Tooth

Structure • Dentin
Parts of the Teeth - Light yellow substance that is softer than enamel, but
• Crown harder than bone.
- Part of tooth which is covered by enamel - Found inside the crown under the enamel
- Often used to refer to that part of the tooth which is - Also found inside the root of the tooth, under the
visible in the mouth cementum
- Anatomic crown or that portion of the tooth actually - Inner surface forms a hard-walled cavity – contains
covered by the enamel and protects the pulp
- Consists of approximately 65% inorganic matter.
Cervix (neck of the tooth) – where the crown and the root - Slightly elastic and compressible
join - Continues to form throughout the life of the tooth
Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ/Cervical Line – junction • Cementum
between the enamel of the crown and cementum of the - Forms a protective layer over the root portion of the
root dentin
- Anchors the tooth to the socket providing attachment
• Root for the principal fibers of the periodontal ligament
- Part of the tooth which is covered by cementum - Bonelike substance, but not as hard as bone
- Mostly embedded in the bony process of the jaw - Joins the enamel at the cervix of the tooth
(cementoenamel junction)
Apical Foramen - Consists of 50% inorganic material
- small opening which passes through the apex - Formed continuously throughout the life of the tooth
- blood vessels and nerves pass to and from the • Pulp
dental pulp - Soft tissue that fills the pulp cavity
- Supplementary Foramina – additional small - Contains numerous blood vessels and nerve – enters
openings near the root apex the tooth through apical foramen
- Enclosed within the hard dentin walls of the pulp
• Gingival Tissue and the Crown cavity
- Young people – part of the enamel is normally
covered by gingival (gum) tissue); only clinical crown Odontoblasts (found at the outer wall of the pulp)
is exposed - Cells secreting dentin
- Older people – common for the tooth’s enamel to be - Have long processes/arms that lay between tiny
completely exposed above the gingiva (the tubules in the dentin
anatomical crown) and even have part of the root - Monitor and repair dentin when needed
surface showing - Also Essential for sensory nerves

Tissues of the Teeth Parts of the Pulp Cavity
• Enamel a. Pulp Chamber – located inside the crown
- Calcified substance that covers the entire crown of the b. Root Canal (Pulp Canal) – located inside the root
tooth
- Protects the underlying softer dentin
- Color of tooth is derived from enamel (light yellow-
white)
- Hardest tissue in the human body enamel
- Consists of approximately 96% inorganic (nonliving)
dentin
material
è Mineralized by a substance similar to cervix pulp
" chamber /
NECK
"

Hydroxyapatite (gives bone much of its hardness) cavity

è 1% of Enamel’s weight: Organic matrix of proteins

- Thickest at the cusps (top of the teeth), thinning to a
knife edge thickness at the cervical line
è Thick in areas that contact opposing teeth
- Formed only once, cannot regenerate or repair itself
è When enamel is destroyed by decay – operative
dentistry is required to reconstruct the tooth
- No nerve fibers and cannot register sensations – it is
strong and hard
- Can withstand the stress of mastication and does not
wear away easily ↳ chewing
Alveolar Process - contains immune proteins (neutrophils, complete
- Supports the teeth (part of mandible and maxilla) proteins and antibodies)
- Bone that forms the tooth sockets and surrounds the - protect overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria
teeth
- Partially disappears when the teeth are lost – functional *Healthy gingival sulcus extends to a depth of
demand of supporting the teeth ceases to exist approximately 2mm (where point of the gingiva
is attached to the tooth by epithelial
Parts of the Alveolar Process attachment)
a. Cortical Plate
- Hard, dense, outer surface of the bone
- Varies in thickness – generally thicker on the tooth
surface facing the tongue and the palate
b. Spongiosa (cancellous bone)
- Type of bone which is softer and more sponge-like
than ordinary bone
- Occupies the space between the inner and outer
cortical plates
- Makes up the central mass of the alveolar process
c. Lamina Dura
- Thin layer of cortical bone that lines the tooth
socket
- Connected to the tooth by the periodontal
ligament
- Has many sieve-like opening – pierce it and provide
passage for blood vessels and nerves that
communicate with the periodontal ligament

Periodontal Ligament
- Thin, fibrous ligament connecting a tooth to the lamina
dura of the bone socket
- Normally, tooth is suspended in its socket by the fibers of
the ligament (tooth do not contact bone directly)
è Each tooth is capable of limited individual
movement
è Fibers act as shock absorbers to cushion the force
of chewing impacts
- Supplies nutrition to the alveolar process
- Supports and attaches the gingiva
- Registers sensations of heat, cold, pressure, pain and touch
- Appears as a thin, dark line around the root (dental
radiographs)

Gingiva ( GUMS in layman terms)
- Soft tissue that covers the alveolar process and surrounds
the neck of the teeth
- Consists of an outer layer of epithelium and inner layer of
connective tissue
- Interdental Papilla – portion of the gingiva that fills the
interproximal space between to adjacent teeth

a. Free Gingiva – portion of the gingiva surrounding the
cervix of the tooth, not directly attached to the tooth
and forming the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus
b. Attachhed Gingiva

Gingival sulcus/crevice – V-shaped space between
the free gingiva and the tooth
-> Gingival crevicular fluid –
Topography of the Mouth and Tooth Strucutre - Opens posteriorly into the pharynx (funnel-shaped
Topography of the Mouth space joining the nose and mouth with the passages
• Oral Vestibule (trachea and espohagus), leading to the lungs and
- Anterior part – formed with the space between the stomach
front teeth and the lips
- Posterior part – explored by clenching the teeth, a. Roof of the Mouth
pulling the lips apart, and pushing the index fingers - Shaped like a vault (arched
back along the surface of the teeth - Consists of the hard palate (anteriorly) and soft
- Speech – specialized sounds are made by using the palate (posteriorly) – together called as the
lips, teeth and the alveolar process, the hard and soft palate
palate, and the tongue
Ø Hard palate
a. Mucubuccal Folds
ay - Hard part of the roof of the mouth
- Form the upper and lower boundaries of the - Covered with mucous membrane, which is
vestibule closely adherent to the inferior surface of
- Important in the making of denture the maxilla
b. Labial Frena - Maxillary bone gives the palate its vaulted
- Sickle-shaped folds which connect the alveolar form.
processes with the upper and lower lips and Ø Soft palate
tend to restrict their movement - No bony foundation and consists of tissue,
c. Opening of the Parotid Gland chiefly muscles, lined with mucous
- Parotid gland – largest of the salivary glands membrane
- The parotid gland empties its contents (saliva) - Posterior border hangs free as an arched
into the oral vestibule through an opening shape
called Stensen’s duct (parotid duct) - Elevated during swallowing to completely
è Can be found opposite the crown of the separate the oral and nasal cavity
maxillary molar
è Generally marked by a high elevation of Dental Anatomy
mucous membrane – parotid papilla General
- Primary function of teeth is to chew (masticate) food
- Function in specialized ways in preparation of food
for digestion
- Dentition – character and general arrangement of
teeth, taken as a whole
• 2 Kinds of Teeth
a. Anterior Teeth
- Designed for cutting and tearing food
b. Posterior Teeth
- Designed to grind and crush food

• 2 Sets of Teeth during lifetime
• Mucous Membrane a. Primary Set (deciduous/temporary)
a. Oral Mucosa - Set of 20 teeth (2 molars and no pre-molars)
- mucous membrane lining the oral cavity b. Secondary Set (permanent)
- Covers the inside of the cheeks and lips and the - Set of 32 teeth (4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 pre molars,
alveolar process in which the teeth are 6 molars)
embedded
Gingiva (gum tissue) – covering of the *’erupted’ – kapag tumubo ang teeth
alveolar process *’exfoliate’ – kapag natanggal ang teeth
- Serves as a protective covering for the soft
tissues of the mouth Anatomic Differences Between Groups of Teeth
- Tissue similar to the composition of the skin, A. Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth
although it has many mucous glands which bathe - Has the same number and types of teeth
its surface - One of the differences is in the mesiodistal width
• Oral Cavity between the maxillary and mandibular anterior
- Bounded in front (anterior) and on the sides (laterally) teeth
by the gingival and lingual surfaces of the teeth
 - Normal relationship between the maxillary and D. Rounded Elevations
mandibular teeth results in a horizontal and a. Lobes
vertical overlap - One of the primary anatomical divisions of a
Overjet – horizontal overlap crown
Overbite – vertical overlab - All teeth develop from either 4 or 5 lobes
B. Anterior and Posterior Teeth - Each lobe was the center of calcification in the
a. Anterior Teeth developing tooth
- Characterized by having single roots and - Usually separated by readily identifiable
incisal edges or single-cusped crowns ending developmental grooves
narrow edges b. Mamelon (scallop)
- Narrow edges are designed to incise (bite off) - One of three small, rounded projections of
relatively large amounts of food in eating enamel
- Teeth located in the anterior part of the jaw - Sometimes present on the cutting edge of a
b. Posterior Teeth newly-erupted incisor tooth
- Has more than 1 root - Projections wear away soon after eruption
- Has multiple cusps forming occlusal surfaces c. Cusp
designed to crush and grind food into small - Conical (cone-shaped) or rounded elevation of
parts enamel on the occlusal surface of bicuspids and
• Bicuspids molars and on the incisal edge of cuspids.
- Most have single roots but may have roots - Cuspid – single cup
which are partly or completely bifurcated - Bicuspid – 2 cups
- Has 2 cusps - Molar – 4 cusps
- Mandibular 2nd bicuspid – may have either 2 d. Cusp of Carabelli
or 3 cusps – (3-cusped bicuspid has 2 lingual - 5th cusp usually on the maxilliary first molar
cusps and one buccal cusp) - Underdeveloped, rudimentary cusp on the
• Molars lingual and mesiolingual surface
- Multirooted (three roots in the maxillary 93 Root'

MOLARS
arch and two roots in the mandibular arch) µg
- Has 4 or more cusps Nerves
- Wisdom teeth – third molars • Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve 5)
- Senses of touch, pain, changes in temperature to the
C. Tooth Surfaces teeth
è Facial – surface closest to the face a. Maxillary nerve
è Labial – surface closest to the lips (anterior) - Innervates upper teeth with smaller branches
è Buccal – surface adjacent to the cheeks (posterior (superior alveolar nerves)
è Lingual – surface closest to the tongue (back) b. Mandibular nerve
è Palatal – surface closest to the palate - Innervates bottom teeth with branches (inferior
è Mesial – surface facing the mid-line alveolar nerves)
è Distal – surface facing away from the mid-line
è Occlusal – chewing surface (posterior) Blood vessels
è Incisal – biting surfaces, narrow cutting edge on • External Carotid artery
anterior teeth (incisors and cuspids) a. Maxillary artery
è Axial – any surface parallel to the long axis - Small branches supply both rows of teeth with blood
passing through the crown and root of the tooth b. Maxillary vein
(facial, lingual, mesial and distal) - Path of deoxygenated blood from the pulp to the
teeth












Jaws - Thicker layers of peptidoglycan (purple or violet)
Hold the teeth and form the framework of the mouth - Tends to firmly absorb the first stain applied (crystal
- Paired bones and form the middle of the face violet)
- Subsewuent stain and reagents applied are no longer
a. Maxilla – upper jaw absorbed by cells
- Irregular bone formed from the right and -
left maxillary bones, unites along the è Gram negative
midline of the face - Single layer of petidoglycan(bright red or pink)
- Joins in the palate at the intermaxillary
suture/median palatal suture b. Capsule
- Considered as the key to the architecture of - Acts as a shield against phagocytosis
the face – all bones of the face (except - Helps bacteria adhere to surfaces
mandible) have sutural contact with it. - iMportant virulence factor

Ø Body c. Plasma membrane
- Gives shape to the face - Encloses the cytoplasm (composed mainly of water
- Forms part of the orbits and nasal with cell components, enzymes and molecules)
cavity ^ no membrane, contents of the cell will spill
- Within it, each maxillary bone is a therefore there will be no cell
large cavity called the maxillary - Acquires nutrients
sinus (antrum of Highmore) - Eliminates wastes
Ø 4 Processes - Maintains constant organized state
• Maxillary Sinus - Selective permeable barriers
- Large pyramidal cavity in the maxilla with its base - Respiration
toward the nose
- This cavity is separated from the nasal cavity by a Ribosomes – sites of protein synthesis
very thin wall of bone Spread all over the cytoplasm or attached in plasma
• Nasal membrane

• Zygomatic
Bacteria
• Alveolar - Some are surrounded by polysaccharides containing
capsule
• Palatal è Capsule or slime layer allows it to bind to surface
and evade phagocytosis
b. Mandible – lower jaw Flagella
- Thin rigid filaments
Prokaryotic Cells - Made up of proteins
- No nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, - Allows bacteria to move
golgi complexes Fimbrae and Pilli
- Pilli – shorter, help attach bacteria to mucosal cell
Bacteria surfaces and involved in bacterial conjugation,
- Cell envelop transfers plasmids
a. Cell wall - Fimbrae – contributes to the bacteria’s ability to
- Protect bacteria cause diseases
- Consists of peptidoglycan
^ helps differentiate gram positive and gram Bacteria Conjugation
negative Transfer of genetic material of bacteria by forming a bridge
- Helps maintain shape (cocci-circle, bacilli-rodshaped, using a pilli
spirilla-spiral shaped, pleomorphic-irregular)
Capsule – outer layer, polysaccharide
Organization of cells Plasma membrane
- Pairs (diplo-) - Semi permeable membrane allowing transportation
- Chains (strepto-) of substances in and out of the cell
- Clusters ( staphylo-) - Phospholipid bilayer – made up of phospholipids
Phospholopids – has a HYDROPHILIC LAYER ( LOVE
(dyes ) WATER AND HYDROPHOBIC LAYER HATE WATER
è Gram positive
Cell wall
- Complex and semi-rigid structure

Cytoplasm
- Contains water enzymes, ribosomes, circular dna

Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis

Circular DNA
- Genetic material

Plasmids
- Additional Small circular genetic information

Binary Fission
- Parent bacterial cells divides into 2 progency cells

Growth
Lag phase – cellsneed to adapt to new medium
Log phase – cells in optimum growth state , binary fusion
Stationary – exhaustion of critical nutrition or accumulation
of waste products
Death/Decrease – exposure to oxygen etc.

Requirements for bacterial growth
Temperature – Psychrophiles 10 deg, Mesophiles 25-35 deg,
thermophiles 60 deg, extreme thermophiles 80 deg +
Ph – Acidophils (0-6), neutrophils (7-9), alkalophiles (10-14)
Water and osmotic pressure – grows best in area saturated
with water, increase pressure cause cell to burst
Oxygen – Aerobic (need oxygen), Facultative (with or w/o
oxygen but prefers with oxygen),

Pathogens
Communicable diseases
- Spread by pathogens
- Spread from person to person, infectious

Pathogens
- Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
- Bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi

Once inside the human body, bacteria reproduce rapidly
Bacteria can release harmful chemicals called toxins
These toxins damage tissues and make us ill

Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves
Can only reproduce inside a host cell (HIV)

Virus invades the host cell
Virus now reproduces inside the cell
It damages the cell, when the virus leaves the cell, it could
burst open and die
Ø Science
• Biology
- Speciation
- Viruses
- Glyoxysomes
for complete margin
- Titration (theoretical end of titration) indicator shows amount of reactant necessary
a
:

has beenadded to solution

- Hormones (fight or flight hormone) Adrenaline
- Margination
- Chemotaxis
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases (Mechanical/Vector Borne) transporting through contaminated material
- Pronation
- Desmososomes
- Nitrogen Cycle (nitrogen cycle which process is after respiration)
- The Skin
(a) Parts (Stratum Corneum; intact skin microorganisms)
- Melanin and Melanocytes (cells involved in hair turning white; failure to secrete
pigment white hair)
- The Brain
(a) Functions of the Left and Right Hemisphere
- Analgesic and Antipyretic drugs
- The Nervous System
(a) Reflex and Reactions
- The Digestive System
(a) Enzymes (pH level human pepsin)
(b) (Human Interstitial Fluid concentration)
- Immune System
(a) Lines of Defense (defenses during bacterial infection)
(b) Immunoglobulins (immunoglobulins second exposure)
- Pathogens
(a) Chain of Infection
(b) Primary Goal of Pathogens
- Immunity and Diseases
(a) Types of Immunity (Humans) and their subtypes
(b) Types of Immunity Vaccines
(c) Muscle Proteins and Neurotransmitters
- Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
(a) Action Potential
- Administration of Drugs
- Meiosis & Mitosis
- Interferons (alpha interferons promote phagocytosis)
- Cells
(a) Structure
(b) Processes (cellular process that doesn’t involve the plasma membrane)
(c) Types of Blood Cells (phagocytic digestion)
 (d) Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
> Structure (microfilaments; shape of the cell protein fiber)
(e) Cell Damage (swelling of cytoplasm)
(f) Cellular Homeostasis
- DNA and RNA
(a) Structure
(b) Replication
- Allosteric Inhibitors
- Evacuation and Vasodilation
- Colloid Osmotic Pressure
- Albumin Vascular Fluid
- Friction formation of callus
• Chemistry
- Types of Amines (what kind of amine is ethylamine) primary aliphatic amine
kg / m3
- (Density of an Atom’s nucleus) 2.single 1017 3 ✗

covalent bonds between carbon atoms

→
- Distinguishing Saturated Hydrocarbons from Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- (NSAID acetylcysteine acetaminophen)
↳ atleast double / triple covalent bond
I in

the main chain

- (Glucose broken down to Puruvic Acid) through Glycolysis
- (Benzene Ammonia)
- (Ethanol Alkane)
- Chemical Reactions exponential
Infor
pre energy -

EA
activation

(a) Activation Energy (Arrhenius Equation) K A RT temp

-

in k
•

e
-
=

l
/
l gas content

- Electrolytes rate of
log
constant
base
hatnral

(a) Distinguishing Electrolytes from Nonelectrolytes (is sodium chloride an

↳ Yes 12 main electrolytes )
electrolyte
↳ w/ electricity
- Biomolecules aument

(a) Proteins (bond linking amino acids) peptide bond ( holds together a amino acids )
• Physics LVW red =

- Electromagnetic Waves (visible light wavelength range) 0.4 to 0.7µm → →

svw violet =

- (Rubbing glass tube and silk cloth)

Ø Math
• Statistics
- Statistical Data and Grouping
- Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped and Grouped Data)
- Measures of Position (Ungrouped and Grouped Data)
- Population and Sample
- Interval Estimation
- Hypothesis Testing
- Nominal, Interval, Ordinal
Ø Research
- (Reliability in research) How consistently a method measures something
- (What type of research is cause and effect) causal or Experimental Research