not stating the bond angles for ClF2+ (either 104.5o
description [1] [1] or less than 109.5o) and SF4 (90o or less than 120o or
Bond pair m1 : 2 b.p.e- / 1 l.p.e- m4 : 4 b.p.e- / 1 l.p.e- less than 180o). The candidates also spelled incorrectly
& Lone pair m2 : bent [1] m5 : see-saw [1] as trigonal planner, sew-saw, see-saw instead of the
Angle m3 : 104.5  x < 109.5 m6 : y < 1800 actual shapes.
m1 : - MgCl2 has ionic bond / fix position / no mobile e- [1] Many candidates were able to relate the conductivity
m2 : - molten MgCl2 contain free mobile ions [1] of MgCl2 to ionic bonding and Cu due to the presence
m3 : - Cu can delocalise e- in solid and molten state [1]
of delocalised electrons but incorrectly explained
conductivity of MgCl2 as due to the presence of
delocalised electrons in the molten state.
m1 : - Ice has open lattice structure @ diagram contain 5 H2O [1] Most of the candidates were unable to explain the
m2 : - Ice occupied larger volume than water (or reverse) [1] lower density of ice as due to bigger volume, and
m3 : - when ice melt, the hydrogen bond broken [1]
higher density of water was due to the breaking of H-
m4 : - hence water molecule become closer / distance smaller [1]
bonds. A few of the candidates correctly related
density of ice with the presence of open structure and
hence bigger volume.
* For m3 : KC is inverse of KC' The question tested the knowledge and
[AB]2 [A ][B ] 1 understanding on the concept of
m1 : K C = [1] m2 : K 'C = 2 22 [1] m3 : K C = ' [1]
[A 2 ][B 2 ] [AB] Kc homogeneous equilibrium. This question
was less popular compared to Question 19.
Most of the candidates were able to write
the expression for the equilibrium constants.
 ii. 2AB ⇌ A2 + B2 [3m]

b. A reversible reaction involving A, B and C is shown b) A + 2B ↔ 2C The candidates were able to calculate the
below. Initial 1.0 / 2.0 1.5 / 2.0 0 equilibrium concentration of A and B but
Changes - 0.35 / 2 - 0.35 + 0.35
A + 2B ⇌ 2C many candidates did not give the final
0.5 - x @ 0.75 - 2x @ 0 + 2x
i. A mixture of 1.0 mol of A and 1.5 mol of B in a At eq. m1 : 0.325 [1] m2 : 0.40 [1] 0.35 answer with the correct number of significant
2.0 dm3 vessel is allowed to reach equilibrium [C]2 (0.35) 2 figures. The answer should be 2.4 mol dm-3.
m3 : K C = [1] m4 : K C = [1]
at 1000 K. At equilibrium, the concentration [A][B]2 (0.325)(0.40) 2
of C is 0.35 mol dm-3. Determine the value of m5 : Kc = 2.4 mol-1 dm3 [1]
the equilibrium constant for this reaction.
[5m]
[The gas constant, R, is 8.31 J K-1 mol-1]

ii. Explain the effect on the concentration of C ) ii. Using Van't Hoff equation [1] Most candidates did not used the equation ln
when the temperature increases in the m1 : H  1  −∆𝐻
ln K =  +C k= + C to calculate the equilibrium
equilibrium mixture. [3m] R  T1  𝑅𝑇
constant at different temperatures. The
m2 : K 2 H  1 1  [1]
ln =  −  candidates also failed to change -20 kJ mol-1
K1 R  T1 T2  to -20 x 103 J mol-1 when substituting for ∆H
m3 : K 2 − 20000  1 1  [1] in the equation.
ln =  − 
2.4 8.31  1000 1300 
m4 : K2 = 1.4 mol-1 dm3 (accept : 1 mol-1 dm3) [1]

iii. If the enthalpy change for the reaction in (b)(i)
is -20 kJ mol-1, calculate the equilibrium
constant of the reaction at 1300 K. [4m]
m1 : - Since forward reaction is exothermic, The candidates were able to use Le
m2 : - equilibrium shift to left [1] Chatelier’s principle to explain the effect of
m3 : - [C] decrease [1]
heat on the concentration of C but they did
not state that the ‘forward reaction was
exothermic’. Instead, the word used was ‘the
reaction was exothermic’.

Soalan 2015/Q16 H-C≡N: This question combined the concept of chemical bonds
a. Hydrogen cyanide, HCN is a type of gas. and equilibrium (solubility product).
i. Draw the Lewis structure of HCN. [1m] Few candidates drew Lewis structure with shells and
electron pairs in an orbital. Most of them failed to
draw or incorrectly drew the Lewis structure of HCN.
One of the correct answers is shown below. Many

ii. State the number of σ and π bonds
found in a molecule of HCN. [2m]
iii. State the type of hybrid orbital of the
carbon atom in HCN. [1m]
b. CN- ion forms an insoluble salt with Ag+ ion. The
value of Ksp the salt formed is 2.3 x 10-16 mol2 dm-6 at
298 K.
i. Write the equation for the solubility of the salt in a
saturated solution of AgCN. [1m]
ii. Calculate the solubility of the salt at 298 K. [3m]
Soalan 2015/Q17
a. State Le Chatelier’s principle. [2m]
2 Ꝺ-bonds and 2 π-bonds. [A triple bond consists of
two π-bonds and one Ꝺ-bond]
sp hybridisation. [the molecule is linear. Linear: sp,
trigonal planar: sp2, tetrahedral: sp3]
AgCN(s) ⇌ Ag+(aq) + CN-(aq)
Let the solubility of AgCN be x mol dm-3
Ksp= [Ag+][CN-]
X2 = 2.3 x 10-16
X = √2.3𝑥10−16 = 1.5 x 10-8 mol dm-3
When a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a
change, the equilibrium will react to counteract the
effect of the change so that equilibrium is re-
established.
candidates used other than dots and/or crosses in the
structure (for example triangles and circles) to
represent electrons.
[H-C≡N:]
Most candidates were able to state the number of
sigma and pi bonds found in a molecule of HCN which
is 2 sigma and 2 pi.
Most candidates were able to state the type of hybrid
orbital of the carbon atom in HCN as sp. Some of them
stated the type of the hybrid orbital as sp3.
Many candidates wrote Ksp = [Ag+][CN-] instead of the
equation below,
AgCN(s) ⇌ Ag+(aq) + CN-(aq)
Some candidates gave incorrect equation for the
solubility of salt in a saturated solution of AgCN. Ksp as
Ksp = (Ag+)(CN-) or Ksp = [Ag][CN] (no charge on Ag and
CN)
Many candidates were able to calculate the solubility of
salt at 298 K. There were few mistakes regarding on
how to calculate the solubility of salt. Some of
candidates:
• Used symbol other than ‘s’ or ‘x’ for solubility
• Did not write the states and equilibrium symbol
for the equation
• Careless in reading the data from the question
(2.3 x 10-6 instead of 2.3 x 10-16)
• Calculated the concentration instead of
solubility
• Did not write the unit in the final answer
• Did not give the final answer in two significant
figures. The correct answer was 1.5 x 10-8 mol
dm-3
This question was based on factors affecting
homogenous chemical equilibrium (applying the
concept of Le Chatelier’s principle). This was an easy
question.

b. The Haber process involves the following
reaction.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
The forward reaction is exothermic.
i. State the effect on the equilibrium if
the temperature increases at constant
pressure. [1m]
ii. State the effect on the equilibrium is
nitrogen is added to the reaction at
constant volume. [1m]
iii. What is the effect on this equilibrium if
the volume of the reaction vessel is
halved? Explain your answer. [3m]
Soalan 2015/Q18
a. Iron may lose two or three electrons to form
Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, respectively.
i. State the valence orbitals of Fe(II) and
Fe(III) ions. Predict which ion is more
stable. Explain your answer. [4m]
ii. How many unpaired electrons are
there in iron atom? Explain your
answer. [4m]
The equilibrium will shift to the left-hand side (the
forward reaction is exothermic). At the new
equilibrium, less ammonia will be present.
The equilibrium will shift to the right-hand side. At the
new equilibrium, there will be more ammonia present.
Halving the volume is equivalent to increasing the
pressure. The equilibrium will shift to the right-hand
side as the forward reaction is accompanied by a
decrease in the number of moles of gas. More
ammonia will be produced.
The valence shell configuration of iron is:
3d6 4s2
The valence shell configuration of Fe2+ is:
3d6
The valence shell configuration of Fe3+ is:
3d5
Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+ because in the former, the
3d sub-shell is halved filled.
The configuration of iron is 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
The filling of the 3d orbitals is as follows:
↿⇂ ↿ ↿ ↿ ↿
The filling of the d electron follows Hund’s rule which
states that in a set of degenerate orbitals (in this case
the five 3d orbitals), the electron will fill the orbitals
singly (with parallel spin) before pairing occurs. This
Majority of candidates were able to state the concept
of Le Chatelier’s principle.
Many candidates did not state ‘the equilibrium’ but
instead they wrote ‘the system’ or ‘it’ or ‘the reaction’
to state the effect on the equilibrium.
Most of candidates write the answer as smaller number
of molecules instead of less number of moles for the
explanation on the effect on the equilibrium if the
volume of the reaction vessel is halved.
This question was based on electronic configurations.
Candidates needed to use it in order to locate elements
in the Periodic Table. It was a popular question.
Most candidates wrote the valence orbital 3d6 for Fe(II)
and 3d5 for Fe(III). The candidates should write 3d
orbital for valence orbital for Fe(II) for Fe(III). The
candidates confused between orbitals and valence
electronic configurations. Many candidates were able
to explain why Fe(III) is more stable than Fe(II) as due
to half-filled 3d orbitals. They were unable to
differentiate between half-filled and partially-filled
orbital.
Many candidates were able to state that iron atom has
4 unpaired electrons and write the electronic
configuration of iron atom. Most of them did not
explain the presence of the five degenerate d orbitals
in iron. They failed to state Hund’s rule. Therefore,
they were not able to relate Hund’s rule and the
parallel spin.
 results in iron having 4 unpaired electrons.
b. Element X and Y are in Period 4 of the Periodic X has 3 valence electrons and is a p-block element. Most candidates were able to identify X and Y but they
Table. X is a p block element and Y is a d block Therefore, X is a Group 13 element which is gallium failed to write the electronic configuration for X and Y.
element. Atom X and Y2+ ion, each has three (Ga) with an electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d104s24p1 Few of candidates gave incorrect spelling for gallium,
valence electrons. Atom X has one unpaired with one unpaired electron in the 4p sub-shell. for example gallium. They also did not state the group
electron, while a Y2+ ion has three unpaired Y is a d-block element. Y2+ has 3 unpaired electrons. of each element which was Group 13 for gallium and
electrons. Identify X and Y, and explain your The valence shell configuration of Y2+ would be [Ar]3d3. Group 5 for vanadium.
answer. [7m] Therefore, the electronic configuration of Y is either [A]
3d5 or [Ar]3d34s2.
Since all d-block elements must have electron(s) in
their 4s orbital, the electronic configuration of Y is
therefore [Ar]3d34s2 which is vanadium(23V)
*[Ar] form is not accepted in STPM
Soalan 2015/Q19 The rate constant is the proportionality constant in a This question was based on the usage of Arrhenius
−𝐸𝑎
Variation of the rate constant with temperature for the rate equation.
equation (k = A𝑒 𝑅𝑇 ) to draw a graph and then
reaction Rate = k[Concentration]x, k is the rate constant calculate the activation energy. This was a popular
A → 2B + C is given in the table below question but was fairly well answered by many
Temperature/ K Rate constant/ s-1 candidates.
298 1.74 x 10-5 Few candidates were unable to define the rate
308 6.61 x 10-5 constant.
318 2.51 x 10-4
328 7.59 x 10-4
338 2.40 x 10-3
a. i. What is meant by rate constant? [1m]

ii. What is the order of this reaction? Justify
your answer. [2m]
First order. Because the unit for the rate constant is Most candidates were able to state that the reaction
time-1. was the first order, and to offer justification from the
The first order rate equation is: unit s-1 of the rate constant.
Rate = k[Concentration]
unit for rate
The unit for the rate constant = unit for concentration
mol 𝑑𝑚−3 𝑠−1
= = s-1
𝑚𝑜𝑙dm−3
 1 Based on the equation: Most candidates were able to draw a graph of ln k
b. i. By plotting a graph of ln k against 𝑇,
E 1
determine the activation energy for the ln k = ln A - RT𝑎 against 𝑇 and they managed to obtain marks for
reaction above. [8m] drawing the graph only. The candidates also were able
1 1
The gradient of the graph of ‘ln k against 𝑇, would give to convert the data to ln k and 𝑇 and state the gradient
−𝐸 −𝐸
the gradient equal to 𝑎 = 𝑅𝑇𝑎. Some candidates were able to determine the
𝑅𝑇
Temperature/ 1 (x10-4 Rate lnk activation energy for the reaction given but they failed
𝑇
K K-1) constant/ s-1 (x10-1) to give the correct unit for Ea. They give the unit of Ea
as J instead of J mol-1.
298 33.6 1.74 x 10-5 -109.6
308 32.5 6.61 x 10-5 -96.2
318 31.4 2.51 x 10-4 -82.9
328 30.5 7.59 x 10-4 -71.8
338 29.6 2.40 x 10-3 -60.3
GRAPH
(100−65)𝑥 10−1 −3.5
Gradient = -((32.8−30.0)𝑥 10−4 ) = 2.8 𝑥 10−4 = -1.25 x 104 K
E𝑎
1.25 x 104 = − 8.31
Ea = 103.9 x 103 J mol-1 = 103.9 kJ mol-1
ii. Based on the graph which you have plotted, 1 A few of candidates were able to obtain the k value at
At 300 K, 𝑇 = 33.3 x 10-4 K-1
calculate the half-life of the above reaction at 1 300 K from the graph that they has plotted. Many
From the graph, when = 33.3 x 10-4 K-1
300 K. [4m] 𝑇 candidates were able to write the equation for half-life
ln k = -100.6 x 10-1 𝑙𝑛 2
(𝑡1 = ) but incorrectly wrote ‘In’ instead of ‘ln’ for ln
k = 4.27 x 10-5 s-1 2 𝑘
Using the expression: 2. Some of candidates gave incorrect equation for half-
𝑙𝑛 2 0.693 𝑙𝑛𝑘 0.693 𝐿𝑛 𝑘
𝑇1 = 𝑘 = 4.27 𝑥 10−5 = 1.62 x 104 s life. Examples 𝑡1 = or half-life = or 𝑡1 = ) or
2 2 𝑘 2 2
2
𝑙𝑛𝑘
𝑇1 = 2
. They also lose mark because did not gave the
2
final answer to 3 significant figures.
Soalan 2015/Q20 The reaction between methanamine and hydrochloric The question was based on acid-base equilibrium
a. Methanamine, CH3NH2 is the simplest aliphatic acid: CH3NH2 + HCl → CH3NH3+ + Cl- (definition of Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis, and alkaline
amine. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to form Bronsted-Lowry defines acids as proton donors and buffer solution). It was not a popular question.
methylammonium chloride. By referring to bases as proton acceptor. Majority of candidates were able to explain the role of
both Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories, In the above reaction, HCl donates a proton to CH3NH2. methanamine in the acid-base reaction. They were
explain the role of methanamine in the acid- Thus, HCl is a Bronsted-Lowry acid and CH3NH2 is a able to explain by referring Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis
base reaction. Write the equation for the Bronsted-Lowry base. theories. Some of the candidates, did not state Lewis
reaction involved. [6m] Lewis defines a base as a lone-pair electron donor and bases as donating lone pair electrons, instead they
an acid as a lone-pair electron acceptor. wrote donating electron pair. A few of candidates
In the CH3NH2 molecules, there is a lone-pair of were unable to explain basicity in term of Lewis base

b. i. A solution was prepared by mixing 100 cm3 of
0.03 mol dm-3 methanamine solution with 100
cm3 of 0.01 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the pH of the aqueous solution
formed at 25oC. The base dissociation
constant, Kb for methanamine is 4.3 x 10-4 mol
dm-3 at 25oC. [7m]
ii. Explain the effect on the pH of the solution in On the addition of a drop of sodium hydroxide, the
(b)(i) if a drop of sodium hydroxide solution is
added to the solution. [2m]
electrons on the nitrogen atom, while the H+ ion in HCl and illustrate Lewis basicity of methanamine as
has an empty orbital (the 1s orbital). In the reaction, donating electron to H+. The candidates were able to
CH3NH2 donates its lone-pair of electrons to the H+ ion write the equation for the reaction involved but failed
to form a coordinate bond. to place ‘+’ charge on N of CH3NH3 ion, and ‘-‘ charge
on Cl ion.
DIAGRAM For example.
Hence, CH3NH2 is Lewis base and H+ is a Lewis acid. CH3NH2 + HCl → CH3N+H3 + Cl-
The mixture is buffer solution. The candidates unnecessarily calculated the
100 concentration of acid, base and salt, but they were not
No. of moles of CH3NH2 = x 0.03 mol = 3.0 x 10-3
1000
mol able to calculate the number of moles of acid, base and
100 salt as per required by the question. Most of them did
No. of moles of HCl = 1000x0.01 mol = 1.0 x 10-3 mol not use the Nerst equation to calculate the pH of the
No. of moles of CH3NH2 left after reaction (3.0 x 10-3) – aqueous solution. Hence, they could not obtain the
(1.0 x 10-3) = 2.0 x 10-3 mol correct answer for the pH of the solution.
No. of moles of CH3NH3Cl formed = 1.0 x 10-3 mol
1000
∴[CH3NH2] = 200 x (2.0 x 10-3)= 0.01 mol dm-3
1000
[CH3NH3Cl] = 200
x (1.0 x 10-3) = 5.0 x 10-3 mol dm-3
[base]
pOH = pKb – log [salt]
0.01
pOH = 3.37 – log = 3.37 – 0.30 = 3.07
5.0 𝑥 10−3
∴ pH = 14 – 3.07 = 10.9
Most of candidates were able to recognise that a buffer
added OH- would be eliminated by the conjugate acid solution was formed and able to explain the effect of
CH3NH3+. the solution if a drop of sodium hydroxide solution is
CH3NH3+ + OH-(added) → CH3NH2 + H2O added to the solution.
As a result, There is no significant change in the pH of
the solution.
Soalan 16 (2016) Most of the candidates were able to draw the lattice structure of solid iodine, that is face-
a. Iodine molecules crystallise in the face-centred cubic structure. centred cubic structure. Candidates failed to label the points on the face-centred cubic
i. Draw the lattice structure of solid iodine. [3m] structure as I2 or I-I.
*draw structure (must have diatom) [3]

ii. Iodine sublimes when heated at 1 atm. Sketch the phase Many candidates were able to draw the phase diagram of water correctly and label the three
diagram showing the sublimation of iodine. [2m] phases, solid, liquid, and vapour. The candidates were able to show the sublimation of iodine at
1 atm by drawing the line but some of them drew the line for sublimation from solid area to the
line between the solid and vapour areas but did not cross to the vapour area. Some of the
candidates did not mark 1 atm at the y-axis. The candidates should draw the line from y-axis
that mark 1 atm to the vapour area as shown in the sample of answer below.

*curve [1], label with sublimation [1]

b. Elements X and Y are diatomic molecules. X2 is a liquid while Y2 Many candidates did not notice that both X2 and Y2 are simple covalent molecules from the
is a solid at standard conditions. The bond length and melting molecular formulae. Thus, they could not link weak intermolecular Van der Waals forces and
points of these molecules are shown in the table below. the molecular size. Some candidates described the physical states of X2 and Y2 is a solid at
Molecule X2 Y2 standard conditions. Candidates were required to be more specific based on the given
Bond length (10-12 m) 120 270 information. For example, X2 is a solid below -7.2oC and a liquid or vapour state is above -7.2oC.
Melting point (oC) -7.2 113.8 Y2 would be a solid below 113.8oC and a liquid state would be above 113.8oC. From the bond
 Describe the physical states X2 and Y2. [3m] length of X2 and Y2, it can be deduced that Y2 is a bigger molecule than X2 resulting in stronger
intermolecular Van der Waals forces between Y2 molecules that explains the higher melting
• Since Y2 has greater molecular size than X2 @ weak van der point.
Waals forces of Y2 is greater than X2 [1]
• X2 is a liquid/ vapour above -7.2oC [1]
• Y2 is a solid below 113.8oC [1]

Soalan 2016/Q17
Water, H2O, and hydrogen fluoride, HF, form a non-ideal solution that shows deviation
from Raoult’s law. The boiling point-composition phase diagram of a mixture of H2O
and HF is shown below.
Many candidates were able to write the formula: PA = XAPoA, which was
unacceptable as the other way to state Raoult’s law. The candidates should state
Raoult’s law in words, Raoult’s law states that the partial pressure of liquid A in a
mixture is the product of the mol fraction of liquid A in the mixture and the
vapour pressure of pure liquid A at that particular temperature. Many of them
used incorrect terms in the Raoult’s law. For example, vapour pressure of liquid
A or partial pressure of pure A.

a. State Raoult’s law. [1m]

Vapour pressure exerted by a mixture of solution is the mol fraction multiply with the
pure vapour pressure [1]
b. Explain why the mixture of H2O and HF is a non-ideal solution. [3m]
• Mixture of H2O and HF shows negative deviation [1]
• Both H2O and HF are hydrogen bonding [1]
• Since the intermolecular forces of mixture (electrostatic attraction forces) is
stronger than in H2O than HF [1]
Most of the candidates were able to identify the intermolecular forces in pure
H2O, pure HF and the mixture which is hydrogen bonding. The mixture of H2O
and HF is a non-ideal solution and shows negative deviation as the intermolecular
hydrogen bonds are stronger between H2O and HF in the mixture than in the
pure liquids, but they did not specify that hydrogen bonds are present in both
H2O and HF.
 c. What is the composition of vapour when the liquid mixture containing 50% of Many candidates only stated one half of the mixture for the composition of
water boils? [1m] vapour when the liquid mixture is contained by 50% of water boils. The vapour
produced is a mixture of approximately 80% H2O (or steam, not water) and 20%
10% of HF and 90% of H2O [1] HF. The candidates should state both compositions of H2O and HF.
d. Determine the boiling point of azeotropic mixture. [1m] A few candidates did not use the correct unit and wrote 120o or 120. The boiling
point of the azeotropic mixture is 120oC.
120 oC
e. State the phase of mixture containing 20% of water at 80oC. [1m] Most of candidates were able to state the phase of mixture containing 20% of
water at 80oC. Many of them used the term gas instead of vapour for the phase.
Liquid and vapour Many candidates incorrectly wrote the phase as liquid-vapour instead of liquid
and vapour.

Soalan 2016/Q18
a. Peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) is one of the components of smog containing C, H, N and O.
Analysis of 1.00 g of PAN was found to contain 0.198 g of C, 0.0250 g of H and 0.116
g of N. Determine the molecular formula of PAN. [5m]
Most candidates were able to determine the mass of oxygen. Hence, they
managed to calculate the empirical and molecular formula of PAN as
C2H3NO5.

Mass of O = 1.00 – (0.198 + 0.0250 + 0.116) @ =0.6610

Calculate mol [1], ratio [1]
Element C H N O
Mass/g 0.198 0.0250 0.116 0.6610
Mol 0.0165 0.0250 0.00829 0.0413
Ratio 2 3 1 5
• Empirical formula: C2H3NO5 [1]
• (C2H3NO5)n = 121 @ [2(12)+3(1)+1(14)+5(16)]n = 121 [1]
• Molecular formula: C2H3NO5 [1]
b. b. A sample of chlorine dioxide is analysed in a mass spectrometer. The chlorine Many candidates were unable to list all the species or did not write the
dioxide molecule, ClO2, consists of 16O, 35Cl and 37Cl isotopes. Give the formulae of charge on the species. Some of them were stated the wrong cations. For
examples, Cl2O+ and O2+. The species would be 35Cl+, 37Cl+, 16O+, 35Cl16O+,
all the species that produce the lines in the mass spectrum. [3m] 37 16 + 35
Cl O , ClO2+. Most candidates only gave two species (35ClO2+, 37ClO2+) as
their answers. Quite a number of candidates wrote O2+ as one of the
Formula of species (1-4√: 1m; 5-7√: 2m; 8√: 3m) species.
m/e = 16; O+ m/e = 32; O2+
m/e = 35; 35Cl+ m/e = 37; 37Cl+
m/e = 51; (35ClO) + m/e = 53; (37ClO)+
m/e = 67; (35ClO2)+ m/e = 69; (35ClO2)+
 c. Explain the formation of line spectrum of He+ ion in the Balmer series using Bohr’s Most of the candidates were unable to explain the formation of line
model. [7m] spectrum of helium ion, He+ which consist of one electron system similar to
hydrogen atom. The He+ ion has one electron. When this electron absorbs
energy, it is excited to a higher energy level. The electron in this excited
• He+ has 1 electron/single electron system [1] state is unstable and will drop to a lower energy level. This will emit energy
• Electron absorbed energy and excite to higher level [1] in the form of light/electromagnetic waves in the process which can be
• Electron at excited state is unstable [1] calculate d from the formula E=hf. This transition of the electron from
higher energy level (n>2) to the second energy level (n=2) produces a set of
• As electron fall from higher level to lower, excess energy is released/ electromagnetic discrete lines of a line spectrum known as the Balmer series. The discrete
wave emited/ photon energy is released [1] lines produced shows that the energy released is quantised. However,
• E = hf/E = hc/𝜆 [1] most candidates were able to show a diagram for the electronic transitions
• Energy [1] spectra [1] (n>2 to n=2) that give rise to the Balmer series.

Soalan 2016/Q19 Many candidates were unable to deduce the structure of –CONH-. They
a. Carbon and nitrogen atoms have electron configurations as shown below. could not fully describe the hybridisation of C and N. The candidates first
state that the valence electron configuration of C is 2s 22p2 and of N is
2s22p3. In carbon, one electron from the 2s orbital is excited to the vacant
2p orbital. The electron in the 2s orbital and the electron in two 2p
orbitals undergo sp2 hybridisation. In nitrogen, the electrons in the 2s and
2p orbitals will undergo sp3 hybridisation. Thus, the carbon will be able to
form the three Ꝺ bonds and one π bond. Meanwhile, nitrogen will be able
to form three Ꝺ bonds. Only few candidates who knew the structure of a
peptide bond were able to determine the type of hybridisations. Most of
them were able to give the valence electronic configuration for the excited
state of carbon as 2s12px12py12pz1, carbon undergoes hybridisation of sp2
i. Describe the formation of hybridised orbitals of carbon and nitrogen in a and nitrogen undergoes hybridisation of sp3. However, candidates failed
peptide bond, -CONH-. [5m] to mention that in peptide bond, the carbon forms three Ꝺ and one π
bonds and nitrogen forms three Ꝺ bonds. Some candidates stated three
• C is sp2 hybridised [1] single bonds for CN- instead of ‘a triple bond’. Some candidates also
described that hybridisation of C with O and H, which is not the part of the
• N is sp3 hybridised [1]
task.
• C form 1 𝜋-bond and 3 𝜎-bond [1]
• N form 3 𝜎-bond with one lone pair electrons [1]
• Structure at excited state [1]

ii. the Lewis structure of CN- ion. [1m]
iii. Explain the differences in bond length between carbon and nitrogen in both –
CONH- and CN- ion. [4m]
•Since C-N in peptide has single bond [1]
•While C-N in cyanide ion has triple bond [1]
•Bond length of C-N in peptide is longer than in cyanide ion [1]
•As C-N in cyanide contain 2 𝜋-bond and 1 𝜎-bond while –CONH- consist of 1 𝜎-
bond [1]
b. Beryllium and barium are elements of Group 2 in the Periodic Table. Both Beryllium
and barium react with chlorine to form chloride compounds. Compare the melting
points of both chlorides. Explain your answer. [5m]
• BaCl2 has higher melting point than BeCl2 [1]
• BaCl2 is held by strong ionic bond/electrostatic attraction forces [1]
• BaCl2 is an ionic compound [1]
• BeCl2 is simple covalent molecule [1]
• Hold by weak van der Waals’ forces [1]
Many candidates placed the charge on the wrong atom. Therefore, they
were unable to draw the Lewis structure of CN- ion well. The Lewis
structure should be depicted as follows: -:C≡N:
Many candidates were able to draw the Lewis structure of cyanide ion but
the negative charge was placed on N or outside a bracket, and not at C
atom.
Most of the candidates were unable to explain the differences in bond
length between carbon and nitrogen in both –CONH- and CN-. The correct
explanation for this part if that there is a triple bond (1Ꝺ and 2π bonds)
between C and N in CN-and only a single bond (1Ꝺ bond) between C and N
in –CONH-. Thus, the bond between C and N in –CONH- is longer than in
CN-. Most candidates correctly stated that the C and N bond in peptide
bond is longer, and in CN-, a triple bond is formed between C and N while a
single bond is formed in peptide bond. However, most of them did not
mention there are two π and one Ꝺ bonds in CN-and one bond between C
and N in –CONH-.
Very few candidates were able to compare and explain the difference in
the melting point between BaCl2 and BeCl2. Barium and beryllium form
BaCl2 and BeCl2 respectively when reacted with chlorine. BaCl2 is an ionic
compound with strong ionic bonds between the ions of opposite charge
(Ba2+ and Cl-). BeCl2 is a simple covalent compound with weak
intermolecular Van der Waals forces of attraction. Thus, BeCl2 would have
a lower melting point than BaCl2. A few candidates spelled beryllium as
beryllium even though the correct spelling was given in the question. It
was also noticed that a few candidates could not correctly state the
formula for the chlorides. They write formula as BeCl and BaCl. Some of
the candidates explained in term of size of the cations and polarizability.
They also incorrectly stated that both compounds were covalent with weak
Van der Waals forces or both were ionic. Some of them were careless in
writing B for barium instead of Ba, or when comparing between Be and Ba
metals instead of BeCl2 and BaCl2.
Soalan 2016/Q20 Most candidates were unable to calculate Kp for the system given. Some
a. The dissociation of steam into hydrogen and oxygen is shown in the equation below. candidates were also unable to give the correct expression of Kp for the
system given. Nevertheless, those who can solve the calculation problem
2H2O(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + O2(g) did not give the final answer to the correct number of significant figure and
i. Calculate the equilibrium constant, KP, of the reaction, when 2.0% of steam unit.
is dissociated at a high temperature and a total pressure of 1.0 atm. [5m] Many candidates made mistakes in the calculation which should have been
as follows:
2H2O(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Initial/mol 1 0 0
Initial/mol 1.0 0 0 Change/mol -0.02 +0.02 +0.01
1
Dissociation -(1.0)(0.02) +(1.0)(0.02) + (1.0)(0.02) Final/mol 0.98 0.02 0.01
2
At eqm 0.98 0.02 0.01
Total number of mol in system at equilibrium = 0.98 + 0.02 + 0.01 = 1.01 mol
Total mol = 0.98 + 0.02 + 0.01 = 1.01 mol [1] Therefore,
0.98 0.98
PH2O = (1.01)(1.0) = 0.9703 atm 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 = x 1.0 atm = 0.97 atm
1.01
0.02 0.02
PH2 = (1.01)(1.0) = 0.0198 atm 𝑃𝐻2 = x 1.0 atm = 0.020 atm
1.01
0.01
0.02 𝑃𝑂2 = x 1.0 atm = 0.0099 atm
PO2 = (1.01)(1.0) = 0.0099 atm 1.01
𝑃𝐻2 2 𝑃𝑂2 2
(PH2 )2 (PO2 ) (0.0198)2 (0.0099) Kp = = 4.2 x 10-6 atm
𝑃 𝐻2 𝑂 2
KP = @ [1]
(PH2 O )2 (0.9703)2 In general, candidates did not calculate the total number of mole. There are
KP = 4.1 x 10-6 atm [1] quite a number of candidates who wrote expression for Kp. They used ‘[ ]’
[𝑃𝐻2 ]2 [𝑃𝑂2 ]2
to represent partial pressure, P or to multiply, for example .
[𝑃𝐻2 𝑂 ]2
Candidates were careless when calculating number of moles of H 2O at
equilibrium (1.0-0.02 = 0.08) instead of 1.0-0.02 = 0.98. Candidates should
round up their final answer to two significant figures as in the data given in
the question.
ii. What can be deduced by the different values of KP at standard conditions Many candidates were unable to explain the difference of K p values at
which is 2.0 x 10-24 atm with your answer in (a)(i)? [2m] different temperatures. The much smaller value of K p shows that the
formation of water is favoured at standard conditions. For an example,
equilibrium is to the left at standard conditions as the forward reaction is an
• As T increase, Kp increased [1] endothermic reaction. Since many did not manage to determine the value
• Very small Kp value; formation of water is favoured/ equilibrium shift to the of Kp in part (a)(i), therefore in part(a)(ii), they failed to compare and explain
left [1] the effect of temperature on equilibrium position and enthalpy change of
reaction by referring to the two Kp values
b. The major component of sour milk is lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)COOH. When 10.00 cm3 of a Many candidates were able to draw the graph of pH against volume of
solution of lactic acid was titrated wit 0.050 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, the NaOH accurately but it must be noted that a few candidates labelled the
axis wrongly. Other mistakes included writing pH instead of pH. They used
following readings were obtained.
Volume 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 a scale that is difficult to read. Thus, they plotted the points wrongly.
of NaOH/
cm3
pH 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.4 5.0 9.0 11.6 11.8
i. plot a graph of pH against volume of NaOH. [3m]

ii. From your graph, determine the equivalence point. Calculate the concentration Majority of the candidates were unable to answer this question
and the value of Ka for lactic acid. [5m] appropriately. Candidates were unable to use the graph to determine the
equivalence point which is around 15.70 cm3. They also were unable to
determine the concentration of lactic acid which is 0.079 mol dm-3 (two
• Equivalent point at 15.6-16.0 cm3 [1] significant figures). As this question was for a titration between a weak acid
1
• pH at 2V = pKa = 3.9 [1] and a strong base, a buffer solution was formed before the equivalence
point was reached. The maximum buffer capacity was exactly midway
• Ka = 1.3 x 10-4 mol dm-3[1] through the titration and at this point, pH = pKa (from the Henderson-
M𝐴 V𝐴 𝑎 M𝐴 (10.00) 1
• = 𝑏 @ (0.0500)(16.00) = 1 [1] Hesselbalch equation). Thus, pKa can be obtained from the graph which was
M V
𝐵 𝐵 3.9. Thus, value for Ka is 1.3x10-4 mol dm-3. Some candidates were able to
• MA = 0.080 mol dm-3 [1] calculate the concentration of lactic acid but the answer was not given to
the correct significant figure and without stating the unit. However, most of
them could not determine the value of Ka from the graph. Some candidates
[𝐻 + ]2
calculated the value of Ka by using Ostwald dilution theory: Ka = , since
𝑐
the pH of the acid is given as 2.5 and initial concentration, c, of lactic acid
can be calculated by using the equivalence point. A few candidates used
𝑀 𝑉
the formula for dilution (M1V1 = M2V2) instead of 𝑎 𝑎 = 1. A significant
𝑀𝑏 𝑉𝑏
number of candidates did not know that the pH of half of the volume was
required to achieve the equivalence point on the graph as pKa. Therefore,
they failed to calculate Ka by using antilog (-pKa).
Soalan 2017/Q16 Most candidates were able to calculate the number of protons in X as 30.
a. The nucleon number of an isotope of element X is 64. The isotope has
34 neutrons. Calculate the number of protons in X. [1m]

30
b. The cation derived from X has 28 electrons. Write the symbol for the Many candidates were able to write the symbol for the cation as either Zn 2+ or X2+. A few
cation. [1m] candidates wrongly wrote the formula of the cation as X+2.

X2+
c. The mass spectrum of element X is shown below. Most candidates were able to determine the relative atomic mass of X from its mass
spectrum. Some of them gave incorrect decimal places for the numerical value of the
relative atomic mass of X. The answer was 65.

Determine the relative atomic mass of X. [2m]

(64𝑥100)+(66𝑥56)+(67𝑥8)+(68𝑥38)
AR of X = [1]= 65.4 [1]
100+56+8+38
d. An impure sample of X is treated with an excess of sulphuric acid. Most candidates were able to write a balanced equation for the reaction of X with sulphuric
Write a balanced equation for the reaction. [1m] acid.
X + H2SO4 → XSO4 + H2 or Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

X + H2SO4 → XSO4 + H2
e. If 0.0764 g of hydrogen is obtained from a sample of 3.86 g, calculate Most candidates were unable to calculate the percentage purity of the sample as 64.7% or
the percentage purity of the sample. [3m] 64.8% or 64.3%. Candidates calculated the number of moles of H 2, but did not relate this to
the number of moles of X. The most common error was to calculate the mole of X from the
mass of the sample.
0.0764
Mol of H2 = @ 0.0382 mol [1]
2(1.0)
 3.86
Mol of X = 65.4 @ 0.0590 [1]
0.0382
%purity = 0.0590 x100% = 64.7% [1]

Soalan 2017/Q17 Many candidates were able to state the correct answer. For example, the temperature was
a. The synthesis of ammonia was discovered by Fritz Haber in a 350-600oC and pressure was 200-250 atm for the Haber process.
laboratory and is known as the Haber process. Then, Carl Bosch
developed the synthesis to manufacture ammonia on a large scale.
i. State the temperature and pressure for the Haber process in
an industry to manufacture ammonia. [2m]

Temperature: 450-500 oC
Pressure: 200 atm
ii. Fine iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber process. What type Many candidates were able to state the type of catalysis as heterogeneous.
of catalysis reaction is involved? [1m]

Heterogeneous catalyst
b. The results of a titration between aqueous ammonia and 0.050 mol dm-3 of Many candidates were unable to show the buffer zone on the graph from pH 8.5-9.5. Some
a strong acid, HX, at 25oC is shown in the graph below. candidates drew the circle slightly outside the buffer zone.
i. The titration mixture exhibits buffering capacity at a stage in the titration.
Circle the buffer zone on the graph. [1m]
*circle between somewhere 5-15 cm
ii. The pOH of the alkaline buffer which is formed in the titration is given by Most of the candidates were unable to determine the value of the equilibrium constant, K b of
[NH4+ ] ammonia at 25oC and gave the answer to the correct number of significant figure. For
pOH = pKb + log [NH example, the pH when buffer capacity is maximum, which was when [NH4+]:[NH3] is 1:1,
3]
Based on the graph, determine the value of the equilibrium constant, Kb, of would be at approximately 9.0. Thus, pOH would be 5.0. When substituted in the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation given, the Kb value would be 1.0x10-5 mol dm-3. Some
ammonia at 25oC. [3m] candidates were able to calculate pOH from the pH value. However, they failed to determine
the pH at maximum buffer capacity and state that [NH 4+]/[NH3] = 1.
End point occur at 20 cm3: therefore 1/2V of end point is at 10 cm3 where
pOH = pKb [1]
pKb= pOH = 14-pH@ 14-9 = 5 [1]
Kb = -lg5 @ 1.0 x 10-5 mol dm-3 [1]
Soalan 2017/Q18 Most of the candidates were unable to draw the correct Lewis structures for ammonium and
a. An ammonia molecule accepts one hydrogen ion to form an amide ions, mostly by not placing the positive and negative charges on N, as shown below:
DIAGRAM
ammonium ion or loses one hydrogen ion to form an amide ion. Most of them were able to state that ammonium ion is tetrahedral with bond angle 109.5 o
i. Draw the Lewis structures of ammonium and amide ions. while amide ion is bent or V-shaped. They made mistake when writing the formula of
Compare the shapes of the two ions. [8m] ammonium ion as NH4- and amide ion as NH2+. The candidates incorrectly wrote bond angle
as 107.5o instead of 109.5o for NH4+ ion. They also did not state that the bond angle for
Each structure = 3x[1]x2 amide ion is less than 109.5o. Instead, candidates wrote the exact angle as 104o or 104.5o.
The candidates did not state the VSEPR theory to explain the shapes of the ions and wrote an
Ammonium ion, NH4+ Amide ion, NH2+ incorrect term for bond pair, namely ‘bonded pair’.
Diagram Diagram
4 bond pair e 2 bond pair e
No lone pair e 2 lone pair e
Tetrahedral bent
• Angle of amide ion (104.5 ) is smaller than ammonium ion (109o) [1]
o

• Due to lone pair e - lone pair e repulsion is stronger than bond pair e –
bond pair e [1]

ii. Predict whether ammonium ion can form a complex with Cu2+ Many candidates were able to state that ammonium ion cannot form a complex with Cu 2+ ion
ion. Explain your answer. [3m] because it does not have lone pairs. Some of them incorrectly explained that NH 4+ cannot
form complex with Cu2+ because it has already achieved an octet configuration or both are
positive charge ions.
• Ammonium ion cannot form complex with Cu2+ [1]
• Since ammonium ion does not have lone pair e [1]
• Cannot form dative bond with Cu2+ [1]
b. Ammonia and phosphine, PH3, are hydrides of Group 15. Which Most of the candidates were able to state that NH3 is more polar than PH3, and gave
molecule is more polar? Explain your answer. [4m] explanation by stating that both molecules have the same shape, and that N was more
electronegative than P. The candidates did not state that N-H bond was more polar than P-H
bond.
• Both ammonia and phosphine has the structure of [1]
• DIAGRAM
• However, NH3 is more polar than PH3 [1]
• Since N is more electronegative than P/ N-H bond is more polar than
P-H bond [1]
• Causing dipole moment of NH3 is greater than PH3 [1]
Soalan 2017/Q19 Many candidates were able to use the gas equation to calculate the volume and the mass of
a. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 1.2 x 10-3 dm3 at a oxygen gas. Some candidates used the formula as shown below:
P1 V1 P2 V2
temperature of 2.0oC and pressure of 2.4 atm. What is the volume =
T1 T2
(2.4)(1.2𝑥10−3 ) (1.0)V2
and mass of the sample of gas under room condition? [6m] =
(273+2.0) (273+25)
Thus, V2 or the volume of the gas at room conditions is 3.1 x 10-3 dm3.
• use formula P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 [1] As V2 at 25oC is 24.4 dm3, the number of moles of oxygen gas is
3.1𝑥10−3
= 1.27 x 10-4 mol.
24.4
(2.4)(1.2𝑥10−3 ) (1.0)𝑉
• 2
= (25.0+273) [1] Mass of oxygen gas, O2 is thus obtained, by using the formula as shown below:
(2.0+273) 𝑚
n=
• V = 3.1 x 10-3 dm3 [1] 𝑀𝑟
𝑚
1.27 x 10-4 =
Alternative 1: 16.0𝑥2
3.1 𝑥 10−3 m = 4.1 x 10-3 g
• Mol = 24.4 @ 1.28 x 10-4 [1] The candidates did not write correctly and use the formula for the calculation. Some
• Mass = 1.28 10-4 x 2(16.0) [1] candidates used PV = nRT, and did not change the temperature from oC to K and the pressure
from atm to Pa or kPa and also used an incorrect value for R (universal gas constant). Most
Alternative 2: candidates did not give the numerical answers with the correct number of significant figures,
𝑚
• PV = nRT @ PV = 𝑀 RT [1] namely V = 3.1 x 10-3 dm3, m = 4.1 x 10-3 g.
𝑟
𝑚
• (1.0)(3.1x10-3) = 2𝑥16.0 (0.0821)(298) [1]
• m = 4.1 x 10-3 g [1]
b. Our body needs oxygen gas at a partial pressure of 0.20 atm. At a toal Many candidates were able to calculate the percentage of oxygen gas which was required to
pressure of 2.4 atm, calculate the percentage of oxygen gas required maintain a partial pressure of 0.20 atm. They did not give the numerical answers with the
correct number of significant figures which is 8.3%. They also did not write the formula of
to maintain a partial pressure of 0.20 atm. [3m] Dalton’s law.

0.20
PO2 = xO2 (Ptot) @ xO2 = 2.4 [1]
XO2 = 0.083 [1]
%O2 = 0.083 x 100% = 8.3% [1]
c. There are two types of solid, namely crystalline and amorphous solids. Most of the candidates were unable to draw the cell unit of iodine as face-centered cubic.
NaCl, I2 and SiO2 are examples of crystalline solids while glass is an The candidates also did not label the particle as I2, but instead they labelled it as iodine. They
were unable to explain that crystalline iodine was due to the orderly arrangement of its
example of amorphous solid. molecules. Many candidates wrote fixed positions, fixed arrangement, closely packed, or
i. Draw the unit cell of iodine and explain why it is a crystalline solid lattice structure.
under room condition? [2m]

Structure [1]
DIAGRAM
Explanation: since it is a solid with orderly arranged particles [1]
ii. Arrange the melting points of NaCl, I2 and SiO2, in ascending order. Many candidates were able to arrange the melting points in ascending order: I 2, NaCl, SiO2
Explain your answer. [4m] and explain the order as simple molecule for I2, ionic compound for NaCl and giant covalent
 • I2<NaCl<SiO2 [1]
• I2 is a simple covalent molecule hold by weak van der Waals forces [1]
• NaCl is hold by ionic bond in a solid crystal lattice [1]
• SiO2 is bond by giant covalent structure [1]
molecule for SiO2. Some candidates did not understand the term ascending order, and
experienced difficulties in differentiating the simple covalent molecules, ionic compounds
and giant covalent structures. A few candidates made mistakes, such as using the term bone
instead of bond, and on the concept of bonding in SiO2 when they stated that SiO2 had a
giant covalent bond when it should be SiO2 had a giant covalent structure. They also
explained that I2 had the lowest melting point due to weak van der Waals forces rather than
a simple molecule. Many candidates wrote NaCl has the highest melting point.

Soalan 2017/Q20 Most candidates were unable to define the rate law for a chemical reaction.
a. Define rate law for a chemical reaction. [2m]

Rate law is a way to expresses the relationship of the rate of a reaction to the
rate constant and the concentration of the reactants raised to some powers
[1]
b. The combustion of nitrogen monoxide, NO, produces nitrogen Many candidates were able to write the reaction equation for the combustion of nitrogen
dioxide, NO2. The results of three experiments carried out at a monoxide:
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
constant temperature are given below.
Experiment [NO]/ mol [O2]/ mol Initial rate of reaction/ mol
dm-3 dm-3 dm-3 s-1
1 0.800 0.160 6.62 x 10-4
2 0.200 0.160 4.14 x 10-5
3 0.800 0.320 1.33 x 10-3

i. Write the reaction equation for the combustion of nitrogen

monoxide. [1m]

2NO + O2→ 2NO2 [1]

ii. Determine the rate law for the combustion of nitrogen Majority of the candidates were able to determine the rate law as rate = k[NO] 2[O2]. The
monoxide and calculate the rate constant. [7m] candidates also were able to calculate the rate constant, k = 6.46 x 10-3 dm6 mol-2 s-1. A few
candidates made the mistakes of writing the rate law as Rate = k[NO]2[O2]1.

Rate equation: rate = k[NO]x[O2]y

• Exp 1: 6.62 x 10-4 = k(0.800)x(0.160)y [1]
• Exp 2: 4.14 x 10-5 = k(0.200)x+(0.160)y [1]
• Exp 3: 1.33 x 10-3 = k(0.800)x(0.320)y [1]
• Compare Exp ½ : x = 2 [1]
 • Compare Exp 2/3 : y = 1 [1]
• Rate = k[NO]2[O2] [1]
6.62𝑥10−4
• Use Exp 1 (or any): k = (0.800)2 (0.160)1 [1]
• k = 6.47 x 10-3 mol-2 dm6 s-1 [1]
iii. Explain the effects on the reaction rate and rate constant Majority of the candidates were able to calculate the rate when the concentration of NO was
when [NO] is tripled and [O2] is decreased eight times. [5m] tripled and the concentration of O2 was decreased eight times. The effect should be
explained as a combined change in concentration:
1 9
Rate = k{3[NO]}2{ [O2]} = k [NO]2[O2]
• Changing concentration will not change rate constant [1] 8 8
Thus, the reaction rate increased, but the rate constant remained unchanged as there was no
• Rate, x = k[NO]2[O2] change in temperature.
• Since [NO] is tripled = [3NO]: while [O2] decreased 8 time
[1/8O2] [1]
• Rate = k[3NO]2[1/8O2] [1]
1 9
• Rate = 9x 8 x k[NO]2[O2] @ rate = 8x [1]
• Therefore increase the rate of reaction [1]

Soalan 2018/Q16 Most of the candidates were able to state the shape of NH4+ ion as tetrahedral and
a. Draw the Lewis structures for NH4+ and NO3- ions and predict their shapes. the shape of NO3- ion as trigonal planar but they were unable to draw the correct
[4 marks] Lewis structures for NH4+ ion and NO3- ion, mainly by not writing the charge of the
Ion Structure Shape ion on the correct atom, as shown below.
DIAGRAM

NH4+

NO3-
 Shape [1] + Tetrahedral [1] Shape [1] + Trigonal planar [1]
b. Explain why aluminium chloride is a covalent compound whereas aluminium
fluoride is an ionic compound. [3 marks]
• Al3+ ion has high charge density/high polarising power [1]
• F- has smaller ionic radius than Cl- [1]
• Cl- high polarizability/electron cloud is easily distorted [1]
Soalan 2018/Q17
A crystal lattice of ice is shown in the diagram below.
a. What is the lattice structure of the crystalline solid above? [1m]
Cubic close pack
b. State the chemical bonds which exist in the crystal lattice of ice. [2
marks]
Hydrogen bonds
c. Sketch and label the phase diagram of water. [3]
Most of the candidates stated correctly that Cl is bigger than F, or Cl is more
polarizable than F, in explaining why aluminium chloride is a covalent compound
while aluminium fluoride is an ionic compound. However, they did not state that
aluminium has high charge density, that fluorine has high electronegativity and also
mentioned incorrectly chloride and fluoride instead of chlorine and fluorine.
Most of the candidates were unable to state the lattice structure of ice as either
molecular structure or hexagonal structure. Their answer was face-centered cubic
structure.
Majority of the candidates were able to state the covalent bond and the hydrogen
bond in crystal lattice of ice.
Most of the candidates were able to sketch and to label the phase diagram of water.
Some of them drew the solid-vapour boundary as a straight line.
 Axis [1], curve [1], label [1]
d. State one anomalous behaviour of water and give your reason. [2 Most of the candidates stated correctly that ice is less dense than water, and
marks] explained the answer as due to the open structure or large volume of ice. But, some
of them stated incorrectly that bonding in ice is van der Waals forces and they also
• Density of ice(solid) is less than water(liquid) [1] stated that the anomalous behaviour of water in terms of melting and boiling points.
• Space volume occupied by water in liquid is smaller than that of
ice [1]

Soalan 2018/Q18 Most of the candidates were able to give the correct answer for the relative
1
a. Atom X has one electron and its mass is 6 mass of an atom of carbon-12. atomic mass of atom X as 2 but, some candidates were unable to write the
i. Determine the relative atomic mass of X and write its chemical symbol. expression for the determination of relative atomic mass, as follows:
12xmass of an atom of X
[3 marks] Relative atomic mass = Mass of an atom of C-12
Ar of X = 12x (1/6) [1] = 2 [1] They were also unable to write the correct chemical symbol of X and gave X as 21H
Symbol of X: 21X [1] or identified incorrectly X as H.
ii. Compare the behaviour of a beam of X+ ions with a beam of protons in Most candidates were able to state that the beam of X+ and the beam of proton
the same magnetic field. [4m] were deflected in the same direction. They also stated correctly that X+ ion was
• Both X+ and proton (H+) deflect on the same path in magnetic field [1] heavier than proton. Some of them wrote incorrectly the symbol for X as 21H or
• X+ deflect further than proton (H+) in magnetic field [1] (can be identified incorrectly X as He.
represented using diagram which indicate magnetic field and deflection
of X+ and H+)
• Since atomic mass of X+ is greater than H+ [1]
• Causing m/e in X+ is greater than H+ [1]
b. Compound Y is made up of 82.35% N and 17.65% H atoms. Its mass spectrum Most of the candidates were able to calculate the simplest ratio of N:H as 1:3.
is shown below.
 Thus, they were able to determine the chemical formula of compound Y as NH3.
Some of them wrote the simplest ratio as 1.0:3.0 or 1.00:3.00 instead of the
whole number integer.

i. Determine the chemical formula of compound Y. [3 marks]

Calculating mol of N and H [1]
Mass 82.35 17.65
Mol = mass/RAM 82.35 17.65
@ 5.882 mol @ 17.65 mol
14.0 1.0
Ratio 1 3
Empirical formula = NH3 [1]
Highest peak is at 17:17 = [1(14.0) + 3(1.0)]n; n = 1 [1]
Molecular formula = NH3 [1]
ii. Identify the ions which cause the peaks at m/e = 16 and m/e =18. Explain your Most of the candidates were able to identify the ion which caused the peak at
answer. [5 marks] m/e = 16 as NH2+ ion but they were unable to identify the ion which caused the
• m/e = 16 is due to NH2+ [1] peak at m/e 18 as NH4+ ion or 15NH3+ instead of NDH2+ ion. Some of the
• due to bond breaking that produce fragment of NH2+[1] candidates were unable to write the fragmentation equation for compound Y as
• m/e = 18 is due to 2H-N1H2+ [1] follows:
• presence of isotope of deuterium ion, 2H [1] NH3+ → NH2+ + H or NH2D+ → NH2+ + D
For the explanation, most candidates were unable to state that deuterium, D, is
an isotope of hydrogen, H, and the peak m/e = 18 was very weak because the
percentage of D was very low.

Soalan 2018/Q19 Most of the candidates were able to state that hydrogen atom or
a. The first four lines of the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom in the Balmer series are electron absorbs energy. They also stated correctly that the electron
shown in the diagram below. in the excited state was unstable and loss energy in the form of

i. Explain the formation of the emission spectrum above. [6 marks]
• H has 1 electron/single electron system [1]
• Electron absorbed energy emitted by visible light an excite to higher level [1]
• Electron at excited state is unstable [1]
• As electron fall from higher level to lower lever, excess energy is released/electromagnetic
wave emitted/photon energy is released [1]
• At ground state energy level n = 2 [1]
• As difference of energy level increase, the wavelength decrease [1]
ii. Draw a labelled energy level diagram to show the electron transitions in an excited
hydrogen atom. [5 marks]
b. Selenium, Se, is a p block element with proton number 34. Write the electronic
configuration of Se. Explain how the electronic configuration is derived. [4 marks]
• Se: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4 [1]
• Electrons filled in from lowest energy level as stated by Aufbau’s Principle [1]
• Each orbitals occupied by a pair of opposite spin electrons as stated by Pauli’s
electromagnetic radiation when it falls down from a higher energy
level to n =2 for Balmer series. A few candidates were unable to state
that the electron is excited and but mentioned incorrectly that the
atom is excited. They also did not explain the formation of lines in the
spectrum due to quantisation of energy. They also stated incorrectly
that the energy level is quantised instead of the energy of electron is
quantised.
Most of the candidates were able to draw the energy level diagram to
show the electron transitions in the Balmer series, as show below:
Some candidates were unable to draw five lines with the first
electronic transition of n = ∞ to n = 2 corresponding to the line at 𝜆 =
410 and labelled incorrectly energy as energy level. The candidates
also were unable to relate the two lines at 410.2 and 656.3 as due to
electron transitions from n = 6 to n = 2 and n = 3 to n = 2, respectively.
Most of the candidates were able to write the electronic configuration
of Se as 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4. The candidates were able to
explain that the arrangement of electrons in an atom follows the
Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. Some
candidates were unable to state that based on the Aufbau principle,
 Exclusion Principle [1] the electron fill form the lower energy level instead of the lowest
• At 2p/3p/3d/4p orbitals with the same energy level, each orbital is occupied first energy level. They also stated incorrectly that based on the Pauli
by single electron with parallel spin as stated by Hund’s rule [1] exclusion principle, two electron occupy an orbital with the opposite
spin but, stated correctly that based on the Hund’s rule. The
degenerate orbitals are filled singly first with parallel spin.
Soalan 2018/Q20 Most of the candidates were able to write the expression for the
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) ∆H = +58.0 kJ equilibrium constant, KP and calculate its value which was KP = 0.11
a. At 25oC, a mixture of N2O4 and NO2 at equilibrium has a total pressure of 0.35 atm. If the atm. Some of the candidates were unable to use the square brackets
equilibrium partial pressure of NO2 is 0.15 atm, calculate the equilibrium constant, Kp, for ([PNO2] and [PN2O4]) in the expression for KP and gave the numerical
the dissociation of N2O4. Hence, calculate the degree of dissociation of N2O4 at 25oC and value for KP to two significant figures.
10 atm pressure. [8 marks] The candidates were also unable to calculate the degree of
Since Ptot = 0.35 atm; while PNO2 = 0.15 atm, hence PN2O4 = 0.35-0.15 @ 0.20 atm [1] dissociation of N2O4 at 25oC and 10 atm, as shown below:
(PNO2 )2 (0.15)2 N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2
KP = PN2O4
@ 0.20
[1]
Initial mol 1 0
KP = 0.11 atm [1] Mol at equilibrium 1-x 2x
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) Total mol at equilibrium 1+x 1+x
Initial 1 0 Partial pressure at equilibrium (1 − 𝑥)10 (2𝑥)10
Dissociation -α +2α (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)
At equilibrium 1-α 2α
Total mol = 1-𝛼+2α = 1+α [1] (2𝑥)10 2
( )
Calculate partial pressure of NO2 and N2O4 [1] (1+𝑥)
1−∝ (1−𝑥)10 = 0.11
PN2O4 = (1+𝛼)x10 ( (1+𝑥) )
2𝛼 x = 5% (or 0.05) or 5.2% (or 0.052)
PNO2 = (1+𝛼)x10
1−∝
(PNO2 )2 [( )x10]2
1+𝛼
KP = @ 0.1125 = 2𝛼 [1]
PN2O4 ( )x10
1+𝛼
α = 0.053 [1]
b. Explain the changes in colour, pressure, average molar gas, degree of dissociation and Kp Most candidates were able to use the Le Chatelier principle to explain
when the mixture is heated from 25oC to 45oC. [7 marks] the effect of increase in heat in an endothermic reaction and stated
• Since forward reaction is endothermic [1] that the degree of dissociation and KP value increased on heating.
• Equilibrium shift to right [1] Some candidates were unable to state that the forward reaction was
• Kp increase as product increase [1] endothermic, the colour changed from colourless to brown instead of
• Colour of mixture turned to darker brown [1] the mixture changed to darker brown, correlated the increase in
• As degree of dissociation increase [1] pressure as to increase in the number of molecules and the average
• Pressure increase as more NO2 produced [1] molar mass increased or decreased. The correct answer was either
• Average molecular mass decrease [1] the species with the lower average molar mass increases or there was
no change in the average molar mass.
Soalan 2019/Q16
Boron is a metalloid and a low-abundance element in the earth’s crust. The nucleon
number and the relative atomic mass of boron are 11 and 10.8 respectively.
a) Why do the nucleon number and the relative atomic mass of boron show different
values? [2]
• Boron is made up of more than one isotope with difference abundance that made
up the atomic mass [1]
• Nucleon number of 11B is the summation of number of proton and number of
neutron in an atom [1]
b) Boron exists naturally as boron-10 and boron-11 with their relative abundance of
18.7% and 81.3%, respectively, while fluorine exists naturally as only fluorine-19.
i. Calculate the relative molecular mass of boron trifluoride. [2]
RAM of B = 10(18.7) + 11(81.3)/ (18.7+81.3) [1]
RMM of BF3 = 10.8 + 3(19) = 67.8 (3 s.f.) [1]
ii. A mass spectrum of boron trifluoride is shown below.
Many candidates only explained the general concept of nucleon number and
relative atomic mass but failed to relate the above terms and the values given
with reference to boron as required by the question. For example, the
candidates did not state the number of protons as 5 and neutron as 6 in their
definition of nucleon number of boron. A few candidates stated relative
atomic mass refers to the average mass of isotopes of boron.
Most candidates were able to determine the relative molecular mass of boron
trifluoride as 67.8. However, a few candidates did not round up the relative
molecular mass to three significant figures and a few even used units, g or g
mol-1 in the answer.
Most candidates were able to give the fragmented ions at m/e 48, 49 and 68.
However, many candidates did not show the positive charge on the fragment
ions. For example, 10BF2, 11BF2, 11BF3 instead of 10BF2+, 11BF2+, 11BF3+. They also
included both the nucleon and proton number of the atoms in the formula of
the fragment ions such as [ 105B 199F2 ]+.

Deduce the fragment represented by the peaks in the spectrum above. [3]

m/e Fragment
48

49

68

m/e 48: (10BF2)+, m/e 49 : (11BF2)+, m/e 68: (11BF3)+ [3]

 Soalan 2019/Q17
The reaction of nitric oxide with hydrogen at 1280 oC is given below. Most candidates were able to determine the order of reaction using the data given
2NO(g) + 2H2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) in the question. However, there were some candidates who did not write out the
general rate equation for the reaction. Some left out the rate constant, k, when
Three experiments were carried out separately and the following data are collected. comparing and substituting the experimental data in the rate equations.
Experiment [NO]/ moldm-3 [H2]/ moldm-3 Initial rate/
moldm-3s-1
-2 -3
1 1.0 x 10 2.0 x 10 5.0 x 10-5
2 1.0 x 10-2 4.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-4
-2 -3
3 2.0 x 10 8.0 x 10 8.0 x 10-4
a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to H2 and NO. [4]
• Rate = k [NO]a[H2]b [1]
• Substitute all 3 exp into equation [3]
• Exp 1: 5.0x10-5 = k(1.0x10-2)a(2.0x10-3)b
• Exp 2: 1.0x10-4 = k(1.0x10-2)a(4.0x10-3)b
• Exp 3: 8.0x10-4 = k(2.0x10-2)a(8.0x10-3)b
• Compare Exp 2/Exp 1: b = 1 [First order wrt H2] [1]
• Compare Exp 3/Exp 1: a = 2 [Second order wrt NO] [1]
b) Write the rate equation for the reaction. [1] Many candidates were able to write the rate equation for the reaction.
Rate = k[NO]2[H2]
c) Calculate the rate constant, k. [2] Most candidates were able to calculate the value of the rate constant, k. Some
From Exp 1: 5.0x10-5 = k(1.0x10-2)2(2.0x10-3) [1] candidates give incorrect significant figures, wrong unit and no unit for the rate
k = 250 mo-2dm6s-1[1] constant.
d) Calculate the initial reaction rate when the concentration of both NO and H2 Most candidates were able to calculate the initial rate when concentrations of NO
are 5.0 x 10-3 moldm-3. [1] and H2 were given but many of them did not round up the final answer to two
-2 2 -3 -5 -3 -1
Rate = 250(5.0x10 ) (5.0x10 ) = 3.1 x 10 mol dm s (2 s.f.) significant figures.
 Soalan 2019/Q18
Sulphur can form various oxides such as SO2, SO3 and SO32-. Many candidates were able to draw the Lewis structures of SO2, SO3 and SO32- with
a) Draw the Lewis structure of each oxide given and deduce the shapes of the octet and/or expanded octet configuration. Common mistakes made by some
molecules using the VSEPR theory. [12] candidates are as follows:
Each set of comparison = 4mx3, (b) 1mx3 • Did not show the valence electrons of oxygen atoms or lone pair electrons of
SO2 SO3 SO32- sulphur atom
• Did not put the negative formal charge in the Lewis structure of SO32-
• Did not show the lone pair electrons of S in Lewis structure of SO32-
• Did not state the bond angles of the molecules or ion
• Stated the wrong number of bond pairs and lone pairs around the central
2 bp + 1 lp 3 bp + 0 lp 3 bp + 0 lp atom
Geometry of electron pair: Trigonal planar Trigonal planar • Did not spell the structures correctly. For example, bent was spelt as bend,
trigonal planar
trigonal planar as triangular planar or trigonal planer/planner, trigonal
Shape: bent Trigonal planar Trigonal planar
o pyramidal as trigonal/trigolar/trigona pyimidal
100-119 120o 1200
(b) polar Non-polar Polar ion
b) Compare the polarity of these oxides. [3] Many candidates were able to give the ascending order of polarity of the oxides,
SO3>SO2>SO32- SO3>SO2>SO32-. However, most candidates were unable to compare the polarity of
these oxides. They failed to relate polarity of the oxides with electronegativity of the
atoms, dipole moment and symmetrical factors.

Soalan 2019/Q19
a. Crystalline solids are classified based on the type of bonding. State four types Many candidates were unable to state crystalline solids and their types of bonding
of crystalline solids and their types of bonding. [8] involved. Instead of giving the four types of crystalline solids, the candidates gave
Each of any solid description 2mx4 [8] specific examples of solid substances and stated the types of bonds present in the
Type Inter-particle forces solid. Most candidates tried to explain the bonding by giving the example of all the
Atomic Induced dipole allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, fullerence), silicon or compounds (iodine
Molecular Induced dipole, permanent dipole, and sodium chloride). Thus, they did not answer the question. Some candidates
hydrogen bond were also unable to spell the van der Waals forces correctly and also stated
Ionic Electrostatic attraction forces crystalline solids as ionic molecule, metallic compound, simple molecule and giant
Metallic Metallic bond molecule.
Covalent network Covalent bond
b. A vessel which contains 300 dm of nitrogen gas at 25oC and 100.3 kPa is
3
Many candidates were unable to calculate the partial pressure of each component in
contaminated with carbon dioxide and water vapour. The mixture of gases is the mixture. The candidates were able to use the expression of pV = nRT but they
passed through concentrated sulphuric acid to remove the water vapour and a made a mistake as the assumed the volume 300 dm3 was solely the volume of
mass loss of 1.00 g is observed. Then, the mixture is bubbled through nitrogen gas. Thus, they calculated it as the number of moles of nitrogen gas and
concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, a further mass loss of 16.20 g is not as total number of moles of gases. Nevertheless, most candidates were able to
 observed. Calculate the partial pressure of each component in the mixture. calculate the number of moles of water vapour and carbon dioxide. However, some
[7] candidates did not give the final answer to three significant figures. Some
PV candidates calculated the number of moles of sulphuric acid or sodium hydroxide
• Mol of N2= RT or (100.3x103)(300x10-3)/8.31(25+273) [1] = 2476 mol [1]
instead of the number of moles of water or carbon dioxide.
• Mol of H2O = 1.00/18 @ 0.0555 mol [1]
• Mol of CO2= 16.2/44 @ 0.368 mol [1]
2476
• Partial pressure of N2, PN2 = 2476+0.0555+0.368 x 100.3 kPa = 100.26 kPa [1]
0.0555
• Partial pressure of H2O, PH2O = x 100.3 kPa = 2.25 kPa [1]
2476+0.0555+0.368
0.368
• Partial pressure of CO2, PCO2 = 2476+0.0555+0.368
x 100.3 kPa = 14.9 kPa [1]

Soalan 2019/Q20
(a) When calcium hydride, CaH2, is added to water, a very exothermic reaction Most of the candidates were unable to explain acids and bases by using Bronsted-
occurs and hydrogen gas is evolved. The reaction equation is shown below. Lowry theory and did not use the term conjugate base in explaining the strength of
H-(aq) + H2O(l) → H2(g) + OH-(aq) bases. Candidates were unable to indicate H2 as an acid. However, they managed to
Using the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, explain the relative indicate that OH- is the conjugate base of H2O but did not relate H- as the conjugate
strength of the OH- and H- as bases. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas base of H2. Thus, they did not explain that H2O is a stronger acid than H2 therefore
evolved if the reaction was carried out using 2.05 g CaH2 at 35 oC and 1 atm. OH- is a stronger conjugate base than H-. Many candidates were able to calculate
[8] the volume of hydrogen gas evolved. The candidates were aware that they need to
• H- act as Bronsted-Lowry base [1] calculate the number of moles of CaH2 first before calculating the volume of H2.
• OH- is a strong conjugate base [1] However, some candidates failed to relate the number of moles of CaH2 with the
• Since H2O is a weak Bronsted-Lowry acid [1] number of moles of H2. Most of the candidates were able to use the expression of
• Mol of CaH2 = 2.05/(40.1+2x1.0)@ 0.0487 mol [1] pV=nRt to calculate the volume of hydrogen gas. Some candidates failed to give the
Since 1 CaH2 = 2H- = 2H2 final answers to correct significant figures and/or the correct unit of volume, m3 or
• Mol of H2 produced = 2x0.0487 = 0.0974 mol [1] dm3.
0.0974𝑥8.31𝑥(35+273)
• V = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑥101.3𝑘𝑃𝑎 [1]
• V = 0.00246 m3 or 2.46 dm3 [1]
(b) Sketch the titration curves of pH against volume when 0.100 moldm-3 of HCl is Many candidates were unable to sketch the titration curves with the correct shape,
titrated with 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 moldm-3 of the following alkaline solutions: labelling of the correct x-axis and the important pH values before and after titration
i. NaOH [3] ii. NH3 [3] including the equivalence point and the volume of the titration at the end point.
Most candidates sketched the titration curve with volume of alkali as the x-axis.
Hence, the shape of the curve was wrong and labelling of the important pH value
points on the curve were also incorrect.

Each graph: axis [1], curve [1], label [1] x2 = 6

(c) Name a suitable indicator for the titration in (b)(ii). [1] Many candidates were able to name the indicator for the titration as methyl orange
Methyl orange/ bromothymol blue [1] or methyl red. Some candidates gave the correct answer but wrongly spelt the
name of the indicator.
 Soalan 2020/Q16
(a) The valence electronic configuration of an atom, X, is 4s23d7. In part (a)(i), many candidates were able to identify X. A few candidates made a
i. Identify X. [1] mistake by writing the symbol of cobalt as CO.
Cobalt/ Co
ii. State the principal quantum number of the removed electrons from X to In part (a)(ii), some candidates were able to state the principal quantum number of
form X+. [1] the removed electrons. Most candidates stated 4s as the answer, showing they did
4 not apply the concept of the principal quantum number
iii. Determine the number of unpaired electrons form X2+. [2] In part (a)(iii), some candidates were able to determine the number of unpaired
X2- : 3d7 or show box arrow diagram electrons for X2+ by writing the valence electronic configuration of X2+ as 4s2 3d5 and
Unpaired electrons: 3 they answered, X2+ has 5 unpaired electrons. Many candidates did not use the
orbital diagram to show the electrons in 3d but they only wrote the valence electron
configuration as 3d7
iv. State the number of valence electrons for X3+. [1] In part (a)(iv), some candidates were able to state the number of valence electrons
6 for X3+. Most candidates answered the question as 3d6 instead of 6.
(b) Y2+ is isoelectronic with X. In part (b)(i), many candidates were able to write the valence electronic
i. Write the valence electronic configuration of Y. [1] configuration of Y, but some of them wrote the valence electronic configuration of Y
3d104s1 as 3d9 4s2 instead of 3d104s1. A few candidates gave the electronic configuration of
Cu.
ii. Identify Y. [1] In part (b)(ii), most candidates were able to identify Y as Cu. A few candidates made
Copper/ Cu spelling mistakes such as “cupper” and “cuprum”.
 Soalan 2020/Q17
The vapour pressure-composition curve for a mixture of propanone In part (a), most candidates were able to explain about the shape of the curve given
and trichloromethane at constant temperature is shown below. in the question. Many candidates were able to mention that the strength of
intermolecular forces between propanone and trichloromethane is stronger than in
the respective pure substances. Some candidates mentioned higher intermolecular
forces or attractive forces instead of stronger intermolecular or attractive forces.
They also used the term bond instead of intermolecular forces. Many candidates
stated that the mixture is a non-ideal solution and has minimum vapour pressure or
it shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law instead of the molecules in the
mixture or solution have less tendency to escape into vapour phase or become
vapour
(a) Why the shape of the curve is illustrated as above? Explain your
answer. [2]
• Vapour pressure lower than expected/ non-ideal mixture of
solution [1]
• Intermolecular forces of mixture is stronger than the individual/
pure solution [1]
(b) State the type of deviation shown. [1] In part (b), majority of the candidates were able to give the correct deviation.
Negative deviation
(c) Predict the changes in temperature when both substances are In part (c), most candidates were able to predict the changes in temperature when
mixed. [1] both substances are mixed.
Temperature increase
(d) Sketch the boiling point-composition curve for the mixture of both In part (d), many candidates were unable to sketch the correct curve for the mixture
liquids. [3] of propanone and trichloromethane. Some candidates sketched the liquid-vapour
Axis [1], curves [1], label [1] composition, for example, two curves with azeotrope rather than the vapour
composition curve. Some candidates failed to show the left boiling point-axis to be
lower than the right boiling point-axis. Some candidates failed to label the x-axis as
mole fraction of trichloromethane with the values 0 to 1

(e) Give another mixture that would produce the same curve as in (d). In part (e), most candidates were unable to give a correct example of another
[1] mixture. Some candidates wrote “hydrochloric acid-water mixture” instead of
Nitric acid (HNO3)/ hydrogen chloride with water (HCl and water) “hydrogen chloride-water”. Some candidates wrote “ethanoic acid-water” or
“ethanol-water” instead of “nitric acid-water”
 Soalan 2020/Q18
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 is used by farmers as fertiliser.
(a) State all types of bond present in ammonium nitrate. [5]
• Ionic bond between NH4+ and NO3- [1]
• Single covalent bond and dative bond in NH4+ [2]
• Single, double covalent bond and dative bond in NO3- [2]
(b) Both nitrogen atoms in ammonium nitrate exhibit different types of
hybridisation. Draw the Lewis structure of the ammonium nitrate. Identify
the type of hybridisation, the geometry and state the bond angles around each
nitrogen atom. [8]
*each comparison x2 = 8
In part (a), many candidates were able to state the types of bonds present in
ammonium nitrate but they did not state which atoms or ions form the suitable
bonds. The ionic bonds formed between NH4 + and NO3 – were not mentioned.
Covalent bonds were not differentiated from the coordinate bonds in NH4 + and
NO3 – . Some candidates did not state the hydrogen bonding between N-H atoms in
NH4 + or between NH4 and NO3. The candidates drew the hydrogen bonding with the
H from NH4 + joining with O from NO
In part (b), many candidates were unable to draw the Lewis structures accurately.
Dots and crosses were mixed with lines to represent bonding electrons and charges,
so the Lewis structure was drawn wrongly. However, most candidates were able to
identify hybridisations, their shapes and the angle of the central atoms. The
candidates made mistakes in spelling the shape, for example, planar as plannar,
planer or planner and tetrahedral as tetrahydral.

sp3 hybridisation sp2 hybridisation

Tetrahedral Trigonal planar
109o 120o
(c) Why is ammonium nitrate suitable to be used as fertiliser? [2] In part (c), a few candidates were able to explain why ammonium nitrate is used as
2(14) fertiliser by stating that ammonium nitrate is soluble in water. Many candidates
• %N = x 100 = 35% [1]
14+3(1)+14+3(16)
failed to give the reason that ammonia nitrate has a high content of nitrogen. A few
• High percentage of nitrogen [1] candidates explained in terms of high nitrogen or N atom or nitrate ion instead of
nitrogen only. Some candidates made a mistake by stating the ammonium nitrate is
acidic, so it can neutralise the basic soil or it is high in nutrient

Soalan 2020/Q19
(a) i. State Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
• Total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases that do not react is the
summation of the partial pressure of each individual gas [1]
• Ptotal = PA + PB + PC [1]
ii. A closed cylinder of volume 5.0 dm3 contains 0.29 mol N2 and 0.64 mol O2
at 25oC. Calculate the partial pressure of N2 in the cylinder.
[Gas constant, R is 8.31 J K-1 mol-1]
• PV = nRT [1]
• Total mol = 0.29 + 0.64 = 0.93 [1]
[2] In part (a)(i), many candidates were unable to state the Dalton’s law completely.
Most of them failed to mention that the gases are non-reacting gases. Some
candidates only stated the expression, PA = xA.PT
In part (a)(ii), most candidates were unable to calculate the partial pressure of N2 in
[6] the cylinder. Some candidates were able to determine the total number of moles by
using PV = nRT equation to solve the question. However, many candidates failed to
give the final answer correctly because of carelessness in substituting the correct
numbers or giving the correct significant figures. They also failed to give the correct
unit for the final answer.
 • P (5.0x10-3) = (0.93)(8.31)(25+273) [1]
• P = 4.60x105 Pa @ 406 kPa [1]
0.29
• PN2 = 0.29+0.64x 406 kPa [1]
• PN2 = 140 kPa (2 s.f.) [1]
b. An aqueous solution is formed when sodium chloride is dissolved in water. In part (b), many candidates were unable to sketch the phase diagram. Most
Describe the differences in vapour pressure, freezing point and boiling point of candidates sketched the diagram separately instead of comparing the curves on a
water and the solution using phase diagrams. [7] single diagram. The common mistakes made by the candidates are as follows:
• Did not label the solid, liquid and gas phases in the phase diagram
• Did not label the curves correctly
• Labelled diagram phases as s, l and g
• Did not draw the freezing point line as a straight line
• Did not compare water and NaCl solution in one phase diagram but sketched two
separate diagrams
• Drew the sublimation curve starting from the origin Some candidates were able to
explain the differences in vapour pressure, freezing point and boiling point between
the solution and water correctly

• Graph: axis [1], plotting [1], curve [1]

• Adding NaCl will lower triple point of water [1]
• Hence lowering the vapour pressure of water [1]
• Increase boiling point of water [1]
• Yet decrease freezing point of water [1]
 Soalan 2020/Q20
The data for the decomposition of NO2 at 380oC is shown below. In part (a), most candidates were able to plot the graph with the correct curve. Some
2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) + O2(g) candidates did not give the unit for y-axis as mol dm–3 for [NO2] and x-axis as s for
Time(s) [NO2] time. A few candidates plotted different graphs which were 1/[NO2] against time or
(mol (a) Plot a graph of concentration against time for the ln[NO2] against time. Majority of the candidates were unable to determine the initial
dm-3) above reaction. Determine the initial rate and rate rate and the rate of formation of O2 at 35 s from the graph. The candidates failed to
0.0 0.1000 relate the differential rate equation with the gradient of the graph. Tangents must
of formation of oxygen at 35 s. [9] be drawn at t = 0 s and at t = 35 s respectively to calculate the initial rate and the
5.0 0.0905
10.0 0.0820 rate of formation of O2 at 35 s
15.0 0.0741
20.0 0.0671
30.0 0.0549
40.0 0.0448
50.0 0.0368
80.0 0.0200
*Graph concentration vs time: axis [1], plot [1], curve [1]
0.1000−0.0700
• Initial rate = (tangent at t = 0) [1] = 0.003 mol dm-3s-1 [1]
10.0−0
0.0640−0.0340
• Rate at t = 35 s for [NO2] = [1] = 0.001 mol dm-3s-1[1]
50.0−20.0
1 𝑑[NO2 ] 𝑑[𝑂2 ] 1
• Rate = - 2 = @ 2 (0.001) [1]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑[𝑂2 ]
• = 0.0005 mol dm-3s-1 [1]
𝑑𝑡

(b) Using the collision theory, explain how the rate of reaction is affected by
the following factors:
i. The increase the partial pressure of reactant. [2]
• Partial pressure increase; concentration increase [1]
• Hence increase the rate of effective collision reaction [1]
ii. The increase temperature. [2]
In part (b), many candidates were able to state that the rate of reaction is affected
by three factors. The rate of reaction increases with the increase of the partial
pressure of reactant, increase of temperature and addition of catalyst. However,
some candidates mentioned that the rate of the reaction increases when there is an
increase of particles per unit volume or an increase in concentration of reactant and
an increase in kinetic energy, thus there is more effective collision and provides
alternative pathway with lower activation energy.

• Increase temperature increase the kinetic energy of particles [1]

• Hence increase the speed of particles hance increase the rate of
reaction [1]
iii. The addition of a catalyst. [2]
• Addition of catalyst lower the activation energy [1]
• Hence allow more particles to have energy greather than activation
energy and increase the rate of reaction [1]