UNIT 2.

URBANIZATION
I. VOCABULARY
Từ
STT Từ vựng Phiên âm Nghĩa
loại
Abundant a /ə'bʌndənt/ thừa thãi, nhiều
1.
Abundance n /ə'bʌndəns/ sự phong phú, thừa thãi
2. Ambition n /æm'biʃn/ tham vọng, hoài bão
3. Apparent a /ə'pærənt/ rõ ràng, bề ngoài
a về phía sau, chậm phát triển, lạc
4. Backward /'bækwəd/
hậu
Comparison n /kəm'pærisn/ sự so sánh
5. Compare v /kəm'peə[r]/ so sánh, đối chiếu
Comparative a /kəm'pærətiv/ tương đối
Congress n /'kɒngres/ đại hội, Quốc hội
6.
Congestion n /kən'dʒestʃən/ sự quá tải
a /'kaʊntə[r]
7. Counter-urbanization đô thị hóa ngược, phản đô thị hóa
ɜ:bənai'zeiʃn/
Crime n /kraim/ tội ác, sự phạm tội
8.
Criminal a/n /'kriminl/ có tội, phạm tội/ kẻ phạm tội
9. Downward a /'daʊnwəd/ đi xuống, giảm sút
10. Dream n /dri:m/ ước mơ
Economic a /
thuộc kinh tế
Economical a ˌi:kə'nɒmik/ /
tiết kiệm, kinh tế
11. Economist n ˌi:kə'nɒmikl/
nhà kinh tế học
Economically adv /i'kɒnəmist/ /
một cách tiết kiệm, về mặt kinh tể
ˌi:kə'nɒmikli/
Expand v /ik'spænd/ trải ra, mở rộng
12.
Expanse n /ik'spæns/ dải rộng (đất), sự mở rộng
13. Forward adv /'fɔ:wəd/ tiến về phía trước, tiến bộ
Hard a /hɑ:d/ cứng rắn, siêng năng, vất vả
14. Harden v /'hɑ:dn/ làm cho cứng, rắn
Hardship n /'hɑ:dʃip/ sự gian khổ
15. Health n /helθ/ sức khỏe
16. Heath n /hi:θ/ cây thạch nam
17. Hostage n /'hɒstidʒ/ con tin
Immigrate v /'imigreit/ nhập cư
Immigrant n /'¡migrənt/ dân nhập cư
18. Migrate v /mai'greit/ di cư (tạm thời)
Migrant n /'maigrənt/ người di trú
Emigrate v /'emigreit/ di cư ( vĩnh viễn)
Industry n /in'dʌstri/ ngành công nghiệp
Industrial a /'ɪn.də.stri/ thuộc về công nghiệp
19.
Industrious a /in'dʌstriəs/ cần cù, siêng năng
Industrialization a /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪ'zeɪʃən/ sự công nghiệp hóa
Inhabit v /in'hæbit/ ở, sống ở
20. Inhabitant n /in'hæbitənt/ người ở, người dân
Habitat n /'hæbitæt/ môi trường sống, chỗ ở
21. Inner n /'inə[r]/ bên trong, nội bộ, thân cận
22. Intention n /in'tenʃn/ ý định, sự cố ý, cố tình
23. Modern a /'mɒdn/ hiện đại, cận đại

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 24. Mortgage n /'mɔ:gidʒ/ sự cầm cố, thế chấp
25. Nearby adv /'niəbai/ gần, gần bên
Occur v /ə'kɜ:[r]/ xảy ra, xảy đến
26.
Occurrence n /ə'kʌrəns/ sự xảy ra, sự cố
27. Privileged a /'privəlidʒd/ có đặc quyền
28. Proportion n /prə'pɒ:ʃn/ tỉ lệ, sự tương xứng
Recreation n /rekri'eiʃn/ trò tiêu khiển
29.
Recreational a /rekri'eiʃənl/ có tính chất giải trí
30. Rural a /'rʊərəl/ thuộc nông thôn
31. Sector n /'sektə[r]/ khu vực
32. Slum n /slʌm/ nhà ổ chuột
33. Stealth n /stelθ/ sự giấu giếm, lén lút
34. Suburban a /'sʌbɜ:bən/ ở ngoại ô
35. Tendency n /'tendənsi/ xu hướng, chiều hướng
36. Upward a /'ʌpwəd/ hướng lên
Urbanization n / sự đô thị hóa
Urbanize v ˌɜ:bənai'zeiʃn/ /'ɜ:bən đô thị hóa
37.
Urban a aiz/ thuộc thành thị, đô thị
/'ɜ:bən/
Wage n /weidʒ/ lương (thường trả hàng tuần)
Salary n /'sæləri/ lương (thường trả hàng tuẫn)
38.
Pension n /'penʃn/ lương hưu, tiên trợ cấp
Income n /'inkAm/ thu nhập
39. Wealth n /welθ/ sự giàu có, của cải
40. Whereby adv /weə'bai/ nhờ đó, bởi đó, bằng cách nào

II. STRUCTURES
STT Cấu trúc Nghĩa
1. Access to st Tiếp cận với cái gì
2. Be flooded/ crowded with Đầy chật với
3. Be harmful to sb/ st Có hại cho ai/ cái gì
4. Benefit from st Thu lợi ích từ cái gì
5. Combine with st Kết hợp với cái gì
6. Compete with sb/ st Cạnh tranh với ai/ cái gì
7. Cope with st Đương đầu với cái gì
8. Do research Tiến hành nghiên cứu
Fall/ decrease sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slightly Giảm mạnh/ bền vững/ dần dần/ nhẹ
9. Rise/ increase sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slightly Tăng mạnh/ bền vững/ dần dần/ nhẹ
Stay the same/ remain stable/ level off Giữ nguyên
10. Focus on = concentrate on Tập trung vào
11. Grab/ draw/ attract one’s attention Thu hút sự chú ý của ai
12. Keep sb engaged Giúp ai tập trung/ tham gia vào
13. Lack of st Thiếu cái gì
Look down on Coi thường
14.
Look up to Kính trọng
15. Make presentation Thuyết trình
16. Make/ earn a living Kiếm sống
17. On a wide/ massive scale Trên quy mô rộng lớn
18. Overload sb with st Làm cho ai bị quá tải với cái gì
19. Play an important role in st Đóng vai trò quan trọng trong cái gì
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 Prepare for st
20. Chuẩn bị cho cái gì
= do/ make preparation for st
21. Prior to st Trước cái gì
Pros and cons
22. Ưu nhược điểm
= advantages and disadvantages
Recommend/ suggest/ advise/ demand/ insist/ request/ urge/ order important/
necessary/essential/ desirable/ crucial/ vital/ imperative/ urgent/ advisable...+ that + S +
23.
V(bare): gợi ý/ đề xuất/ khuyên bảo/ đòi hỏi/ khăng khăng/ yêu cầu/ thúc giục/ ra lệnh/ quan
trọng/ cần thiết... rằng ai phải/ nên làm gì
24. Relate to st Liên quan đến cái gì
Result in = lead to = cause to Dẫn tới
25.
Result from Có kết quả từ
26. Seek one's fortune Tìm kiếm vận may
Tiếp tục với một chủ đề/ kế hoạch/ hoạt
27. Stick to st
động mà không thay đổi
28. Switch off = stop giving your attention to sb or st Ngừng chú ý đến ai/ cái gì
29. Take measure Có những biện pháp
30. Traffic congestion Ách tắc giao thông
31. With no hope of doing st Với không có hi vọng làm gì

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

STT Từ vựng Phiên âm Nghĩa

1. Cost-effective /,kost.i'fek.tiv/ lợi nhuận cao
Down-market /,daun'mai.kit/ chất lượng thấp, giá rẻ
2.
Upmarket /,Ap'ma:.kit/ chất lượng cao cấp, giá cao
3. Down-to-earth /,daun.tur'3:0/ thực tế (tính cách)
4. Easy-going /,ii;zi'gau.ii]/ thoải mái, vô tư (tính cách)
5. Energy-saving /'en.a.d3Ĩ 'sei.vii]/ tiết kiệm năng lượng
6. Fast-growing /fa:st 'grau.irj/ phát triển nhanh
7. Good-looking /,gudìuk.ii]/ ưa nhìn ( ngoại hình)
8. High-level /,hai'lev.al/ cấp cao, trình độ cao
9. High-speed /,hai'spi:d/ tốc độ cao
10. Interest-free /'in.trast fri:/ miễn lãi, không lấy lãi
11. Kind-hearted /,kaind'hai.tid/ tốt bụng, có lòng tốt
12. Left-handed /,left'haen.did/ thuận tay trái
13. Long-lasting /.lDij’lar.stig/ tồn tại trong một thời gian dài
Long-term /,lDi]'t3:m/ dài hạn, lâu dài
14.
Short-term /Jbit't3im/ ngắn hạn
Old-aged /auld 'ei.d^id/ tuổi già
15.
Old-fashioned /,aold'faẹf.and/ không hợp thời trang; lạc hậu (người)
16. Self-motivated /self 'mau.ti.vei.tid/ năng động, năng nổ
Time-saving /,taim 'sei.vig / tiết kiệm thời gian
17.
Time-consuming /'taim.kan,sju:.mir)/ tốn thời gian
18. Up-to-date /,Ap.ta 'deit/ cập nhật
19. Weather-beaten /'weõa,bii.tan/ sạm nắng (da)
20. Well-paid /,wel 'peid/ được trả lương hậu hĩnh
Well-planned /,wel 'plaend/ có kế hoạch tốt
Well-known /,wel 'naun/ nổi tiếng, ai cũng biết
Well-dressed /,wel 'drest/ ăn mặc sành điệu và phong cách
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 Well-done /,wel 'dAn/ làm tốt; chín nhừ (thức ăn)
Well-established /,wel I'staeb.lift/ được thiết lập tốt, được hình thành tốt
21. Worldwide /,w3ild'waid/ toàn cầu, toàn thế giới
22. Year-round /jiar raond/ quanh năm

III. GRAMMAR (SUBJUNCTIVE)

1. S + V (any tense) + that + S + (not) + V (present subjunctive)
■ advise /ad'vaiz/: khuyên bảo
■ ask /a:sk/: đòi hỏi, xin, yêu cầu, thỉnh cầu
■ command/ka'mcrnd/: ra lệnh, chỉ thị
■ decree /di'kri/: ra lệnh, quy định bằng sắc lệnh
■ demand /di'ma:nd/: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu
■ insist /in'sist/: cứ nhất định, khăng khăng đòi, cố nài
■ move /mu:v/: chuyển, khuấy động, làm cảm động, đề nghị
■ order /'a:da/: ra lệnh
■ prefer/pri'fa:/: thích hơn, ưa hơn
■ propose /pra'pauz/: đề nghị, đề xuất, đưa ra
■ recommend /reka'mend/: giới thiệu, tiến cử
■ request /ri'kwest/: thỉnh cầu, yêu cầu, đề nghị
■ require /ri'kwaia/: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu
■ stipulate /'stipjujeit/: quy định, đặt điều kiện
■ suggest /sa'dc^est/: đề nghị, đề xuất, gợi ý
■ urge/'a:d3/: hối thúc, thúc giục

2. It + be (any tense) + Adj + that + S + (not) + V (present subjunctive)

■ advisable /ad'vaizabal/: nên, thích hợp, đáng theo
■ crucial /'krujal/: quyết định, cốt yếu, chủ yếu
■ essential/a'ssnfal/: cấn thiết, cốt yếu, chủ yếu
■ imperative /im'perativ/: bắt buộc, cấp bách
■ important /im'pa:tant/: quan trọng
■ mandatory /'maendatari/: có tính cách bắt buộc
■ necessary /'nesaseri/: cần thiết, thiết yếu
■ obligatory /a'bligatari/: bắt buộc, cưỡng bách
■ proposed /pra'pauzd/: được đề nghị, dự kiến
■ recommended /.rska'mEndid/: được giới thiệu, tiến cử
■ required /ri'kwAiad/: đòi hỏi, cần thiết
■ suggested /sa'dd5est/: giới thiệu, đề nghị
■ urgent /'3rd3ant/: khẩn thiết, cấp bách
■ vital /'vaitl/: sống còn, quan trọng

3. Tất cả các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả
định, nếu như nó diễn đạt các yếu tố như thể hiện ý muốn, yêu cầu, đề nghị, ra lệnh, gợi ý
* Những danh từ đó là:

■ demand /di'mœnd/: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu

■ importance /im'po:tons/: sự quan trọng
■ insistence /in'sistans/: sự khăng khăng đòi, sự cố nài
■ preference /'preforons/: sự thích hơn
■ proposal /pra'pouzl/: sự đề nghị, sự đề xuất
■ recommendation /jekamen'deijan/: sự giới thiệu, sự tiến cử
■ request /ri'kwest/: lời thỉnh cầu, lời yêu cầu
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 ■ suggestion /sa'dc^estjn/: sự đề nghị, sự gợi ý

IV. PRACTICE EXERCISES

A. PHONETICS
I. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three
in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Câu 1. A. engage B. classmate C. change D. facility
Câu 2. A. develop B. process C. prestigious D. decrease
Câu 3. A. economic B. population C. social D. problem
Câu 4. A. provide B. domestic C. migrant D. combine
Câu 5. A. fortune B. fluctuate C. industry D. study

II. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of
the primary stress in each of the following questions.
Câu 6. A. prepare B. resource C. provide D. visual
Câu 7. A. greenhouse B. mention C. suggest D. country
Câu 8. A. important B. summarize C. necessary D. government
Câu 9. A. opportunity B. disadvantage C. agricultural D. employment
Câu 10. A. environmental B. urbanization C. opportunity D. accommodation

B. VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURES

I. Fill in each blank with a suitable word from the list.
resources employ harmful rapidly impact
Câu 1. Air pollution contributes to climate change and has a negative _______________ on human
health.
Câu 2. The number of workers _______________ by the company has increased from 100 to 2500 in five
years.
Câu 3. The natural _______________ such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed at an
arming rate.
Câu 4. The urban population of the world has grown _______________ from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2
billion in 2018.
Câu 5. The best way to prevent large-scale water pollution is to reduce its _______________ effects.

II. Use the correct form of the words in the brackets to complete the following questions.
Câu 6. The process of _______________ affects all sizes of settlements, so villages gradually grow to
become small towns, smaller towns become larger towns, and large towns become cities. URBANIZE
Câu 7. Air pollution is another _______________ consequence of rapid urbanization that is associated
with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. ENVIRONMENT
effects of urbanization. INITIATOR
Câu 9. Although the government enacted environmental policies, air and noise pollution remains
_______________ dangerous. POTENTIALIZE
Câu 10. The movement of people from one place to another is called _______________. IMMIGRATE

III. Find the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word (s) in each question.
Câu 11. Migration is influenced by economic growth and development and by technological change and
possibly also by conflict and social disruption.
A. resettlement B. arrangement C. resolution D. agreement
Câu 12. Before the Industrial Revolution in England, the majority of the population were employed as
agricultural laborers.
A. dismissed B. rejected C. hired D. sacked

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Câu 13. Poor living conditions and the lack of opportunities for well-paid employment in rural areas are
considered ‘push’ factors.
A. productions B. chances C. abilities D. challenges
Câu 14. Natural resources including coal, oil and gas are quickly running out due to the excessive
exploitation of humans.
A. taking over B. getting through C. coming out D. using up
Câu 15. In developing countries, about a third of urban inhabitants live in impoverished slums and
squatter settlements.
A. surroundings B. residents C. environs D. voter
Câu 16. The association of downtown with the harbor evokes the origin of American cities via great
sailing ships plying oceanic trading routes.
A. intensifies B. conjures C. reminds D. worsens
Câu 17. These cities grew from distant metropolitan centers but were separated from them by thousands
of miles of ocean.
A. isolated B. near C. obscure D. vague
Câu 18. Residential densities have been especially low as measured by world standards.
A. criterions B. benchmarks C. sanctions D. references
Câu 19. Encircling walls had been a feature of urbanization for millennia and, until the modern era,
fortified walls protected cities in Europe and Asia from predation by other urban civilizations as well as
from the devastating raids of nomads.
A. obsolete B. cutting-edge C. simple D. archaic
Câu 20. Long before 20th-century modernist urbanism, American streets were uncommonly wide and
building lots uncharacteristically spacious.
A. narrow B. large C. cramped D. poky
Câu 21. Improving access to basic social and health services, including reproductive health care for poor
people in urban slums is also critical to breaking the cycle of poverty.
A. escaping from the circle B. fluctuating the period
C. maintaining the situation D. interrupting the cycle
Câu 22. Many people live in villages in the back of beyond, which takes them much time to travel to the
city.
A. a place far away from big town B. a place near the fast-paced city
C. a remote area D. an isolated area
Câu 23. The government will go to the ends of the earth to deal with poverty, particularly amongst
ethnic minorities.
A. make efforts B. do nothing C. spend a lot of money D. make profit
Câu 24. During the Great Depression in 1930s, pea-pickers were also another migrant group of workers
who found it arduous to make ends meet.
A. have just enough money to pay for the things that you need
B. make little money
C. earn too much money
D. exchange money
Câu 25. Many people choose to live in countryside to stay away from the hustle and bustle of city life.
A. noise B. peace C. chatter D. babble

IV. Find the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word (s) in each
question.
Câu 26. One of the factors leading to urbanization in less developed countries is the lack of resources in
rural areas.
A. scarcity B. insufficiency C. inadequacy D. abundance
Câu 27. If the government doesn’t take any drastic measures, traffic congestion will continue to grow
worse.
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 A. come to an end B. come into power C. come clean D. come close

Câu 28. The impact of increased urbanization has been harmful to the environment and has led to the
growth of greenhouse gas emissions.
A. improved B. enlarged C. decreased D. fluctuated
Câu 29. The cost of living in cities has risen dramatically in recent years, which resulted in a lot of
difficulties for low-income people.
A. well-planned B. well-dressed C. well- known D. well-to-do
Câu 30. Thanks to the process of urbanization, the living standard in cities and rural areas is more and
less the same.
A. nearly B. precisely C. comparatively D. approximately
Câu 31. Many people move to urban areas seeking for job opportunity as well as stable employment.
A. durable B. long-lasting C. steady D. temporary
Câu 32. On the landward sides of these cities lay the endless reaches of the continent.
A. permanent B. uninterrupted C. infinite D. terminable
Câu 33. The land surrounding American cities wasn’t tied up by royal or state ownership, and its easy
exchange allowed for unprecedented urban expansion - or sprawl.
A. extraordinary B. unique C. exceptional D. ordinary
Câu 34. Jobs are more plentiful in cities than in rural areas and incomes are higher, and services such as
health care and schooling are easier to deliver because people are living more closely together.
A. abundant B. lavish C. scarce D. ample
Câu 35. One billion people live in urban slums, which are typically overcrowded, polluted and dangerous,
and lack basic services such as clean water and sanitation.
A. hygiene B. asepsis C. cleanliness D. pollution
Câu 36. Many people believe that urban sprawl will pave the way for population explosion.
A. terminate B. continue C. initiate D. start
Câu 37. Elder people often take their minds off daily grind by enjoying life in countryside with their
children.
A. continue worrying or thinking B. stop thinking about a problem
C. force their minds forget something D. make their minds nervous
Câu 38. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his
deduction, the skepticism gives way to wary admiration.
A. has not been replaced B. has been replaced
C. has interrupted a way D. has broken a way
Câu 39. In cities, two of the most pressing problems facing the world today also come together: poverty
and environmental degradation.
A. destruction B. poisoning C. pollution D. progression
Câu 40. Mutsuhito went down in history of Japan because of his sensible economic policy and quality
services in the 1900s.
A. was an important character B. was a significant character
C. was an ordinary character D. was an intelligent character

V. Choose the best word or phrase to complete the following questions.

Câu 41. Before the Industrial Revolution in England, the majority of the population were employed as
________________ laborers.
A. agricultural B. agriculture C. agriculturalist D. agriculturally
Câu 42. Slums are urban areas that are _______________ and have substandard housing with very poor
living conditions, creating several problems.
A. sparsely populated B. thinly populated
C. clearly populated D. densely populated

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Câu 43. Urbanization occurs mainly as people move from rural areas to urban areas and it
_______________ growth in the size of the urban population and the extent of urban areas.
A. results from B. results of C. results in D. results out
Câu 44. “__________” is the period of time when a country develops a lot of industries on a wide scale.
A. Urbanization B. Industrialization C. Modernization D. Commercialization
Câu 45. More and more people _______________ to urban areas due to poor health care and limited
educational and economic opportunities.
A. immigrate B. settle C. migrate D. colonize
Câu 46. Measures are_______________ to solve the problems of the shortage of housing, unemployment
and traffic congestion in mega-cities.
A. criticized B. opposed C. disputed D. proposed
Câu 47. Urbanization is the process by which urban areas grow bigger as more and more people leave the
______________ to live in towns and cities.
A. country B. countrified C. countryside D. countrywide
Câu 48. Vietnam is struggling with many challenges caused by its ___________ urbanization, which is
among the fastest in the region.
A. time-consuming B. sluggish C. rapid D. energetic
Câu 49. Push factors’ that drive people away from the countryside are ____________ changes, droughts,
floods, lack of availability of sufficiently productive land, and other pressures on rural livelihoods.
A. environment B. environmentalist C. environmentally D. environmental
Câu 50. A number of young people in countryside drop out of school to seek temporary jobs in big cities
whereas the others try their best to win a good place at a prestigious university and have better career ___.
A. drawbacks B. shortcomings C. prospects D. problems
Câu 51. Many young people are more likely to move to towns because they don’t want to spend their
lives on the farm like their _______________ parents.
A. long-term B. weather-beaten C. well-known D. old-fashion
Câu 52. In order to remove those problems of urbanization, the development of urban _______________
is considered as a very essential strategy of development.
A. infrastructure B. groundwork C. telecommunication D. foundation
Câu 53. One of the serious problems created by the rapid industrialization and urbanization is the growth
of _______________ in cities without no sanitation or fresh water.
A. supermarket B. shopping mall C. resort D. slums
Câu 54. In developing countries, people usually are moving from villages to _______________ in cities
in search of gaining a better standard of living.
A. remain B. land C. settle D. reconcile
Câu 55. Instead of working on the farm, many farmers are leaving their home villages to big cities with a
viewing to having chances to get a _______________ salary or seek fortune.
A. high-speed B. high-level C. high-paying D. high-heeded
Câu 56. Small farmers find it difficult to _______________ because they have to suffer bad weather
conditions and competition from large agricultural companies.
A. make a living B. make an effort C. make an excuse D. make a fuss
Câu 57. Experts agree that this is due to urban development, when open green spaces are replaced with
asphalt roads and tall brick and_____________ building.
A. concreting B. concreted C. concretely D. concrete
Câu 58. Before the 1950s, rapid urbanization _______________ in Europe and North America because it
was the period of industrialization in these areas.
A. took off B. took place C. took out D. took on
Câu 59. Because the process of the urban, demographic, and industrial transformation is largely
completed in Japan, the rates of growth of cities, of total population, and of industrial ______________
are now declining.
A. output B. outcome C. outpace D. outlabour
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Câu 60. Big cities are_______________ people from rural areas, many of whom are out of work and have
to live in slums rather live in village.
A. dealt with B. faced with C. back with D. flooded with
Câu 61. This cycle of rise and fall of cities is seen _______in many cultures around the world.
A. interruptedly B. universally C. permanently D. repeatedly
Câu 62. Many cities and towns are _______________ problems caused by unplanned urban growth
resulting in poor infrastructures such as inadequate housing, water and sanitation, transport and health
care services.
A. overflowing with B. speaking with C. coping with D. staying with
Câu 63. The children who grew up on remote and mountainous areas would like to live in a big city
because they believe that city life will give them more _______________ to fulfil their dreams.
A. opportunities B. hindrances C. disadvantages D. challenges
Câu 64. By 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9% of the developing and developed world _________
will be urbanized.
A. dramatically B. gradually C. continuously D. respectively
Câu 65. The shift of the working population from agriculture to industries can lead to labor
_______________ in rural areas resulting in a fall in food production.
A. excess B. shortages C. availability D. sufficiency
Câu 66. Slum areas typically _______________ poor housing with small, overcrowded houses built very
close together using inadequate materials and with uncertain electricity supply.
A. suffer from B. associate with C. come from D. link with
Câu 67. _______________ is a big problem in the city whose road system is unable to cope with the
increased number of cars.
A. Environment pollution B. Overpopulation C. Traffic congestion D. Unemployment
Câu 68. Governments should try to limit the _______________ growth of cities to reduce the negative
consequences of urbanization.
A. short-term B. well-established C. thought-provoking D. never-ending
Câu 69. High _______________ is considered to be the worst outcome of urbanization, which is much
higher in big cities than in either small cities or rural areas.
A. life expectancy B. crime rate C. health service D. urban lifestyle
Câu 70. The _______________ of urbanization include the growth of slums, social issues such as drugs
and crime, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution.
A. drawbacks B. advantages C. improvements D. benefits
Câu 71. We find evidence that environmental policy significantly reduces the per-capita pollution
emissions in American cities without ________ affecting GDP per capita.
A. strongly B. adversely C. sharply D. mutually
Câu 72. Thailand’s urbanization rate has increased gradually over the past 50 years, bringing apparent and
______ benefits to the country.
A. short-term B. wide-ranging C. short-acting D. short-dated
Câu 73. The cost of living in big cities has risen dramatically over the past years. This has caused a lot of
difficulties for_______________ people.
A. low-income B. well-paid C. well-educated D. short-listed
Câu 74. However, the supply of homes could not ___________the demand and squatters became the new
homes of these workers.
A. keep up with B. come down with C. catch up with D. come in for
Câu 75. Over half of Mumbai’s residents _______slum surrounding the city, causing huge public health,
environmental, and land use problems.
A. live in B. live with C. live up to D. live through
Câu 76. As cities grow rapidly in poor nations, moreover, these nations’ poverty makes them ill equipped
to __________the challenges of urbanization.
A. overcome B. supply C. meet D. resolve
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Câu 77. Japan has been ___________from a rural to an urban society and from an economy of primary
production to one of secondary and tertiary activities.
A. moved B. shifted C. transferred D. transformed
Câu 78. Tokyo is a transit oriented ______________, with by far the highest transit usage in the world.
A. metropolis B. conurbation C. megalopolis D. municipality
Câu 79. Urbanization poses special challenges for poor nations, which are ill equipped to address the
many problems associated _________urbanization.
A. from B. with C. for D. at
Câu 80. Just a half-century later in 1950, the world’s urban population had doubled ____ 30 percent, and
the number of cities over 1 million grew six times to eighty-three cities.
A. up B. to C. at D. down

C. GRAMMAR
I. Give the correct form of the verb in each sentence.
Câu 1. Our friends recommend we _______________ (spend) our vacation in the mountains.
Câu 2. The teacher demand the student _______________ (do) assignment before going the classroom.
Câu 3. Kate doesn’t use her computer very often, so I suggest she _______________ (buy) it and use the
money for something else.
Câu 4. The manager insists that the project ____________ (finish) by May 5th.
Câu 5. It is important that urban people _______________ (look up to) rural people.
Câu 6. Sara insisted measures _______________ (take) to solve the negative effects of urbanization.
Câu 7. My mother advised I _______________ (come) back to my home village after graduating
university.
Câu 8. Since David hurt Ann’s feeling, I strongly recommend he _______________ (apologize) to her.
Câu 9. It is essential that the infrastructure in rural areas _______________ (upgrade).
Câu 10. The city council has proposed that a new financial center _______________ (build) soon.
Câu 11. Many young people insist they _______________ (get) a well-paid job in big cities.
Câu 12. The police request the wanted man _______________ (tell) the truth about the assassination.
Câu 13. It is important that the poor _______________ (have) living standard and health care.
Câu 14. The monitor proposed that her/his teacher _______________ (organize) extracurricular activities.
Câu 15. It is necessary that parents _______________ (allow) their children to pursue dreams and
hobbies.

II. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the
following questions.
Câu 16. It is argued that high costs of living and rising transport difficulties being two of the most serious
problems brought about by overpopulation in cities.
A. is argued B. rising C. being D. brought about
Câu 17. Even if rural areas are winning or losing from increased trade, however, remains uncertain.
A. Even if B. or C. however D. remains
Câu 18. Because of urbanization continues, not only the infrastructure for health but also other social
services in cities need improving.
A. Because of B. not only C. but also D. need improving
Câu 19. Government should be used national resources in a more efficient way in order to meet the needs
of growing populations.
A. be used B. more efficient C. in order to D. needs of growing populations
Câu 20. Because of severe asthma attacks, the doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking.
A. Because of B. attacks C. suggested D. to stop

III. Choose the best answer in each question.

Câu 21. It is necessary that you ____ able to come with us.
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 A. are B. be C. being D. to be
Câu 22. I suggest that Peter ____ the directions carefully before assembling the bicycle.
A. read B. reading C. reads D. to read
Câu 23. We request that she ____ the window.
A. not open B. not to open C. not opening D. to not open
Câu 24. The UK is considering the proposal that it ____ compensations for damages of the Indian
embassy.
A. been paying B. is paying C. paid D. pay
Câu 25. Howard prefers that I ____ to his party.
A. am going B. go C. going D. will go
Câu 26. Mary demanded that the heater____ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
A. repaired B. be repaired C. being repaired D. been repaired
Câu 27. The monk insisted that the tourists ____ the temple until they had removed their shoes.
A. not enter B. not entering C. not to enter D. to not enter
Câu 28. The recommendation that she ____ a holiday was carried out.
A. has taken B. take C. taken D. taking
Câu 29. Was it really necessary that I ____ there watching you the entire time you were rehearsing for the
play? It was really boring watching you repeat the scenes over and over again.
A. am sitting B. be sitting C. being sitting D sitting
Câu 30. I propose that we all ____ together so that nobody gets lost along the way.
A. be driving B. drive C. driven D. driving
Câu 31. It is impolite that you ____ there when he gets off the plane.
A. be not standing B. been not standing C. not be standing D. not been standing
Câu 32. It is recommended that the vehicle owner ____ present at the court.
A. be B. be not C. not being D. not to be
Câu 33. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax ____.
A. abolish B. abolished C. be abolished D. been abolished
Câu 34. The doctor recommended that she ____ a specialist about the problem.
A. be seen B. seeing C. should be seen D. should see
Câu 35. It is essential that she ____ the truth.
A. told B. should be tell C. be told D. should been told

D. SPEAKING
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.
Câu 1. Mark: “How do you do?” – Jenny: “____________________.”
A. I’m well. Thank you. B. How do you do? C. Not too bad. D. Yeah, OK.
Câu 2. Mark: “_____________________.” – Jenny: “I think there are various reasons.”
A. Do you mind if I think about reasons for urbanization?
B. I’d like to invite you to think about reasons for urbanization.
C. What do you think about reasons for urbanization?
D. Would you mind thinking about the reasons for urbanization?
Câu 3. Jenny: “I think higher living standard is one of the reasons that many people want to be a city
dweller.” – Mark: “____”
A. I couldn’t agree more. B. It’s nice of you to say so.
C. That’s quite all right. D. Why not?
Câu 4. Anna: “Personally, I love peaceful and quiet life in rural areas.” – Jenny: “________________.”
A. Neither do I. B. No, I won’t. C. So do I. D. Yes, I like it.
Câu 5. Anna: “In my opinion, some people should stay in rural areas as well as work on agriculture.” –
Mark: “____________________.”
A. I’m not afraid I don’t agree. B. I’m not sure about that.
C. I’m so sorry, but I agree. D. Not at all, thanks.
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Câu 6. Jenny: “Do you think we’ll finish in time?” – Anna: “______________.”
A. I know so. B. I think not.
C. Well, I hope so. D. Yes, that’s right.
Câu 7. Mark: “What about starting the presentation with results of our research?” – Jenny: “_________.”
A. Congratulations! B. Sounds great! C. Well done! D. What a pity!
Câu 8. Anna: “So do you think we should add some pictures and videos?” – Jenny: “______________.”
A. None. B. Not much. C. Please do. D. Sure.
Câu 9. Mark: “Let’s collect information and then create the PowerPoint slides.” – Jenny: “Oh, ______?”
A. good idea. B. I don’t. C. I need it. D. why is that?
Câu 10. Mark: “In the next round, we are going to present about the pros and cons of urbanization.” –
Alex: “_____________.”
A. Good chance. B. Good day. C. Good luck. D. Good time.

E. GAP FILLING AND READING

I. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase
that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 12.
Rapid urbanization can (1) ____ long-term economic, social and environmental promise for
developing countries (2) ____ investments made now in infrastructure, housing and public services are
efficient and sustainable, the World Bank says in a new report. In the next two decades, cities are (3)
____ to expand by another two billion residents, as people move in unprecedented (4) ____ from rural
areas to pursue hopes and aspirations in cities. More than 90 (5) ____ of this urban population growth is
expected to occur in the developing world, (6) ____ many cities are already struggling to provide basic
(7) ____ such as water, electricity, transport, health services and education.
Report authors note that (8) ____ new urban growth will not take (9) ____ in the “megacities” of
the world e.g. Rio de Janeiro, Jakarta or New Delhi (10) ____ rather in less commonly recognized
“secondary” cities - places like Fushun in China, and Surat in India.
To help policymakers prepare for and manage growth, the report distills lessons (11) ____ from
12 countries across all geographic regions and stages of urbanization. It then translates these global
lessons (12) ____ practical policy advice.
(Source: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release)

Câu 1. (1) A. bring B. carry C. hold D. take

Câu 2. (2) A. if B. unless C. whether D. while
Câu 3. (3) A. predictable B. predicted C. predicting D. predictions
Câu 4. (4) A. amounts B. numbers C. ranges D. sums
Câu 5. (5) A. per cent B. percentage C. proportion D. rate
Câu 6. (6) A. what B. where C. which D. why
Câu 7. (7) A. demands B. needs C. orders D. uses
Câu 8. (8) A. almost B. most C. mostly D. nearly
Câu 9. (9) A. form B. hand C. place D. time
Câu 10. (10) A. but B. nor C. or D. yet
Câu 11. (11) A. are learned B. being learned C. learned D. learning
Câu 12. (12) A. by B. into C. up to D. up with

II. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 7.
These days you rarely hear about people who wish to move to a rural area. It is especially strange
when someone who has lived all their lives in an urban area one day decides to uproot and go live in the
peace and quiet of the countryside.
Often than not, people decide to find a peaceful place at their old age. Elderly people don’t really
like the hustle and the bustle of a big city and will usually look for a place where they could live out their
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final years. A rural area is an ideal place for that. Especially if a person likes the nature or has been born
there, coming back to your old place as a senior is not a bad thing to do. It is actually much healthier and
allows for people to relax in a very healthy setting.
Health should be your number one concern. Living in urban areas always comes with health
difficulties due to various causes of pollution that are found in big cities. Certain people get fed up with it
and decide that they don’t need the luxury if they can’t have their health. A rural area does not have all
the pollution that is burdening all of these enormous cities. A nice house in the countryside is a perfect
solution if you want to get away from all the noise and problems that you will most likely experience in
urban areas.
Big cities always come with one unique problem for a person – lack of social and sometimes
personal life. If you are working for a big company and have an important job, you will most likely miss
out on all the perks that other people enjoy with their personal lives. Also, a big city does not really allow
you to be that active socially. You have to make plans in advance and can’t really be spontaneous when
you want. Life in a rural area will fix all of that. You will have time to dedicate more to your personal life
and be able to attend to your hobbies. When you are not doing things by yourself, you can get a little
social and go meet up with your friends. Everything can be sorted out as proximity and being too busy is
no longer a problem.
(Adapted from https://emagazine.com/)

Câu 13. Which of the following best serves as the title of the passage?
A. The Advantages of the Countryside
B. What Problems People Face in Big Cities
C. Why People Move from Urban to Rural Areas
D. The Reasons Why People Prefer Urban to Rural Areas
Câu 14. The word “that” in paragraph 2 refers to _______________.
A. they could live out their final years without witnessing the hustle and the bustle of a big city
B. people decide to find a peaceful place at their old age
C. a person likes the nature or has been born there
D. people come back to their old place as a senior
Câu 15. According to paragraph 3, people in urban areas often get health problems because of
___________.
A. shortage of the luxury B. heavy burden of work
C. diverse pollution causes D. difficulties in living conditions
Câu 16. The phrase “fed up with” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___________.
A. interested in B. bored with C. excited about D. satisfied with
Câu 17. According to the passage, the following are true, EXCEPT _______________.
A. The elderly usually want to spend their old age in the countryside.
B. Rural areas also have all the pollution that may occur in big cities.
C. City dwellers may lack of social and even personal life because of their jobs.
D. You are unable to do what you want in big cities without making plans first.
Câu 18. The word “fix” in paragraph 4 most probably means ____________.
A. change B. heal C. defeat D. repair
Câu 19. According to the passage, what is the author’s attitude about moving to the countryside?
A. disapproval B. indifferent C. supportive D. suspicious

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