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The characteristics of measureme~t instruments which are helpful · to know the pefti3rman9e_~(2f
instrument and help in nieas1:1ring any quantity · or : pararr1et~r, are known as 'Perform~oce
Characteristics. I

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Types of Rerformanc~ Characteristics ·

Performance characteristics of instruments can be classified into·the following
• ., - ' I -
twoJypes. ·
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= Static Characteristics ., •
•
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a Dynamic Characteristi9s ,,

Now, let us discuss.about these two types of characteristics one by one. ·

Staiic Characteristics
The characteristics of quantities or parameters measuring instruments that do not vary with respect to
time are called static characteristics. Sometimes, these quantities or parameters may vary slowly with
respect to time. Following are the list of static characteristics.
4
Accuracy
- Precision
Sensitivity

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a Sensitivity
a · Resolution
a Static Error

Now, let us discuss about these static characteris,tics qne by one.

' . .
Accuracy 1·

The algebraic difference between the indicated value of an. instrument, /4; and the true value, At
is known as accuracy. Mathematically, it can be represented as -

I
A ccur acy = Jl - At

The term, accuracy signifies how much the indicated value of an instrument, A,i is closer to the true
value , At .

Static Error

The difference between the true value , A t of the quantity that does not vary with respect to time and

the indicated value of an instrument , Ai is know n as static error, e . Mathematically, it can be

8
represented as -

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Wet biomass Biogas (largely CH4 and CO2)

2. Aerobic bio- conversion:
The process of decomposition of biomass us ing bacteria in rest ricted oxygen supply is
known as aerobic bio-conversit,n. Th is pr ocess is used to convert food waste into organic
fert ili zer using restr icted air supply, stir ri ng, pH and temperature at 55 -65°C. To maintain
neut ral pH at the beg inning of the process , 5% CaCO 3 is added to the solid biomass. This ·
process produces CO2, NH 3 along with other gases in smal l quantities and large quantity of heat.
I The f inal by-product of th is process is used as fert il izer.

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BIOGAS DIGESTER
A biogas digester is a closed container in which the segregation and feeding of the organic substra te tak es place. In t/Jis digester,
the biodegradation of substrate takes pl ace under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of methanogenic bacteria, producing a
methane-rich biogas.

Th is generated bi ogas can be further used fo r cooking and for elec tricity genera tion.

).- The l'u lly stabil ized di gested s htny (digestate) ca n be used as a fe rtilizer or soil condit ioner depending upon its characteristics.

).- There are basica ll y three main t)•p es or biogas digesters avai lab le on th e basis of gas storage-

Fixed do m e type (Chine~e type)

F loa ting drnrn type (Indian type)

Bag type (Taiwanese type)

,- ·rhcsc digcsters can be t'urthcr divided int o t,vo ,vays based on feedi ng procedures-

Continuou ~ mode (m a teria l is :1ddcd con tin uou,,Jy a nd bing as produ c tion is u nint e rrnpt cd) .

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:3 ,i: <;h nVid,~ (mate ri a l is loadcd in onc ,, ing lc opc r:1t io1: :111 d left unt il biog a,:, prod uctio n cc; 1,,c., ).
TYPES OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS ON THE BASIS OF GAS STORAGE
Fixed dome type digester

The fixed dome consists of an air-tight container or fermentation chamber - BloilU

(constructed of brick, stone or concrete), feed and digestate pipes and a

fixed dome on the top for biogas storage. The reaction and biogas storage
chambers are connected.

• Sealing is achieved by building up several layers of mortar on the

diges ter's inner surface.

• The design of fixed dome type bio~as digester originated in ,Jiangsu ,

• /
Indi a was nam ed as ,Janata lVfodcJ which
could not become successful because of co nstructi on problem s ~
leakage) and so beca me obsolete. Then ca me its successor, D cc ubandhu
[ Sc hem a ti c d iagram o f a Chinese type fixe d do m e d ig e
Model with improved des ign an d consumed less building materi a l.
• Typica l feed stock for these di ges ters is anim a l m anure, night so il (human
exc reta ) ana agri cultu ra l waste.
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 Floating drum type digester
Jashu Bhai J Patel from India, 111 the year 1956, first GAS OUTLET
designed the floating drum biogas plant, popularly called
CE
Gobai· gas plant.
MIXING
PIT
CENTRAL GUIDE G
Floating-drnm plants consist of an unde rg round diges te r
(cylindrical 01· dom e-shaped) and a m ovin g g as-holde r .

The gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation

slurry or in a water jacket of its 0wn. INLET
PIPE
The gas is collec ted in th e gas (it'um, whi ch rises or PARTITION
moves down, according to the amount of gas s tore d . WALL

• T be gas drum is preve nted from tilling by a guiding

fra m e .

Sc benrnlic clingn1m of n floating drum type biogns di geste r

AJ
 Bag/balloon type digester
The bag digester type comprises of a long cylinder of
either polyvinylchloride (PVC) or a m aterial known as (
red mud plastic - d eveloped in 1974 from the residu es
of bauxite smelted in aluminium p rodu ctio n plants .
1
• Incorporated in th e b ag a rc inlet and ou tlet pipes for
the feedstock and slurry and a gas outlet pipe. rr
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kl
• The feedstock inlet pipe is situated so that pn.•ssurc in
th e bag is kept be low 40 cm of wate r· p r·css urc .
E
• Gas produced is stored in th e bag und er a fl exible
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7-
Schematic diagram of bag typ e bi oga s di g e s te r
membrane.

3
• A co mpl ete 50 111 vo lum e di ges ter we ighs ju st 270
kg ,illcl c <1 11 be cd ::. ily libt,illecl hi c1 ::. liall uw tre nc h. Lig ht -weig ht
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