SYNOPSIS

 SUMMARY  BY  DR-­‐HAFIZ  TOHARI  2012  

 
 
 
Piaget’s  Stages  of  Cognitive  Development    
Period    of   cognitive  Spatial  Stages     cognitive  Achievements    
Development    
Gestational       Fetus  can  “learn”  sounds  and  respond  
differentially  to  them  after  birth    
Infancy.   Birth-­‐2   Sensorimotor      
yrs     Includes  concepts:      
     Reflective;  egocentric      
Birth-­‐1  mo      Secondary  circular:  looks  for  objects  partially  hidden     18  mo  to  2y  has:  
4-­‐8  mo      Secondary  circulation  coordinated:  peek-­‐a-­‐boo,  finds  hidden  objects     Knows  animal  sounds;  names  objects    
8-­‐12  mo      Tertiary    circular:  explores  properties  and  drops  objects     Knows   body   parts   and   familiar  
12-­‐18  mo      Mental  representation,  make-­‐believe  play;  memory  of  objects     pictures    
18-­‐2  y   Can  understand  causes  not  visible    
Early   Childhood:   Preoperational     No  sign  of  logic    
2-­‐5  yrs     Include  concepts:      3-­‐yr-­‐olds  can  count  2-­‐3  objects;  
2-­‐7  yrs        Egocentrism:  “I  want  you  to  eat  this  too.”   know  colors            
     Animistic:  “I’m  afraid  of  the  moon.”        and  age    
     Lack  of  hierarchy:  “Where  do  these  blocks  go?”        4-­‐yr-­‐olds  can  fantasize  without  
     Irreversibility:  “I  don’t  know  how  to  go  back  to  that  room.”     concrete  props  
2-­‐5  yrs        Transductive   reasoning:   “We   have   to   go   this   way   because   that’s   the      5-­‐  to  6-­‐yr-­‐olds  get  humor;  
way  Daddy  goes.”         understand  good      
   and  bad;  can  do  some  chores    
   
Middle   Concrete  operational     Understand  conservation  of  matter    
Childhood:   6-­‐11   Includes  concept:   Can  organize  objects  into  hierarchies    
yrs        Hierarchical  classification—arranges  cars  by  types  
   Reversibility—can  play  games  backward  and  forward    
   Conservation  
   Decentration—worry  about  small  details,  obsessive    
   Spatial  operations—likes  models  for  directions    
Horizontal  decalage—conservation  of  weight,  logic    
Adolescence:   11-­‐ Formal  operational     Abstraction  and  reason    
19  yrs     Includes  concepts:     Can  think  of  all  possibilities    
   Hypothetical-­‐deductive  reasoning  
   Imaginary  audience—everyone  is  looking  at  them    
   Personal  fable—inflated  opinion  of  themselves    
   Propositional  thinking—logic    
 
  o Second   and   third   children   have   the  
• Birth  Spacing     advantage   of   their   parents’   previous  
o Studies   of   children   from   large   families   (of   experience.    
four   or   five   children)   show   that   they   are   o Younger   children   also   learn   from   their   older  
more   likely   to   have   conduct   disorder   and   to   siblings.    
have   a   slightly   lower   level   of   verbal   o Firstborn  children  may  resent  the  birth  of  a  
intelligence   than   children   from   small   new   sibling,   who   threatens   their   sole   claim  
families.     on   parental   attention.   In   some   cases,  
o Decreased   parental   interaction   and   regressive   behavior,   such   as   enuresis   or  
discipline  may  account  for  these  findings.     thumb  sucking,  occurs.    
• Birth  Order     o In   general,   the   oldest   children   achieve   the  
o  Firstborns  have  been  found  to  have  higher   most  and  are  the  most  authoritarian;  
intelligence   quotients   (IQ)   than   their   o  middle   children   usually   receive   the   least  
younger  siblings.   attention   in   the   home   and   may   develop  
strong  peer  relationships  to  compensate;      
o the   youngest   children   may   receive   too  
much  attention  and  be  spoiled.