Types of grammatical categories

Correlation of categories
✗

dialect ial unity of language and thought

gramm categories,
.

correlate with conceptual categories and objective reality

conceptual reality conceptual
category

Lingual Lingual
Objective reality Objective category
reality category
Referential Gramm .

categories
✗

have references in the objective reality Hense number , ,

voice ,
person)
Tense

Time
Temporality
Signification at gzamm .

categories
✗

Categories that lack references in the objective reality ( mood ,

degree)
Mood
1 modality )

degree -
Category of number ⇐
and
opposition of countableness
uncountableness ( only count nouns ) .

Category of case +
opposition
inanimateness
of animateness
animate
and
subclass)
1 only nouns

Phase category T
opposition of terminativeness and non -

terminativeness 1 only terminative verbs subclass/

Category of Voice +
opposition of transitivity and intransitivity
( only within transitive verbs subclass )

Means of Realisation
Analytic Means → combinations of
element
the
auxiliary

synthetic Means →
built with the
bound morphemes
help
:
of

•
Sound interchange
•
Affixation
•

Suppletivity
 / Opposition
is ieelatiouship of partial differences between partially
similar elements .
The root of
opposition is its basis .

Members of opposition

Strong
e- +

member weak member

+ ✗

marked , strong positive

,
unmarked , weak ,
negative
✗ ✗
" "

designated by t designated by
" "
-

types
Binary =
Privative
member of the contrastive
paiz is
→
one

characterised by the presence of afeature

which is
lacking in the other member .

Non -

binary
← I

Gradual Equipollent
group of members are
distinguished a
pair or
group in which
a ,

by the degree of a certain feature are

distinguished by different
positive features
 Oppositional changes
Neutralization → the reduction of the opposition
to one of its members tweak →
strong
F-g. custom -
customs

Transposition → the use of

unusual environment or in the
an
a linguistic unit in

function that is not characteristic .

Eg Dark waters of the sea / strong → weak )

. .

Reduction → the opposition looses its formal

distinctive force .

Morpheme
the
←
elementary meaningful part of the word ,
built
up
of
phonemes .

+
expresses abstract , significative meanings

Types of
morphemes
•
Free -

can be alone or
appear with other lexemes
( town hall , dog house )
•
Bound -

prefixes and suffixes

•
Inflectional -

modify a word's tense , number , aspect . . .

•
Derivational can be added
-
to a word to create another
one .