SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING TO TRANSMIT MECHANICAL ENERGY TO A

PUMP THROUGH A STIRLING ENGINE

ELKIN ANDRES MESA

GALEANO- 2184562

YHOSEPTH ALEXANDER

ZAMBRANO FLOREZ - 2154702

UNIVERSIDAD
INDUSTRIAL DE
SANTANDER FACULTAD
DE INGENIERÍAS
FISICOMECÁNICAS
ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA
MECÁNICA
BUCARAMANGA
2022

1
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING TO TRANSMIT MECHANICAL ENERGY TO A
PUMP THROUGH A STIRLING ENGINE

ELKIN ANDRES MESA

GALEANO- 2184562

YHOSEPTH ALEXANDER

ZAMBRANO FLOREZ - 2154702

TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OPTAR POR EL

TÍTULO DE INGENIERO
MECÁNICO

DIRECTOR:
JULIAN ERNESTO JARAMILLO IBARRA. PHD.
CODIRECTOR:
LUIS FERNANDO GARCIA RODRIGUEZ
INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA.

UNIVERSIDAD
INDUSTRIAL DE
SANTANDER FACULTAD
DE INGENIERÍAS
FISICOMECÁNICAS
ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA
MECÁNICA
BUCARAMANGA
2022

2
Table of Contents

1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION ...................................................................6

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ...................................................................7

2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE .........................................................................7

2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ........................................................................7

3. JUSTIFICATION ....................................................................................8

4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..........................................................9

5.1 INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND ....................................................9

5.2 BACKGROUND AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL ....................................9

5.3 BACKGROUND AT THE LOCAL LEVEL ......................................... 10

6. THEORICAL REFERENTS ................................................................ 12

6.1 THERMAL ENERGY ............................................................................ 12

6.2 SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY.............................................................. 12

6.3 RADIATION ........................................................................................... 14

6.4 TYPES OF RADIATION ....................................................................... 14

6.5. SOLAR THERMAL CONCENTRATION SYSTEMS........................ 15

6.6 TYPES OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS ........................................ 16

6.7 RECEIVER ............................................................................................. 16

6.8 TYPES OF RECREIVERS ................................................................... 16

6.9 PUMPS .................................................................................................... 18

6.10 TYPES OF PUMPS .............................................................................. 18

7. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN .......................................................... 20

7.1 APPROACH AND TYPE OF STUDY .................................................. 20

7.2 VARIABLE ............................................................................................. 21

3
8. POPULATION AND SAMPLE ............................................................ 23

8.1 FIELDWORK AND TABULATION ..................................................... 24

8.2 PROJECT PHASES ............................................................................... 24

8.2.1. PHASE I ............................................................................................. 24

8.2.2. PHASE II ............................................................................................ 25

8.2.3. PHASE III ........................................................................................... 25

8.2.4. PHASE IV ........................................................................................... 26

8.2.5. PHASE V............................................................................................ 26

8.2.6. PHASE VI ........................................................................................... 27

9. CHRONOGRAM................................................................................... 28

10. BUDGET ................................................................................................ 29

11. Bibliograply ........................................................................................... 30

4
Lists of Figures.

Illustration 1……………………………………………………………………………12
Illustration 2……………………………………………………………………………13
Illustration 3……………………………………………………………………………14
Illustration 4……………………………………………………………………………15
Illustration 5……………………………………………………………………………15
Illustration 6……………………………………………………………………………16
Illustration 7……………………………………………………………………………18
Illustration 8……………………………………………………………………………19

5
 1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The use of fossil fuels has been an environmental problem in recent years, due to the
pollution concentrated in the atmosphere and water reserves. This major environmental problem
has been evolving year after year, satisfying human needs, but generating an important role in
global warming, the main uses are industrial, agricultural, commercial and domestic activities.
Humans consume in one year what nature took a million years to produce. Fossil fuel
reserves are not infinite, it is consumed much faster than it is produced, and in this case, as we
have pointed out, it takes millions of years to produce it. For example, if we continue to consume
oil at this rate, it is estimated that in about 100 years all reserves of this fossil fuel will be depleted.
(cite)
In Colombia, as in the rest of the world, there is concern about the excessive use of energy,
which has led the national government, private companies and research groups that use high
energies to look for an alternative in the use of renewable energies to generate economic and
environmental solutions in the use of environmentally friendly energies.
It is no secret that solar energy is the most studied by scientists, since it has an unlimited
resource for the use of this and likewise its energy efficiency is more favorable compared to other
measures, for this reason, first world countries offer economic incentives for research and
development in technologies that allow us to take advantage of solar energy.

6
 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Design and create a prototype of a solar energy harvesting system to transmit mechanical
energy through a Stirling engine.

2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Design the heat getter system for the Stirling engine.

Analyze the thermal behavior of the motor power source.
Design the Stirling-pump engine transmission system.
Present the environmental and energy benefits of the project.
Build the prototype.

7
 3. JUSTIFICATION

Nowadays the use of fossil fuels is not an option that can continue to be used, due to the
problems it generates (global warming) because it produces high pollution and the high Co2
emissions into the atmosphere. Therefore, the high cost of these fuels has risen over the years. For
this reason, the use for engines must be decreased or eliminated to avoid bringing irremediable
changes to planet earth.
Due to this, it has been decided to look for other forms of energy to reduce the high Co2
emissions and as a result, the Stirling engine is found, which can take advantage of the solar energy
available in a natural way and begin to slow down the process of global warming and at the same
time not damage the habitat provided by the planet earth.
The realization of the project is based on generating the need to search for efficient and
sustainable alternative energies. The parabolic dish Stirling engine could be used in areas where
there is little electric power (rural areas). Using this motor as a transmission mechanism to activate
a small-scale pump.

8
 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Research studies and projects already developed regarding the design and construction of
solar energy capture systems for a Stirling engine will be analyzed to have greater clarity and in turn
take advantage of the references in order to present a reliable design and construction study making
use of existing data, parameters and analysis with recommended software.

5. BACKGROUND

Initially for research, bibliographic information is presented in research at international,

national and local level on the importance of this type of energy capture for the Stirling engine.

5.1 INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND

5.1.1 Stirling engine powered by solar collector (Abdulaziz AL-janoubi, Abdullah AL-
shammari, Mohammed AL-otaibi, & Abdulaziz AL-olayan, 2019)
This thesis addresses the design and construction of a Stirling engine using solar energy as
an external energy source. This engine, located in the country of Saudi Arabia, in order to take
advantage of the high temperatures that occur throughout the year in this country and thus reduce
the use of fuels or coals that are still harmful to the environment.
And thus be able to transform the thermal energy into mechanical work, when the hot air
expands to slide the piston while the cold air is compressed to move the piston to its main location.

5.2 BACKGROUND AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL

The importance of new energy sources has driven different projects in the country to be
focused on this branch as in the Technological University of Pereira, in the school of mechanical
technology in 2013 the student Auber Alonso Camargo Macias has focused his project on the
"Design and Construction of a solar collector with recycled PET bottles and comparative analysis
with other collectors" where he presents a design of a solar collector of low cost and an easy

9
construction where it measures its operation and the capacity it could have in the transfer of heat
to the water and then compare it with commercial collectors.
In that project they managed to demonstrate that a parabolic collector has a higher
efficiency than flat plate collectors, but nevertheless the costs vary inversely; I also manage to
draw a conclusion from a water stagnation effect that influences the temperature that the collector
can achieve, which means that with an adequate amount of catchment surface and volume of the
storage tank, a considerable amount of water can be heated and conserved; Another important
point is that in our country we have little accessibility to get materials at low cost which indicates
that it is time to have import options.

Although the project has a biodegradable approach since its main objective was to make
the solar collector based on PET bottles, in the results there was a good feedback of how the
efficiency of the sun could be increased and also improve the capture temperature that is what we
are looking for in our system

5.3 BACKGROUND AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

At the local level we managed to find a project at the Industrial University of Santander by
Professor Omar Armando Gelves Arocha where Juan Pablo Domínguez and Diego Fernando
Meneses made the project "Design and construction of an electrical generation system activated
by a Stirling gamma type engine, which uses solar energy as a bridge" in which they made an
approach to the main causes of pollution on our planet which they proposed necessary reduce
emissions and gases through new clean technologies such as the previous system mentioned.
In this they highlighted that the design and construction are part of the development of the
Stirling engine, as well as sought optimal performance through its geometries and materials of
high thermal resistance for heat transfer with the environment; they proposed a movement system
by the crank-crank mechanism and the flywheel as an electric generator, this to guarantee a good
performance for the engine and obtain the best power.
As conclusions they obtained that they managed to achieve a useful thermodynamic power
of 10 watts, they made a comparison of the geometric characteristics of the prototype and of a
model they made in Matlab to compare the output powers in which the result that best fit the
objective is 10 several for this comparison they took into account mainly the economic aspect; on

10
the other hand they made an analysis of the discontinuous behavior of the sun due to different
adverse weather conditions which forced them to look for a source different from the sun and chose
to use an alternative energy source of butane allowing them to have more flexible and reliable
schedules for the operation tests.
This project unlike ours its main objective was to generate electrical energy for different
uses so they had some inconvenience when generating certain watts compared to our project where
we seek that a pump to work from this system.

11
 6. THEORICAL REFERENTS

6.1 THERMAL ENERGY

Thermal energy is the energy contained in a system and which is responsible for its
temperature. Thermal energy has continuously been referred to by heat and, by the way, heat is
the flow of that thermal energy.
This kind of energy is the oldest we use and one of the most relevant, not only for the
production of electricity, but generally.

Illustration 1 Thermal energy

Source: (Encyclopedia concept article thermal energy 2013-2022)

6.2 SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY

Solar thermal energy is based on the transformation of solar energy into thermal energy. It
is a form of renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly energy.
This way of producing energy can be applied in houses and small installations and in giant
power plants.

12
 Illustration 2 Solar thermal energy

Source: (Energy change article October 16, 2019)

13
6.3 RADIATION

Solar radiation is the energy emitted by the Sun, which propagates in each of the directions
through space through electromagnetic waves. This energy is the engine that establishes the
dynamics of atmospheric processes and climate. The energy coming from the Sun is
electromagnetic radiation granted by the attitudes of hydrogen in the core of the Sun by nuclear
fusion and emitted by the solar area.
:

Illustration 3 Solar radiation

Source: (Image Bank 123RF)

6.4 TYPES OF RADIATION

According to the way it reaches The Earth:

Direct solar radiation. This type of radiation is what crosses the atmosphere and reaches
the surface of the Earth without having suffered any dispersion in its trajectory.
Diffuse solar radiation. It is the radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth after having
suffered multiple deviations in its trajectory, for example, by the gases present in the atmosphere.
Reflected solar radiation. It is that fraction of solar radiation that is reflected by the earth's

14
own surface, in a phenomenon known as the albedo effect.

Illustration 4 Types of solar radiation

Source José A. Alonso L. Blog SUNFIELDS EUROPE 2007

6.5. SOLAR THERMAL CONCENTRATION SYSTEMS

Concentrated solar energy is a renewable energy that does not require fuels. For this reason,
it makes it possible to minimize greenhouse gases.
Concentrated solar energy leads light to a central receiver that has a heat transfer fluid,
primarily water. Once the water is heated, it expands and begins to boil producing steam. This
steam spins a steam turbine to produce electricity.
Illustration 5 Solar thermal technology: concentration tower

Source: (Article desenchufados.net Author Eng. Alberto Martínez November 29, 2008)

15
 6.6 TYPES OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS

Solar thermal energy can be used for 3 purposes:

Using a thermal storage system, thermal energy is stored for once it is paramount.
Stirling engines also have the possibility to take advantage of this kind of energy. A Stirling
disc is a parabolic disc that gathers sunlight at one point. Stirling engines are used to obtain
mechanical work from a heat source.
Solar thermal plants use concentrated solar energy to generate electricity.

6.7 RECEIVER

This factor is the one in which the concentrated flow is projected. Therefore, we are talking
about a factor where quite high temperatures are shown and that makes the ability to capture the
maximum viable thermal energy incident to make it pass to the engine.

Illustration 6 Parabolic solar receptor

Source: (Poster of alternative energies by Leandro Kessler 04/07/2020)

6.8 TYPES OF RECREIVERS

There are 2 different types of receivers used for Stirling engines:

The first of these consists of a bank of tubes, which are directly illuminated by the
concentration of flow, and through which the working fluid of the Stirling engine circulates.
The other type of receiver uses an intermediate fluid to transfer thermal energy to the

16
engine. This fluid is a liquid metal that is evaporated once its temperature increases thanks to the
existence of concentrated flow and condenses on the tubes through which the working fluid of the
Stirling engine circulates. In addition, it is called a reflux receptor because the steam of the fluid
condenses to be heated again. The following figure shows this kind of receiver.

17
 6.9 PUMPS

The pump is an operating machine that, by means of the energy supplied by the mechanical parts
in displacement, displaces volumes of fluid in a continuous and/or discontinuous manner.

its developer, Archimedes, created the Archimedes Screw, a bomb capable of moving monumental
portions of fluid at low altitudes.

Illustration 7 Pumps

Source: (zero degrees Celsius magazine September 1, 2014)

6.10 TYPES OF PUMPS

In functionality of the mode of transmission of energy to fluid we have the possibility of

differentiating various types of pumps:

• Alternative pumps: they are characterized by the alternating rectilinear

displacement of a mobile component (plunger); the plunger exerts pressure on the
fluid, transferring energy to it.

• Centrifugal pumps: they are characterized by the rapid rotary displacement of a

mobile component (impeller); the centrifugal impact impeller transfers energy to
the fluid.

• Rotary pumps: they are characterized by the slow rotational displacement of mobile
resources (cogwheels, lobes); energy transfer is generated by exerting pressure on
the fluid, such as in plungers.

18
 Ilustración 8 Tipos de Bombas

Fuente: (Bombas y Montajes S.A.S 19 de julio del 2022)

19
 7. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN

It proposes the set of strategies, techniques and instruments that are needed to obtain results
and conclusions through phases that are used for the development of the specific objectives of the
project defining how each objective will be done, the procedures and optimal tools to start the
design and construction of the solar collector for the Stirling engine.

7.1 APPROACH AND TYPE OF STUDY

Engineering and science advance to a large extent by research projects either by innovative
systems, process optimization or simply by the fact of satisfying the needs of society. Lately
mechanical engineering has a vision of the mixed approach since they meet quantitative and
qualitative characteristics, quantitative ones refer to calculations, data analysis, results controller,
etc. The qualitative ones refer to the impact on society and comfort that the research project can
offer to the population.
The project is of experimental design, since we will observe how the phenomena already
existing in the application of this project behave and how they occur naturally intervening in its
development. It also corresponds to a work of type Analysis-synthesis, sinceit analyzes the
variables of cause and effect among the elements that would compose this design of the prototype
of the system.

20
 7.2 VARIABLE

The important variables that may present disturbances when designing and performing the
calculations for the construction of the prototype of our solar energy capture system to activate a
pump through the Stirling engine must be defined conceptually in a general way and how they can
be implemented or carried out to avoid possible fluctuations at the time of presenting the prototype,
some of them are listed below:

Table 1 Symbols
Símbolo Magnitud Unidades
a Radio de un reflector finito. m
Parámetro que deriva de la geometría de una
a antena. Es el inverso de la distancia máxima m-1
entre puntos de una antena
ai Ángulo de incidencia. rad
ar Ángulo de reflexión. rad
at Ángulo de refracción. rad
m2
2
A Área efectiva de la antena receptora. A= v
2f 2
A0 Amplitud de la onda en el foco Unidades arbitrarias.
Ad Amplitud de la onda directa Unidades arbitrarias.

Aef Área efectiva. m2

Aefr Área efectiva de la antena receptora. m2
Ai Amplitud de la onda incidente. Unidades arbitrarias.
Am Amplitud de la onda reflejada Unidades arbitrarias.
AM Amplitud de la onda reflejada en un metal. Unidades arbitrarias.
Adimensional.
A
Ar Amplitud relativa Ar = m
Ad
AR Amplitud de la onda reflejada. Unidades arbitrarias.
AT Amplitud de la onda transmitida. Unidades arbitrarias.

21
 Cp Contraste de capacitancias F
Radios de la segunda, tercera . . . zona de
d2,d3, . . . Fresnel. m

D Directividad. dB
D Ángulo de desfase. rad

D Desplazamiento eléctrico. m-2 s A = C/m2

Parámetro en función del tipo de superficie
D2 reflectora. Sin dimensiones.

Dr Directividad de la antena receptora. dB

Dt Directividad de la antena transmisora. dB

E Intensidad del campo eléctrico. m kg s-3 A-1 = V/m = N/C

Módulo de la intensidad del campo eléctrico
E0 radiado. V/m

Ec Energía cinética J

ERX Eficiencia del receptor. Sin dimensiones.

ETX Eficiencia del emisor. Sin dimensiones.

Intensidad del campo eléctrico a una distancia
Ex (en módulo). V/m

Intensidad del campo eléctrico inicial en elfoco.

E0 V/m

Ei Intensidad del campo eléctrico incidente. V/m

Er Intensidad del campo eléctrico reflejado. V/m

Intensidad del campo eléctrico transmitido

Et (refractado). V/m
f Frecuencia. Hz = 10-6 MHz
fh Fracción en volumen de hielo. Tanto por uno
F Área efectiva de reflexión. m2
L Constante de pérdidas dB

22
 m masa Kg

Sin dimensiones
P Factor de pérdidas. 
P=

P1 Potencia emitida. W
P2 Potencia emitidad en la dirección del reflector. W
Potencia que alcanza al reflector (potencia
P3 incidente). W

P4 Potencia reflejada por el receptor. W

P5 Potencia redirigida hacia el receptor. W
Potencia que alcanza al reflector tras la
P6 reflexión. W

P7 Potencia recibida. W
Pc Potencia recibida por una antena. W
Pe Potencia entregada a la antena. W
Pg Potencia generada por el emisor. W

Pmax.
Potencia máxima radiada por la antena. W
radiada
Pmin Potencia mínima detectable. W
Pt Potencia radiada. W

Pterm Ruido termal de la antena. W

Potencia total de la antena distribuida por todo
Ptotal el espacio. W

ef Eficiencia de la antena. dB

 Longitud de onda. m
m Longitud de onda en un medio. m
 Longitud de onda en el vacío. m

Fuente radar de subsuelo

8. POPULATION AND SAMPLE

The project to be developed is intended to be carried out in the department of Santander

more specifically in the region of Bucaramanga, taking into account that this would not be a unique

23
prototype for this region, but for compatible areas in terms of the environmental loads present and
the variable loads that may be presented. The population to be considered in the study will be the
regions of Bucaramanga and interconnected areas of electricity that need a solution to this problem
at a lower cost and are willing to invest in the innovation project.

8.1 FIELDWORK AND TABULATION

The process of collecting data and information will be carried out in the first months of
the year 2022, one month is the average study time, where examples will be taken to follow above
all in projects with similar purposes made in Saudi Arabia and the United States that are an
important source of support to compare and apply an analysis, studies of the collected data will
be carried out in which a comparison will be made with the theoretical data and we will see what
percentage of error exists among these.
The information provided will be analyzed in order to detect possible limitations that arise
in other projects where other external fators are not taken into account that would alter the results
a little.

8.2 PROJECT PHASES

It is the identification of the existing methods to determine the best design and
construction of a prototype of a solar collector system for a Stirling engine and
through this activate a pump and to achieve this need a methodology must be
followed which is developed through different phases.

8.2.1. PHASE I

Bibliographic Review:

This part corresponds to make a documentary research on the possible

24
methods for the design and structural calculation of the solar collector for the
Stirling engine, to make a correct bibliographic review it is necessary to consider
the following aspects:

• Review of concepts and data analysis used for the solution.

• Review of the sector where the designs were applied.
• Review in the efficiency of the developed design, in
other words, the maximum amount of energy that
the solar collector can grant.

8.2.2. PHASE II

Determine functional and non-functional parameters:

This part refers to the delimitation of the functional parameters that correspond to the
environmental and geographical parameters of the Santander area, the loads applied by the wind
and the loads generated by the region, as well as the non-functional ones such as the cost restrictions
destined for the construction ofthe prototype of the system, to make a correct delimitation it is
necessary to determine:
The radiation emitted by the sun (taking as a reference historical data, in which solar
radiation is evaluated at different times of the year). taking as a reference the largest of these data,
in order to obtain a maximum value for its use.
Average temperature of the environment, (generated by historical data) in order to generate
an approximate value of the deformation by temperature of the materials.
Estimate a size where the design will be built.
Allocate an approximate cost to generate a construction ofa prototype of the system.

8.2.3. PHASE III

Deployment of the quality function (QFD):

25
 Reference is made to the quality management method based on transforming the user's
demands into the quality of the design, in other words, the functions that adopt more quality to
solve the need that in this project refers to the prototype of the designed system then the following
will be taken as qualification variables for the selection of the design:
Cost ($ pesos).
Ease of construction ofthe prototype of the system.
Safety coefficient.

8.2.4. PHASE IV

Analysis of radiation and historical data in Santander for conceptual design:

All the possible characteristics of the model are raised, as well as: material, loads, ambient
temperatures, safety factors by standard to carry out a proper design and modeling with the named
requirements:
Step 1: Define the mechanical properties of the materials that are available on the market.
Step 2: Define the sizing ofthe solar collector.
Step 3: Define by historical data the loads present for the construction of the solar collector.
Step 4: Define by historical data the temperatures of the city.

8.2.5. PHASE V

Construction based on conceptual design:

This part corresponds to the construction and manufacture of the conceptually designed
prototype where it is necessary to make use of a tool called SOLIDWORKS to model and generate
the plans, it is necessary to consider the following aspects and steps:
Step 1: Model the parts in the program as real as possible.
Step 2: Assemble the structure by subsystem in SOLIDWORKS.
Step 3: Explode the subsystems and generate drawings in the program.
Step 4: Generate detailed drawings of all parts for manufacture or if possible specify their
availability in the market.

26
 Step 5: Specify welding types and joints in drawings
Step 6: Validity in the plans for manufacturing.
Step 7: Do tests of resistance, pressure, etc.

8.2.6. PHASE VI

Analysis of results and testing of the prototype.

To finish the last stage of the project, the analysis of the results obtained through budget
planning and failure data obtained with the Matlab program is carried out in order to obtain the
reliability and approval of the prototype previously proposed for its construction:
Step 1: Compare the results of the cost analysis with the budget that is counted for the
project, comparing it with the costs of manufacturingthe prototype of the system.
Step 2: Analyze the results of the Matlab program, determining thepossible errors and losses in
the solar collector, for which the structure could be improved and accommodated in order to avoid
energy loss.

27
 9. CHRONOGRAM

It is necessary to establish the deadlines assigned to execute the phases of the

methodological design, it is an essential part for the management of time and budget giving follow-
up and control to each of the phases that are used in the research project.
Next, the schedule of the project is expressed for which it is estimated a duration of
approximately 7 months of work starting in the first days of April as can be seen in the table and
the duration of the activities will be marked by blue color and the recess times are represented in
gray to define the monitoring of activities are shown selected in red and for the monitoring of the
methodological design is represents in light blue.
The Gantt chart is a very useful graphical tool when planning research projects mainly in
development techniques. That is why it is important to be clear not only the phases of the research
to be developed but also the expected dedication times for the different activities assigned to the
entire work team, according to the schedule of scheme 1 the start of the project is scheduled for
April 18, 2022.

SCHEME: 1 chronogram of the research project

Source: 1 Author.

28
 10. BUDGET

Expenses are generated to control the progress of the research where the budget is
established in a general way the costs during the determined period, those variables that alter the
costs such as direct and indirect costs are taken into account, the direct costs refer to the planning,
execution and maintenance where personnel expenses (salaries) are contemplated, materials,
equipment, bibliography and indirect trips are the costs for administration, amount of support for
the different eventualities that may arise in the development of the research project.

Table 1. Budget of the research project to be carried out in 7 months

Source: 2 Author

29
 11. Bibliograply

Alfonso. J. (2006) “Radiación Solar” Sunfields. Recuperado de: Radiación Solar |

Tipos, conceptos y aplicaciones (sfe-solar.com)

Cambio Energético. (SF) “Instalaciones aisladas de la red” Recuperado de:

https://www.cambioenergetico.com/blog/fotovoltaica-aislada/page/2/?et_blog

Energía Solar. (SF) “Energía solar térmica, usos y tipos de instalaciones” https://solar-
energia.net/energia-solar-termica
Energyavm. (2019) “¿Qué es la energía térmica?” Mercado eléctrico. Recuperado de:
https://www.energyavm.es/que-es-la-energia-termica/
Iberdrola. (SF) “Radiación solar: ¿cuál es su impacto sobre el planeta y el ser
humano?” RADIACIÓN SOLAR. Recuperado de: Radiación solar: qué es y cómo se produce
- Iberdrola
IDEAM. (SF) “Características De La Radiación Solar” TIEMPO Y CLIMA.
Recuperado de: CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA RADIACIÓN SOLAR - IDEAM
KESSLER, L. (2020) "Categoría: Energías alternativas” Recuperado de: Energías
alternativas – Afinidad Eléctrica (afinidadelectrica.com)
Martinez, A. (2009) “Tecnología térmica solar: torre de concentración”
Desenchufados. Recuperado de: Tecnología térmica solar: torre de concentración -
Desenchufados.
Revista Ceros Grados. (2014) “Bombas Centrífugas” Recuperado de: Bombas
Centrífugas – Revista Cero Grados (0grados.com)

30
31
32