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2 ..................................................................................................................... .1
5 .......................................................................................................
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ا .2
5 ....................................................................................................................... م1.2
6 ........................................................................... ASPHALT (BITUMEN) (
ا
)اﻝ2.2
6 ............................................................................................... در ا1.2.2
7 .............................................. Production of Petroleum Asphalt إج ا
اﻝ2.2.2
10 ................................................................................. %" ﻝ#$ اﻝ!آ اﻝ3.2.2
12 ................................................................................. % اﻝ'اص اﻝ)( ﻝ4.2.2
14 ...................................................... Rheology of Asphalt %ب ﻝ, ﺥاص ا5.2.2
16 .......................................................... Classification of Asphalts
ا- ﺕ6.2.2
21 ..................................................................................................... 70/60
ا3.2
23 ......................................................... PERFORMANCE GRADE, PG داء% ﻝ01 ا
و- ﺕ4.2
27 ..................................................................................
أ ار ا
ا .3
27 ..................................................................................................................... م1.3
27 ..........................................................................8 ﻝ وا ﺏ1 ة7", اﻝ-!ار اﻝ!ﺹ4 ا1.3
30 ................................. Transverse and Longitudinal Cracks (( و اﻝﻝ4!)ق اﻝ0; اﻝ1.1.3
31 ....................................................... Block cracking (=$ت اﻝ00;( )ﺕ$;ق اﻝ0; اﻝ2.1.3
32 .................................................................. Alligator Cracking (>,#ت اﻝ00; اﻝ3.1.3
33 ............................................................................................... Rutting د7' اﻝ4.1.3
34 .......................................................... Bleeding or Flushing
اBC اﻝ@ف أو5.1.3
35 ........................................................... Raveling and Weathering =آE اﻝی! واﻝ6.1.3
36 .............................................................. Polished Aggregate = اﻝ!آم0 ﺏ!ي أو ﺹ7.1.3
36 .....................................................................................Corrugation تG# اﻝ8.1.3
37 ........................................................................
ا-!ار اﻝ!ﺹ4(( أ$$) (ﻝH 2.3
38 ...................................................... :( 7( او ه##(
اﺥء ﺕI!ار اﻝﺕ4 ا1.2.3
39 ...................................................................... (M;ء ﺕL(
اﺥI!ار اﻝﺕ4 ا2.2.3
40 .....................................................................(P!ات اﻝNO(
اﻝI!ار اﻝﺕ4 ا3.2.3
41 ............................................................................................. !ارةQ( اﻝG در1.3.2.3
44 .......................................................................................... ,#; اﺵ)ع اﻝ2.3.2.3
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1.6.2.2
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ا` rدر!> (Gارة ﻝB,
اﻝ!ﺹ .-آ ﺏ7ای( ا '7ام Lم اﻝ@و (Gﻝ -ا 1اوا"= ت اﻝ!0ن اﻝ4#
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در!> (Gارة ̊ 135م.
16
آ 0 #اﺵرة ﺕ0س ﻝ@و (Gا 7در!> (Gارة ̊ 25م ﻝ)!
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واﻝ~وﺏن.
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و zان Lم اﻝ 0C -ﻝ@و (Gی)! ﺕی!ا ﻝLم ﺕ -اﻝ!Mز ا ا] زاﻝ ﺕ 7Gﺏ]
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ﺵ78ت اﻝ!ة
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ا !اﺕ 1 SHRP Iاﻝیت اﻝ7Q#ة واﻝ~ي ا 78ف ﺕی! !Cق اﺥر واﺹت (
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-
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.= =
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53
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D' - = ( 0%
!-
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0 = V - BN8 / =
A- JJ
0
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=
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crushed faces
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0 = vertical compressive stress 9
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<
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@ =
A 9 % A
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=
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% A
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=
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54
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55
3
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Hveem Stabilometer E
# J% : .= J% = E
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0
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%
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56
Superpave
(
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3.4
) 1.3.4
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57
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.Volumetric Design %
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. Performance Testing 6@ = ,% ( &
6 =
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.:
6@ ' E-9 P
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58
=
#
: #
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*
3 ;
Testing Requirements Design Level Traffic, ESALs
%
#
1 ESALs ≤ 106
6 ^
= + %
#
2 106 < ESALs ≤
6 ^
= + %
#
3 ESALs > 106
#
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5
B8 , 6
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59
@ A
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climate ( d
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Stiffness Modulus "
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Visco-elastic behaviour
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(PG 64-22) :
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61
# A
B
( .Source Properties
.= Consensus Properties
"#-
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62
وﺏ) 7ذﻝ} ی Vﺕ7Qی #` 7اﻝ@و (Gهﺕ rاﻝ! Vوی Vر Vﺥ| V0,ﺏ.#8
7ى اﻝ@و (Gاﻝ =t#ﻝ'| ﺏ
0.15 – 0.19 Pa.s.وﻝ .0.25 – 0.31 Pa.s. }7و
اﻝ! Vی
$#اﺥر درGت >!ارة اﻝ'| واﻝ7
#4 }7ى اﻝ@و (Gاﻝ;#ر اﻝ] .وی
$#
اﻝQل rه~ Tاﻝ)#ت
) اﻝ#دة اﻝ!اﺏ( او ایIد (#
#4 Tﺕ V#اﻝ'(.
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وی 1 7,ﺕ Iاﺥ^1ت اﻝ ی
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وﺥ^ل (#اﻝ }7ی` Vس ارﺕع اﻝ)( ﺏ; ، !#, =$وی B#,ذﻝ} ﺏ0ی (# Vاﻝ اNء
اﻝ.}7
و 7ا8ء
(#اﻝ }7ی Vا '^ص اﻝ)(
اﻝ0ﻝ وﺕ!ك ﻝ!د ﻝ7#ة 3اﻝ 5 rد`".Y
ی Vﺏ)7ه @ع ور`( اﻝ)@ل وﺕ!` Vاﻝ)( ﻝ =8,اﻝ#ﺏ)( ،ﺕ Vی!Iى ﻝ 8اﺥر ﺕ7Qی 7اﻝ(1b$
اﻝ( اﻝ.Bulk Specific Gravity ($
ﺏ '7ام اﺥ! ` ( 0 (#ﻝ (1b$اﻝ( ﻝ)( َ 1اﻝ( اﻝ }7واﻝ !Mاﻝ 1 =I,#ارﺕع اﻝ)(
ﺥ^ل (#اﻝ }7ی,>
$#ب اﻝ 1 !Mاﻝ7 z (1b$د اﻝ7ورات ) .(% Gmmودة ی Vر V
ﺕ} اﻝ)^`( ﺏ0#س ر - Vﻝuرﺕ #آ #ه
1ﺵ. 3.4 =$
و>
ان اﻝ,Qﺏت اوﻝ( ﻝ (1b$ﺕ Vﺏ!1اض اﻝ B,اﻝ'ر Gاﻝ)( rا] ا ا( ,ء
ی!Iي #1ﺏ) 7ﺕ 8QQﺏء rاﻝ (#0اﻝ ( 0#ﻝ (1b$اﻝ(.
هك 0 (N^Nط r (#8اﻝ rQ#اﻝﺕ[
اﻝ }7ﺏEﻝ( اﻝ7وی Vی Vﺕ!C 1 8Qی " (0ﺏ!ﺏ"-
ه اﻝ)7د اﻝ "7#واﻝ)7د اﻝ ##واﻝ)7د ا` rﻝ7ورات Nini , Ndes & Nmaxوذﻝ} آ #ه
1ﺵ . 4.4 =$وﺕ)د اه (#اﻝ (#0اﻝ ("7#ﻝ)7د اﻝ7ورات Niniاﻝ rا] ی7 =tم ﺕ!tQ
ﺥت ی Vد 8$ﺏ8,ﻝ( آ!ة .ا اﻝ)7د ا` 81 Nmax rﻝ Iاج ﺥت ی
$#ان
#
, A
% '
# :3.4 0-
65
P
K
#
, :4.4 0-
ی !#,د 8$ﺕ Qﺕ !NOا>#ل اﻝ!#ور 1 .اﻝ7ای( ی Vﺕ7Qی7 7د اﻝ7ورات اﻝ Ndes ##ﺏء
rاﻝ!Lوف اﻝ#ﺥ( ) | در!> (Gارة اﻝ Iاﻝ ((##و,ى ا>#ل اﻝ!#ور .
ﺏ8ء
(#اﻝ }7ﺕ7أ (#ﺕ =Qاﻝ"[ اﻝ 8 =Q#ﻝ7Qی 7اﻝQ#ى ا =bﻝ^ .
وﺕ$ن اﻝ)#ت اﻝﻝ( Gدة او ی,> Vﺏ 8ﺕ#م (#اﻝ V#و!C Y1ی (0ﺏ!ﺏ:-
66
P
K
#
, :5.4 0-
ﺏ ()#آ( اﻝ)( و> VIاﻝ)( 7آ= (0ﺥ^ل (#اﻝ
]O1 }7اﻝ,>
$##ب اﻝ(1b$
اﻝ( اﻝ ($ﻝ)ت ) (Bulk Specific Gravityﻝ r (0 =$اﻝ.rQ#
(#%)
- = Wm
67
(3#) A
' #% = Vmx
(3#/#%) 6
E- = gw
:
Ndesign
, =
.= 8
! =
VMA 0%
F
#-
G
VFA 0%
F
!^
G
-L
# (1 #'
P
) %
#
!=
:( 3 2
.(AASHTO T283) A
B .= = 6%
=
68
":" 0
&
& 6 = 6% %
#
.[7] =
#
P
K
#
, :6.4 0-
69
.5א &א
א
$
70
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6 ;- $) - =# ?. F 1.5
9 " .@ :
69 A , # EL .= 0- d
#, 0- K
<'
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K
EL
%
L
# 9 % @ :
<'
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K
EL
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V= V-
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C69 , E^
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.(
30 , 0 )
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. d
( # # P=@ ,
"
:89 -
0
, EL
%
d
.K=
A -
>
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#' 6
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K
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71
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72
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1 2 3
| در (Gاﻝ!Qارة ﻝ =$اﻝ;8ر < o18م 7اري رC - -
= 1آ= اﻝل؛ )7ل 0ط ا
ر ی 1 V 6
=0آ= اﻝ;8ر 7اري = f -
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=P) P/25 -10اﻝ | #اﻝ,ي ﻝ0,ط اﻝ(!# )اﻝ(1,
G Vف `! ؛ )7ل 0ط اﻝ 1 !#اآ !bاﻝ;8ر Gف > V 6وﻝ]$ 7اري # m -
ی,وي او < P/25 – 10
`7رة اﻝ'! واﻝ Bﺕ@ی0
7ط اﻝ 7> .!#اﻝIف /اﻝ!Cﺏ( )!ف Gف - -
ﺏﻝ)^`ت اﻝﻝ(:
0 %70 7 P=2t+28ط اﻝ !#او اآ !bی 1 z0اد 6 O1ﺵ8ر )ﺵء
Gف(
0 %70 7 P=2tط اﻝ !#او اآ !bی 1 z0اﺏ!د 6ﺵ8ر )ﺹG -ف(
7 P=2t+14یQي أي -ﻝ %70 r (,او اآ0
!bط
اﻝ!# B
) pه اﻝ | #اﻝ,ي ﻝ0,ط اﻝ !#و tاﻝ | #اﻝ,ي ﻝ7ر (Gاﻝ!Qارة (
> BS/BW 7ﺕ,وي ½ >G 7ف/رC ﺵ] Gف ) =8وا z S -
ﺥﻝ
اﺵIر(
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=
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(ASTM D 2028-76, 1992)
.
RC-3000 RC-800 RC-250 RC-70 (designation)
D
B# .
B# .
B# .
B# . ASTM
6000 3000 1600 800 500 250 140 70 D 2170 60
, -
%J
1
A
#°
Kinematic viscosity
..... 27+ ..... 27+ ..... 27+ ..... .... D 3143 3L-
) >
2
Flash point #° (O
(open-cup)
D 402 :
= 3
distillation test
# °360
7 -
!
%
/* !
1.3
Distillation, volume % of total distillation to 360 C0
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 10 To 190 C0 1.1.3
..... ..... ..... 15 ..... 35 ..... 50 To 225 C0 2.1.3
..... 25 ..... 45 ..... 60 ..... 70 To 260 C0 3.1.3
..... 70 ..... 75 ..... 80 ..... 85 To 316 C0 4.1.3
Residue from distillation to (360 C0), percent volume by
7
2.3
differences %
: (0#360 )
..... 80 ..... 75 ..... 65 ..... 55 &
:
, = 4
Tests on residue from distillation
2400 600 2400 600 2400 600 2400 600 60 )
, %J
1.4
viscosity at 1(J)(0#
(60 C0) (PA)
..... 100 ..... 100 ..... 100 ..... 0
100 D 113 /# 5)(C 25)
,
2.4
Ductility ('
..... 99 ..... 99 ..... 99 ..... 99 D - E E
B
3.4
2042 solubility in (%) E
trichloroethylene
0.2 ..... 0.2 ..... 0.2 ..... 0.2 ..... D 95 / (%) 6
4.4
water (%)
'
-
- /
%J
NN PA &
:E-
I
:!
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R
( 80 120 )J?N
#% 100 /
E 5 !
(C0 25)
, J?
(RC-3000) (70
=
-@ %
@ :49 0%
(ASTM D 2027-76 , 1992)
.
RC-3000 RC-800 RC-250 RC-70 RC-30
(designation)
B# .#
B# .#
B# .#
B# .#
B# .# ASTM
6000 3000 99 ..... 500 250 140 70 60 30 D 2170 30)
, -
%J
1
°
Kinematic (#
viscosity
..... 66 ..... 66 ..... 66 ..... 38 ..... 38 D 3143 3L-
) >
2
Flash 0# (O
point (open-cup)
D 402
= 3
Distillation Test
0
# 360
7 -
!
%
/*!
1.3
Distillation, volume % of total distillate to 360 C0
..... ..... ..... ..... 10 ..... 20 ..... 25 ..... To 225 C0 1.1.3
15 ..... 35 ..... 55 15 60 20 70 40 To 260 C0 2.1.3
75 15 80 45 87 60 90 65 93 75 To 316 C0 3.1.3
7
2.3
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 50 %
:(0#360 )
&
Residue from
distillation to
(360C0),% volume
:
, = 4
Tests on residue from distillation
1200 300 1200 300 1200 300 1200 300 1200 300 (0# 60)
, %J
1.4
viscosity at 1J
(60C0) PA
..... 100 ..... 100 ..... 100 ..... 100 ..... 100 D 113 25)
,
' 2.4
' / # 5 (0#
Ductility
..... 99 ..... 99 ..... 99 ..... 99 ..... 99 D 2042 - E E B
3.4
Solubility (%) E
in
0.2 ..... 0.2 ..... 0.2 ..... 0.2 ..... D 95 (%) 6
4.4
water (%)
J?
'
-
- /
%J
PA &
:E-
I
:* !
RC-) (RC-250) (RC-70) (RC-30) :
R
( 80 120 )J?
#% 100 /
E 5 !
(C0 25)
,
(RC-3000) (800
=
-@ %
b @ :59 0%
(ASTM D 2026-76, 1992)
.
Sc-3000 Sc-800 Sc-250 Sc-70 (property)
.
B# .#
B# .#
B# .#
B# .# (ASTM)
6000 3000 1600 800 500 250 140 70 D 2170 30)
, -
%J
1
(A
) (0#
Kinematic viscosity at
(60C0),cST
..... 107 ..... 93 ..... 79 ..... 66 D 92
-) >
2
(0# )(O
3L-
N
:E-N
I
:* ! N
(rapid setting) A
< –
@ :79 0%
(ASTM D 977-91 , 1992)
=
-@ %
Rapid setting :A C
N. .
HFRS – 2 RS – 2 RS – 1
B# .#
B# .#
B# .# 0
..... ..... ..... ..... 100 20 viscosity (
E)/#° 25) 0
/ %J
1
0
, saybolt furol (25 C )
400 75 400 75 ..... ..... viscosity (
E)/#° 50) 0
/ %J
2
0
, saybolt furol (50 C )
1
1 ..... 1 ..... 1 ..... (%) / , 24 / J=
E 3
A
storage stability , 24 hr , (%)
..... 60 ..... 60 ..... 60 Demulsibility , 35 ml , 0.02 N CaCl2 , (%) 4
coating ability & 6
:?
!' 5
water resistance
..... ..... ..... :%
#-
:? 1.5
dry aggregate coating
..... ..... ..... Y
/ :? 2.5
coating , after spraying
..... ..... ..... 0
#-
:? 3.5
wet aggregate coating
., !
T%
#= 0
%B
, , = , F
: :1
(medium setting) A
–
@ :89 0%
(ASTM D 977-91 , 1992)
=
-@ %
medium setting
N. .
MS – 1 MS – 1 MS – 1
B# .#
B# .#
B# .# 0
...... 100 ...... 100 100 20 viscosity,
E / 0#25
, 0
%J
1
saybolt furol at 25C0
...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... 0
viscosity,
E / #50
, 0
%J
2
saybolt furol at 50 C0
1 ..... 1 ..... 1 ...... (%) / , 24 / J=
E = 3
storage stability test ,24 h. (%)
...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... Demulsibility,35ml, 0.02 NCaCl2 ,% 4
...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... coating 6
:?
!' 5
ability & water resistance
Good Good Good :%
#-
/ :? 1.5
coating , dry aggregate
Fair Fair Fair coating , after spray Y
/:? 2.5
Fair Fair Fair coating , wet agg. 0
#-
/ :? 3.5
Fair Fair Fair coating, after spray Y
/:? 4.5
...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... cement mixing test
< =
= 6
., !
T%
#= 0
%B
, , = , F
: :1
(slow setting) A
b –
@ :99 0%
(ASTM D 977-91 , 1992)
=
-@ %
slow setting 1
HFSS – 2s SS – 1 SS – 2 .
'9
9 '9
9 '9
9 5
#
100 20 100 20 ...... 0
50 viscosity,
E / #25
, 0
%J
1
saybolt furol at 250C
0
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... viscosity,
E / #50
, 0
%J
2
saybolt furol at 500C
1 ...... 1 ...... 1 ...... (%) / , 24 / J=
E = 3
storage stability test ,24 h. (%)
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... Demulsibility,35ml,0.02NCaCl2 4
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... coating 6
:?
!' 5
ability& water resistance
...... ...... Good :%
#-
/ :? 1.5
coating , dry aggregate
...... ...... Fair coating,after spray Y
/:? 2.5
...... ...... Fair coating , wet 0
#-
/:? 3.5
aggregate
...... ...... Fair coating after spray Y
/:? 4.5
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... cement mix
< =
= 6
0.10 ...... 0.10 ...... 0.10 ...... sieve testA % /10?
= 7
...... 57 ...... 57 ...... 55 residue by distill %
8
.tests on :
, = 9
residue from distill
90 40 200 100 ...... 200 / #% 100/
E 5/ 0#25
, J?
1.8
Penetration (25C0,5 sec, 100 gm)
...... 40 ...... 40 ...... 40 , cm #/' \ # 5/ 0#25
,
' 2.8
ductility at (25C0 5cm\min)
...... 97.5 ...... 97.5 ...... 97.5 (%) E - E E
B
3.8
solubility in trichloroethylene
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
E / 0# 60 / #
= 4.8
float test , 60 C0,s
., !
T%
#= 0
%B
, , = , F
: :1
-@ %
@ :109 0%
(ASTM D 2397-91 , 1992)
=
'9
'9
'9
'9
'9
9
9
0
J?
#F
@ :
:119 0%
J?
%
300 200 150 120 100 85 70 60 50 40
= 1
max min max min max min max min max min
/ #025
, J?
300 200 150 120 100 85 70 60 50 40
E 5 #%100
350 425 450 450 450 >
E E B
99 99 99 99 99 (%) E-
&= =
37+ 42+ 47+ 52+ 55+
TFOT
=
,
'
100 100 75 50 = (#0 25)
TFOT
6@ :
–
!
:129 0%
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specifications (from AASHTO, 2001)
6@ :
–
!
:129 0% <
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specifications (from AASHTO, 2001)
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