8 Fundamental Identities

1 1
1. sin 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 csc 𝑥 =
csc 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 1
2. cos 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 sec 𝑥 =
sec 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 1
3. tan 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 cot 𝑥 =
cot 𝑥 tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥
4. tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
5. cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ! 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥 = 1
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝑥
"
• (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥)! = (! sin 2𝑥)!

7. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛! 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥
8. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ! 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 ! 𝑥

Double Angle
1. sin 2 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2. cos 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝑥
! #$% &
3. tan 2𝑥 = "'()*! &

−2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦
= cot 𝑥 cot 𝑦
−2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦
Derivatives

,-
D1 ,&
=0

,
D2 ,&
𝑐𝑈 * = 𝑐𝑛𝑢*'"

, , ,
D3 ,&
[ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = ,& 𝑓(𝑥) + ,& 𝑔(𝑥)

, (/0) /,0 0,/

D4 ,&
= ,&
+ ,&

, /" ,/
D5 ,&
= 𝑛𝑢*'" ,&

#$ #&
, / 0 ' /
D6 L M=
,& 0
#%
0!
#%

,2 ,2 ,2 ,/
D7 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) → ,/ ,&
= ,& ∙ ,&
,/
𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) → ,/ 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝑥
 ,&
D8 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) → ,2
,2 "
,&
= #% 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝑦
#'

#'
,2 ,2
D9 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) → ,/ ,&
= #$
#%
#'
,&
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑢) → ,/ 𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝑢

, ,/
D10 ,&
sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 ,&
• sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
• cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
,
• ,&
(𝑥 + 𝑦)

, ,/
D11 ,&
cos 𝑢 = −sin 𝑢 ,&

, ,/
D12 ,&
tan 𝑢 = sec ! 𝑢 ,&

, ,/
D13 ,&
cot 𝑢 = −csc ! 𝑢 ,&

, ,/
D14 ,&
sec 𝑛 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 ,&

, ,/
D15 ,&
csc 𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 ,&

, " ,/
D16 ,&
sin'" 𝑢 = √"'/! ,&

, '" ,/
D17 ,&
cos '" 𝑢 = √"'/! ,&

, " ,/
D18 ,&
tan'" 𝑢 = "4/! ,&

, '" ,/
D19 ,&
cot '" 𝑢 = "4/! ,&

𝑒 = 2.718

, " ,/
D20 sec '" 𝑢 =
,& /√/! '" ,&

, '" ,/
D21 csc '" 𝑢 =
,& /√/! '" ,&

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

, ,/ )(
D22 ,&
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑢 = log 𝑒 ,& → 𝑙𝑜𝑔 /
𝑑𝑢
, " ,/ "
D23 ,&
𝑙𝑛 𝑢 = * ,& 𝑑√𝑢 = !√/ 𝑑𝑢
 , ,/
D24 ,&
𝑎/ = 𝑎/ ln 𝑎 ,&

, ,/
D25 𝑒/ = 𝑒/
,& ,&

Double Angle
1. sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2. cos 2𝑥 = cos ! 𝑥 − sin! 𝑥
! #$% &
3. tan 2𝑥 = "'#$%! &

T.L. 𝑦 − 𝑦" = 𝑓 5 (𝑥)(𝑥 − 𝑥" )

"
N.L. 𝑦 − 𝑦" = − 6) (&) (𝑥 − 𝑥" )

Vertex:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)! + 𝑘
7
ℎ = − !)

Straight Line
G.F. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
S. F. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐
Slope Int. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Point-Slope 𝑦 − 𝑦" = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥" )
2'2* 2 '2
Two-point &'&*
= &! '&*
! *

& 2
Intercept Form 7
+) =1

Circle
v (0, 0) and v (h, k)
𝑣 (ℎ, 𝑘)(𝑥 − ℎ)! + (𝑦 − 𝑘)! = 𝑟 !
𝑟 (0,0): 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 𝑟 !
G.F. 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0
Angle of Intersection between 2 Curves
𝑓!5 (𝑥) − 𝑓"5 (𝑥)
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑓"5 (𝑥)𝑓!5 (𝑥)
• 𝑓!5 (𝑥) 𝑇. 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡
• 𝑓"5 (𝑥) 𝐼. 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Ø − + 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Ø + − 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Parabola

𝐴𝑥 ! + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0

1
𝑦= (𝑥 − ℎ)! + 𝑘 𝑥 ! = 4𝑝𝑦 𝑝 > 0
4𝑝

1
𝑦=− (𝑥 − ℎ)! + 𝑘 𝑥 ! = 4𝑝𝑦 𝑝 < 0
4𝑝

1
𝑥= (𝑦 − 𝑘)! + ℎ
4𝑝 𝑦 ! = 4𝑝𝑥 𝑝 > 0

1
𝑥=− (𝑦 − 𝑘)! + ℎ
4𝑝 𝑦 ! = 4𝑝𝑥 𝑝 < 0