Lecture 4-5 Worksheet

1. Verb is a part of speech which denotes an action.

2. Morphological classification:
VERB
Simple Derivative Compound Composite
read, live, hide, i. e. having i. e. consisting of consisting of a
speak affixes (magnify, two stems verb and a
fertilize, (daydream, postposition of
captivate, undo, browbeat) adverbial
decompose) origin (sit
down, go
away, give
up). The
modern term
for these verbs
is
phrasal verbs.
Semantic classification
VERB
State Activity Relative
Verbs which express:  The general  Verbs that convey
 The verbs of categorial different kinds of
perception and meaning of relations and ratios
understanding the verb is include the
(recipient process following groups:
verbs) can presented Verbs that convey
express dynamically, comparative two-
perception by i.e. developing way relations of
the senses in time. This equality / inequality,
(perceptual general commensurability /
verbs, such as processual incommensurability,
feel, taste, meaning is similarity /
smell, see) and embedded in difference,
mental activity, the semantics equivalence,
i.e. perception of all the superiority, wider
by assumption, verbs, correlated or
conjecture, including dependency: equal,
inventing (such those that match, fit, apply to,
as assume, denote states, contrast, correlate
believe, forms of  • Homogeneous
perceive, existence, relations of
imagine, mean, types of possession,
think, consider, attitude, inclusion, "habitual"
 recognize, evaluations, correlations: have,
reckon) etc., rather belong, consist of,
 conceptually than actions. C contain, cost,
divergent verbs f: include, involve
(verbs with Edgar's room led  attitudinal verbs,
variable out of the wall and depending on
meaning), without a door. She the presence of
which can had additional
denote herself a liking for components, the
discretely richness and excess. values are divided
sequential It was all over the into two groups:
stages in the morning papers. 1) verbs expressing
continuum of That's what I'm emotional
cognition, afraid of. I do love relationships or
similar to their you, really I do states, positive and
corresponding negative: admire,
verbs in  A dynamic detest, hate, like,
Russian.For verb (such as love
example, the run, ride, 2) verbs expressing
verb see (just grow, throw) relationships in a
like the verb to is primarily logical manner
see) can denote used to plan, such as
a chain of indicate an approval /
sequential action, disapproval,
mental actions process, or agreement /
for processing sensation. disagreement,
an external  Dynamic opinion, which
signal to the verbs describe require a special
organ of vision: activities, disclosure structure
1) perceptual events and in the form
perception actions that propositional object,
through the can begin and the so-called factual
sensory channel finish. verbs: comprehend,
of the organ of Dynamic care about, forget
vision, 2) verbs CAN about, grasp, mind,
comprehension BE used in regret
of the continuous  Functional-
perceived, 3) tenses. These relational verbs
knowledge, 4) include ones affecting the
assessment, 5 ) like kick, take, subject, which
judgment, for do. acquire this
example:v I see meaning when used
a star in an impersonal
(перцептивное status, such as It
восприятие). bothers those to
 Let me see listen to you ', It
(осмысление). irritates me to hear
I see we have it again and again'
no way out
(знание).
You will see
how beautiful
these mountains
are! (оценка).

Complete ideas:
 lexically, verbs can be
terminative verbs denote an action implying a certain limit beyond which it
cannot go. Here belong simple and composite verbs, such as to come, to
bring, to build, to give, to take, to receive, to find
non-terminative verbs denote a certain action which does not imply any
limit. Here belong such verbs as to live, to exist, to sleep, to love
of a double nature in certain contexts have a terminative meaning, and in
others, a non-terminative meaning. Here belong such verbs as to see, to hear,
to write, to read, to translate.
 Grammatically, verbs can be
Regular verb is any verb whose conjugation follows the typical pattern, or one of
the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. F.e. to want – wanted, to
open - opened
Irregular verb is a verb which does not conform to an
expected inflectional pattern.
Here belong the following groups of verbs:
(a) verbs which change their root vowel.
to sing - sang – sung
(b) verbs which change their root vowel and add -en for Participle II.
to speak - spoke – spoken
(c) verbs which change their root vowel and add -d or-t.
to sell - sold – sold
(d) verbs which change their final -d into -t.
to send - sent – sent
(e) verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle
II.
to put - put – put
(f) verbs whose forms come from different stems.
to be - was, were – been
(g) special irregular verbs.
to have - had - had
(h) defective (anomalous) verbs.
will - would
shall - should
 According to the syntactic function, verbs can be
Notional verbs are those which have a full meaning of their own and can be used
without any additional words as a simple predicate. F.e. to write, to read, to ask,
etc.
Auxiliary verbs are those which have lost their meaning and are used only as form
words, thus having only a grammatical function. They are used in analytical forms.
For example, to do, to have, to be, will etc.
Link verbs are verbs which to a smaller or greater extent have lost their meaning
and are used in the compound nominal predicate. F.e. The house was too big.
According to their combinability
Transitive verbs can take a direct object, i.e. they express an action which passes
on to a person or thing directly. Here belong such verbs as to take, to give, to
make, to send, etc.
Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. Here belong such verbs as to stand,
to sleep, to laugh, to think, to lie, to swim.
Grammar categories of the VERB.
 What does the category of number person? What are the
grammatical means of it?
The categories of person and number are closely connected with each
other. Their immediate connection is conditioned by the two factors: first,
by their situational semantics, referring the process denoted by the verb
to the 125 subject of the situation, i.e. to its central substance (which
exists in inseparable unity of "quality" reflected in the personal
denotation, and "quantity" reflected in the numerical denotation); second,
by their direct and immediate relation to the syntactic unit expressing the
subject as the functional part of the sentence.
 There are two numbers in the verb: singular and plural, and three
persons: first, second and third. The second person singular (thou
speakest) is not used in Modern English, it has been replaced by the
second person plural (you speak). Survivals of that form are found only
in poetry and high prose:
From the earth thou springest
Like a cloud of fire.
The only personal inflexion of the verb in Modern English is the
inflexion [z(s-iz)], in spelling -s, -es of the third person singular in the
present tense of the indicative mood; [z] after voiced consonants and
vowels (he reads, he plays), [s] after voiceless consonants (he writes, he
stops), [iz] after sibilants (he dresses, he brushes).
The archaic second person has the inflexion [ist, st], in spelling -est ,-st
(thou speakest).
The verb to be has three forms for person and number, in the present
indefinite: I am, he (she, it) is, we (you, they) are; and two forms for the
past indefinite: singular—was (I, he, she, it), plural— were (we, you,
they).
 What does the category of number show? What are the grammatical
means of it?
Number is a grammatical category of the English noun, which shows
whether we speak of one substance or more than one. As for the
grammatical opposition of the singular and the plural forms in English
the form of the singular is a bare stem with the zero inflection whereas
the plural number is built up by means of the inflection -s for the majority
of cases.
 What does the category of tense show? What are the grammatical
means of it?

Definition:
Tense is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that
deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in
relation to some other temporal reference point.

The category of tense and the category of aspect are intermingled.

There are three main tenses: past, present, and future. In English, each
of these tenses can take four main aspects: simple, perfect, continuous
(also known as progressive), and perfect continuous.

 What does the category of aspect show? What are the grammatical
means of it?
 Aspect is a grammatical category associated with verbs that expresses a
temporal view of the event or state expressed by the verb.

Aspect is often indicated by verbal affixes or auxiliary verbs.

There are 4 kinds of aspect in English:

 Imperfective Aspect - Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an

event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as
a simple whole. (Continuous Aspect, Habitual Aspect, Iterative Aspect)
 Perfective Aspect - Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal
view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of
the internal structure of the time in which it occurs.
 Cessative Aspect - Cessative aspect is aspect that expresses the cessation of
an event or state.
 Inchoative Aspect - Inchoative aspect is an aspect that expresses the
beginning of an event or state.

 What does the category of voice show? What are the grammatical
means of it?

Voice is a grammatical category that expresses the semantic functions attributed to

the referents of a clause. It indicates whether the subject is an:
 actor
 patient, or
 recipient.
Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate
to the subject and the object. There are three voices in English: the active
voice, the passive voice, and the neuter-reflexive voice. (In many
textbooks of today only two voices - the active and the passive - are
distinguished) The voice of the English verb is expressed by the
opposition of the passive form of the verb to the active form of the verb.
The sign marking the passive form is the combination of the auxiliary be
with the past participle of the conjugated verb (in
symbolic notation: be ... en — see Ch. II, § 5).

The passive form as the strong member of the opposition expresses

reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic construction (i.e.
the "passive" subject, denoting the object of the action);
the active form as the weak member of the opposition leaves this
meaning
 unspecified, i.e. it expresses "non-passivity".

In colloquial speech the role of the passive auxiliary can occasionally be

performed by the verb get and, probably, become* Cf

 What does the category of mood show? What are the grammatical
means of it?
Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the
speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view
of its reality. We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood,
and the subjunctive mood.
The Indicative Mood
The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb
is presented as a fact.
We went home early in the evening. (Dickens)
The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i.e. a
condition the realization of which is considered possible.
If it rains, I shall stay at home.
The Imperative Mood
The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request. In Modern
English the Imperative Mood has only one form which coincides with the
infinitive without the particle to; it is used in the second person (singular
and plural).
Be quiet and hear what I tell you. (Eliot)
In forming the negative, the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even
with the verb to be.
Hush! Don't make a noise! (Eliot)
Don't be angry… (Hemingway)
The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sentences to
make the request more emphatic.
To make a request or an order more emphatic the subject expressed by
the pronoun you are sometimes used. It is characteristic of colloquial
speech.
I'll drive and you sleep awhile. (Hemingway)
The Subjunctive Mood
It shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a
non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. The Subjunctive Mood is
also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts. In
Modern English the Subjunctive Mood has synthetic and analytical
forms.
"I wish I were ten years older," I said. (Braine) - «Хотел бы я быть на
десять лет старше», - сказал я.
 The Present Subjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or
future.
The term 'Past Subjunctive' is merely traditional as in Modern English it
does not necessarily express a past action. In adverbial clauses of
condition, it denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future.
In other types of subordinate clauses, it denotes an action simultaneous
with the action expressed in the principal clause; thus it may refer to the
present and to the past.
 Give definition of valency. Fill in the table with examples and notes
Valency refers to the capacity of a verb to take a specific number and
type of arguments (noun phrase positions).
Valency types
Intransitive Monotransitiv Ditransitive Complex Copular
e transitive
Intransitive Transitive A verb which A verb that A copular
verbs cannot verbs that take takes a requires both verb is a
take a direct only a direct subject and a direct special kind
object. Here object. The two objects object and of verb used
belong such verbs to buy, which refer another to join an
verbs as to to bite, to to a theme object or an adjective or
stand, to break, to eat. and a object noun
sleep, to recipient complement. complement
laugh, to He gave her to a subject.
think, to lie, the letter. Object Common
to swim. ('The letter' complements, examples
is the direct which can are: be (is,
object, what include am, are, was,
he gave, and words like were),
'her' is the “believe,” appear, seem,
indirect “make,” and look, sound,
object, the “think,” smell, taste,
person he qualify the feel, become
gave it to. direct object. and get.
This For example,
sentence can in the Honey is
also be sentence sweet. (Here
written 'He “Her praise the copular
gave the made me verb is
letter to her'.) happy,” assigns the
“made” is a quality of
complex sweetness to
transitive honey.)
verb. The stew
smells good.
The milk
turned sour.
The night
grew dark.
She became
a writer.