Linear Algebra

Reduction Method

1. Form augmented matrix [coefficients; answer]

2. Transform into a reduced matrix.

Determinants
𝑎!! 𝑎!"
• Second order: A= [𝑎 𝑎"" ] = A= [𝑎!! 𝑎"" − 𝑎"! 𝑎!" ]
"!
• Third order:|A|= 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 − 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 − 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 123 – 456
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐
if |A| = 0 no solution
• Fourth order

1. Choose 1 column or 1 row

2. Find the cofactor of each eantry, Use: Caij= (−1)!&' maij
3. Find the determinant by adding the product of each entry by their
corresponding cofactor.

Cramer’s Rule
1. Form coefficient matrix [coefficients] no constants
2. Find the determinant of the given |A|
3. Find the determinant of the variable x by replacing the coefficient of x to the
answer constant. Constants in the place of unknown.
4. Do step #3 forvariable y and z.
|)| |+| |,|
5. Find 𝑥 = |*|, 𝑦 = |*|, 𝑧 = |*| CHECKING!
NOTE: Applicable for 2nd and 3rd order
If |A| is 0 false equation, show Gauss-Jordan Reduction
Inverse Method

𝒙 = 𝑨-𝟏 𝑪

𝑎!! + 𝑎!" 𝑦 = 𝐶!
𝑎"! + 𝑎"" 𝑦 = 𝐶"

𝑎!! 𝑎!"
A= 3𝑎 𝑎"" 4
"!

x
X = 3y 4
C
C = 9 !:
C"

Inverse
A −B D B
3 4=3 4
C D −C A

• 2nd Order
1. Form coefficient matrix [coefficient]
2. Solve the determinant
𝑎!! 𝑎!"
3. A-! . To solve for the inverse, 3𝑎 4 opposite sign
"! 𝑎""
then divide each entry by the determinant.
4. Use the formula x = A-! C by the multiplying the inverse and the answer

• 3rd Order
1. Determine X, C and A.
2. To solve for the inverse, use [A: RM] → [RM: A]
3. Use the formula X = A-! C by multiplying inverse and the answer.

If AB=BA= I, the B is an inverse of A, and that A is non singular. The inverse

of A is denoted by A-! .

NOTE: (𝐀-𝟏 )-𝟏 it is nonsingular

If |A| is 0 then it has no inverse therefore it is singular.

𝐴-! find A
1. Get the determinant of |A-! |
(/$% )$%
2. Get (A-! )-! by dividing |A-! | |/$% |
 3. Answer is A
Linear Independence

1. Substitute the values of X! , X" , X1 in 0=( !!𝑥! , +( ""𝑥" + 11𝑥1 ) where 0= (0,0,0,0)
2. Write the equation
3. Use reduction method
4. If the answer are all zeros, therefore s= {𝑥! , 𝑥" , 𝑥1 } is linearly independent.