Machine Elements 2

Grading System
Attendance 10%
Recitation 10%
Quizzes/Assignments 15%
Activities 30%
Project 15%
Major Exam 20%
Total 100%

Mid-Term 40%
Final 60%
Course Outline
1. Cams and Followers
2. Rolling Bodies in Pure Contact
3. Gears
4. Gear Train
5. Belts and Pulleys
6. Chains
7. Flexible Connection
8. Stepped Pulleys
Introduction to Machine
 I. Introduction:

A new machine is born because there is a real or

imagined need for it. It evolves from someone’s
conception of a device with which to accomplish
a particular purpose. From conception follows a
study of the arrangement of the parts, the
location and length of links (which may include a
kinematic study of the length), the places for
gears, bolts, springs, cams, and other elements
of machine. With all ideas subject to change and
improvement, several solutions may be and
usually are found, the seemingly best one being
choosen.
II. The Machine Designer’s
Responsibility
(a) A good background in strength of materials
(b) A good acquaintance with the properties of
materials used in machines
(c) A familiarity with the major characteristics and
economics of various manufacturing processes
(d) A specialized knowledge in various circumstances
(e) A preparation for deciding wisely
(f) Some aesthetic sense
(g) A knowledge of economics and comparative costs
(h) Inventiveness and creative instinct
III. Philosophies of Design

We think of an inventor as starting from scratch

and creating a new design. However, even
though he/she creates a machine never before
conceived, he/she uses ideas that have long
been known and in more or less degree, he/she
benefits from the engineering experiences of one
or several industries. The philosophical approach
to a particular design depends somewhat on the
kind of industry or the kind of machine.
 IV. Theory and Practice

If theory and practice do not agree, either theory and practice is wrong. Method
of design undergo and evolutionary process, just as a machine invariably
evolves into better and better forms. New discoveries are made each day, but
because many theories are or become inadequate, we never know when the
accepted formula will be discarded.
V. Machine Design is Engineering

With some notion of the arrangement of machine

elements, we may begin the calculations. From
data, such as the work done or power
consumed, we compute forces on each part for a
sequence of positions of the machine cycle,
using the principles of mechanics. Then we
design each element so that it will perform its
allotted function without failure.
 Cams and Followers
◇ Cam-follower system are frequently used in all kinds of
machines. The valves in your automobile engine are

1 opened by cams. Machines used in the manufacture of

many consumer goods are full of cams. Compared to
linkages, cams are easier to design to give a specific output
function, but they are much more difficult and expensive to
make than a linkage.
 Cam
is a rotating machine element which provide reciprocating or oscillating motion to
the follower.
The cam and the follower have a line contact and constitute a higher pair.
The cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, but the follower motion
is predetermined and will be according to the shape of the cam.
The cam and follower is one of the simplest as well as one of the most important
mechanisms found in modern machinery today.
The cams are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal
combustion engines, automatic attachment of machineries, paper cutting
machines, spinning and weaving textile machineries, feed mechanism of
automatic lathes etc.
Followerr

Camr
 Classification of Followers
I. Based on surface of contact
II. Based on motion
III. Based on path of motion

Follower
it converts the rotary motion of cam into reciprocating
or oscillating motion.
 Classification of Followers
I. Based on surface of contact:
a. Knife edge follower
b. Roller follower
c. Flat faced follower
d. Spherical follower
a. Knife edge follower:
i. Khife edge has sharp area of contact
ii. It is the simplest follower in construction
iii. It is used only for slow application
iv. More wear and tear
v. Moslty used in paper-cutting machine
b. Roller follower:
i. Cam & follower form a higher-pair
ii. Less wear and tear between cam and follower
iii. Commonly used in precision application
iv. Operates at high speed
c. Flat-faced follower:
i. Used when the space is limited
ii. Able to resist side thrust
iii. Can also be used in precision application
d. Spherical follower:
i. It is a modification of flat faced follower due to
high surface stresses produced
ii. Able to resist side thrust
iii. Can also be used in precision application
 Classification of Followers
II. Based on motion of follower:
a. Reciprocating follower
b. Oscillating follower
a. Reciprocating Follower
When the follower reciprocates in guides as the cam
rotates uniformly, it is known a reciprocating or translating
follower.
b. Oscillating Follower
When the uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted
into predetermined oscillatory motion of the follower, it is
called oscillating or rotating follower.
 Classification of Followers
III. Based on path of motion of follower:
a. Radial follower
b. Offset follower
a. Radial Follower
The motion of the follower is along the axis passing
through the center of rotation of the cam.
b. Offset Follower
The motion of the follower is along an axis away from
the axis of cam center.
 Classification of Cams
1. Radial or Disc Cam
 Classification of Cams
1. Cylindrical Cam
Cam Nomenclature
 Cam Nomenclature

Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, corresponding to the

point of a fictitious knife-edge follower. It is used to generate the pitch
curve. In the case of a roller follower, the trace point is at the center of
the roller.
Pitch curve: The path generated by the trace point at the follower is
rotated about a stationary cam.
Working curve: The working surface of a cam in contact with the
follower. For the knife-edge follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve
and the working curves coincide. In a close or grooved cam there is an
inner profile and an outer working curve.
 Cam Nomenclature

Pitch point: Where the pressure angle is maximum.

Pitch circle: A circle from the cam center through the pitch point. The
pitch circle radius is used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a given
pressure angle.
Prime circle (reference circle): The smallest circle from the cam center
through the pitch curve.
Base circle: The smallest circle from the cam center through the cam
profile curve.
Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the
follower moves or rotates.
 Cam Nomenclature

Follower displacement: The position of the follower from a specific

zero or rest position (usually it’s the position when the follower contacts
with the base circle of the cam) in relation to time or the rotary angle of
the cam.
Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch
curve and the instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle
is important in cam design because it represents the steepness of the
cam profile.
 Thanks!
Any questions?

30
 Activity no. 1
Draw a basic Cam-follower mechanism, identify and label (a) pitch
curve (b) pitch circle (c) pitch point (d) cam profile (e) base circle (f)
trace point (g) prime circle (h) pressure angle.