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when compare with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12. 2. Carbon-12 is chosen because it is a . and can be easily handled.
3.
Find the relative atomic masses of these elements. Element Calcium, Ca Sodium, Na Iron, Fe Copper, Cu Carbon, C Hydrogen, H Potassium, K Lithium, Li Bromine, Br Relative Atomic Mass Element Argon, Ar Silver, Ag Caesium, Cs Lead, Pb Chlorine, Cl Flourine, F Aluminium, Al Zinc, Zn Helium, He Relative Atomic Mass
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Relative molecular mass of a substance, Mr = The Average mass of a molecule of the substance 1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Calculating Relative molecular mass,Mr Mr= The sum of Ar of all atoms present in one molecule Example: Molecular formula 2 Hydrogen atoms
Mr of Carbon dioxide, CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44 For ionic substance , Relative formula mass , Fr = The sum of Ar of all atoms present in the formula Example: Fr of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40 Fr of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
1. The relative molecular mass of a molecule is . when compared with 1/12 of the mass of one atom of 2. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the substances in the table below. Substance Hydrogen gas Propane Ethanol Bromine gas Methane Glucose Molecular formula H2 C3H8 C2H5OH Br2 CH4 C6H12O6 Relative molecular mass, Mr 2(1) = 2
Ammonia NH3 [Relative atomic mass : H,1; C,12; O,16; Br,80 ; N,14 ]
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
3. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table. Substance Compound formula Relative formula mass, Fr 2(39) + 16 = 94
Potassium oxide
K2O Al2(SO4)3
Aluminium sulphate
2(27)+3[32+4(16)]=342
Zinc nitrate
Aluminium nitrate
Calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide
Na2CO3.10H2O
NaHSO4
Aluminium chloride
Copper(II) sulphate
Zinc carbonate
Potassium carbonate
K2CO3
[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ; Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
A vogadro Constant
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Number of moles 0.5 mol of carbon atoms
. mol of water
7. Complete these sentences . a) 1 mol of calcium contains .. atoms b) 2 mol of iron contains .. atoms
c) 2 mol of magnesium oxide, (MgO) contains .. ions d) 2 mol of sodium carbonate, (Na2CO3) contains . e) 3 mol of carbon dioxide, (CO2) contains .. molecules f) 0.5 mol Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 contains .. Cu2+ ions and . NO3- ions
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
x Molar mass
Number Of moles
Molar mass 2. Calculating the Mass from a number of Moles
Mass in g
3. Calculate the masses of these substances a) 2 moles of aluminium atoms Mass = b) 10 moles of iodine atoms Mass =
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
c) 3 moles of lithium atoms Mass =
f)
i)
j)
l)
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
4. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass Example : How many moles are there in 88g of CO2 Number of moles = 88 44 a) 2g of helium atoms Number of moles = = 2 moles
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Number of moles =
Element/compound Copper
Calculate (a)Mass of 1 mol = g (b) Mass of 2 mol = . g (c)Mass of mol = .g (d)Mass of 3.01x1023 Cu atoms =
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
RFM= 40
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2
RFM =
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Example : 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies the same volume of 24 dm3 at room condition
x 22.4/24 dm3
Volume of gas
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
4. Calculate the volume of gas in the following numbers of moles at STP Example : Find the volume of 1 mole of CO2 gas Volume = = = number of moles x 1 x 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3
5. Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)
Mass in gram
Number of moles
No of particles
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Solve these numerical problems 1.
What is the volume of 0.3 mole of sulphur dioxide gas at STP? [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]
(Ans: 6.72 dm3) 2. Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm 3 of the gas at room conditions. [Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
3.
Calculate the number of water molecules in 90 g of water, H2O. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
(Ans; 3.01x 10
24
molecules)
4.
What is the volume of 24 g methane ,CH4 at STP? [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12. Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]
(Ans: 33.6 dm )
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
5.
How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3? [Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-
23
6.
Calculate the number of hydrogen molecules contained in 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions. [Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
23
7.
Find the volume of nitrogen in cm3 at STP that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen molecules. [Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
(Ans: 8.96 dm )
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
1) A Chemical formula - A representation of a chemical substance using letters for and subscripts to show the numbers of each type of .. that are present in the substance. The letter H shows . .
H2
Chemical subtance
Chemical formulae
Notes
Water
..
.. Propane
NH3
..
H2SO4
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
3). There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following: ** Empirical Formula ** Molecular Formula
The actual of atoms of each that are present in a molecule of the compound
Remember:
(ii)
1 Find the empirical formula of a compound Example of calculation: a) When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Find the empirical formula of metal X oxide [ RAM; X,207; O,16 ]
X 10.35 10.35207
O 11.95-10.35 (11.95-10.35)16
Empirical formula :
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
b) A certain compound contains the following composition: Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80] (Assume that 100g of substance is used) Element Mass of element(g) Number of moles atoms Ratio of moles Simplest ratio of moles Na 15.23 15.23 23 Br 52.98 52.9880 O 31.79 31.7916
Empirical formula:: .
c)
Complete the table below. Compound Water Carbon Dioxide Sulphuric Acid Ethene Benzene Glucose Molecular Formula H2O CO2 H2SO4 C2H4 C6H6 C6H12O6 CH2 CO2 Empirical formula Value of n
d) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12] i. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon
ii.
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Cation Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Sodium ion Potassium ion Magnesium ion Calcium ion Barium ion Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Iron (III) ion Lead (II) ion Zinc ion Chromium (III) ion Aluminium ion Ammonium ion
Formula
Anion Flouride ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion
Formula
Ca 2 Ba 2
CH 3COO
O 2
S 2
2
Cr2O7
PO4
Al 3
Chromate (VI) ion
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions X m+ and Yn- is constructed by exchanging the charges of each element. The formula obtained will XnYm Example : Sodium oxide Na+ +1 O2-2 Cu2+ +2 Copper (II) nitrate NO3-1
= Na2O b) (i)
....................
Construct a chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: Magnesium chloride (ii) Potassium carbonate
(iii)
Calcium sulphate
(iv)
(v)
Silver nitrate
(vi)
Zinc nitrate
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
(vii) Aluminium oxide
(ix)
Lead(II) sulphide
(x)
Chromium(III) sulphate
Example:
1) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation: a) Arrow in the equation the way the reaction is occurring b) Substances on the left-hand side .. c) Substances on the right-hand side d) State of each substance : (s), (l), gas .and aqueous solution . 2) Quantitative aspect of chemical equations Coefficients in a balanced equation the exact proportions of reactants and products in equation.
Example:
2 H 2 (g)
+ O2 (g)
2 H 2 O (l)
(Interpreting): 2 molecules (2 mol) of H 2 react with 1 molecule (1 mol) of O2 to produced 2 molecules(2 mol) of water
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Complete the following word equations and write in chemical equation chlorine
a) Sodium b) Carbon .
+ + + ..
c) Sulphur ..
+ +
oxygen ..
..
d) Zinc
+ oxygen + O2
.. ..
3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations quantitatively. (a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas Interpreting: (b). Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas ammonia gas . Interpreting: .. (c). Aluminium + Iron (III) oxide aluminium oxide + Iron . Interpreting: .
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation: 2 H 2 O2 (l) 2 H 2 O (l) + O2 (g) 1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can be obtained from the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O2 . [Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4 dm 3 mol 1 at STP]
(Ans: 11.2 dm )
2).Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal 2 Ag2CO3(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2 CO2 (g) + O2
Find the mass of silver carbonate that is required to produce 10 g of silver [Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108]
(Ans : 12.77g)
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CHEMISTRY FORM 4
3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH 4 . Using the equation below, find the mass of copper that is produced. [Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16] 4 CuO (s) + CH 4 (g) 4 Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l)
(Ans : 12.8 g)
4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes according to the equation below:
CaCO3 (s)
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?
(b). Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced. [Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16; Ca, 40. Molar volume : 24 dm3 mol 1 at room conditions]
(b) 11.2 g)
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