MBGBAB@

\bthifsfhahcfs
\bthifsfhahcfs Jbabm Gbsus Gdofjbnbn

‑Ufstdm Trhcfndghahcf”
Trhcfndghahcf”

Jhsdn \dmofmofnc ;

Fjb \rfkbtnf, U.\j., M.Gds

Jfsusun Had` ;

Udavfbnb Nurua Iftrfyb` (\2352??242<5) Bprfafnb (\2352??2425?)

 Nurua Rhmbrfyb` (\2352??242<0)

(\2352??242<0) \baupf Sfjfybntf (\2352??24256)
(\2352??24256)

 Nurua @fjbybtf Iftrfb (\2352??2422?)

(\2352??2422?) Mdcb Ibtmbwbtf (\2352??242:<)
(\2352??242:<)

Yfnf Udptfbnb Ub`brb (\2352??24229) Nfncmbs Brgb B. \ (\2352??242:9)

Yfjb Jwf Brjfbnf (\2352??24223) Bnfsb‖ua Mu‖bafib` Z (\2352??2424<)

Ifab
Ifabfa
faff Kf`b
Kf`bn
n Ub
Ub`f
`frb
rbwb
wbtf
tf (\
(\23
2352
52??
??24
242?
2?5)
5) Dggy
Dggy Sb`y
Sb`yun
unfn
fnct
ctyb
ybss (\
(\23
2352
52??
??24
2424
24:)
:)

Bmbafb Rut`urun Nbjb (\2352??242?0)

\HAFZDGNFG GDUD@BZBN GDMDNGDU MBABNC

\_HC_BM UZTJF \_HIDUF GDOFJBNBN

ZB@TN BGBJDMFG ?<?2/?<??

 

GBZB \DNCBNZB_ 

\ukf syugur gd`bjfrbt Zu`bn Vbnc Mb`b Dsb btbs sdcbab afmpbn`bn rb`mbt,`fjbyb`, jbn
fnby
fnbyb`
b`-Ny
-Nyb,
b, sd`f
sd`fnc
nccb
cb gb
gbmf
mf jb
jbpb
pbtt mdny
mdnyda
dadsb
dsbfg
fgbn
bn pd
pdny
nyus
usun
unbn
bn mbgb
mbgbab`
ab` Mbtb
Mbtb Guaf
Guafb`
b`
\bthifsfhahcfs Jbabm Gbsus Gdofjbnbn tdntbnc ‑Ufstdm Trhcfndghahcf” fnf jdncbn obfg jbn
tdpbt wbgtu.

Mbgbab` fnf jfsusun sdobcbf sbab` sbtu sybrbt untug mdadncgbpf nfabf pbjb Mbtb
Guafb`
Guafb` \bthif
\bthifsfh
sfhahc
ahcfs
fs jbabm
jbabm Gbsus
Gbsus Gdofjb
Gdofjbnbn
nbn pbjb
pbjb \rhcrb
\rhcrbm
m Utujf
Utujf \rhidsf
\rhidsf Gdofjb
Gdofjbnbn
nbn
Kdmodr. Gbmf uebpgbn tdrfmbgbsf` gdpbjb ;

2. Fou Fjb \rfkbtn

\rfkbtnf,
f, U.\j.,
U.\j., M.Gds.,
M.Gds., sdabgu
sdabgu jhsdn
jhsdn pdmofmofn
pdmofmofnc
c Mbtb Guafb`
Guafb` .
?. Ud
Udau
auru
ru`
` mb`b
mb`bsf
sfsw
swbb gdah
gdahmp
mphg
hg ? jbn
jbn pf
pf`b
`bg-
g-pf
pf`b
`bg
g yb
ybnc
nc mdmo
mdmobn
bntu
tu jbab
jbabm
m
mdnydadsbfgbn mbgbab` fnf.

Gbmf mdnybjbrf ob`wb mbgbab` fnf mbsf` kbu` jbrf sdmpurnb, untug ftu sbrbn jbn
grftfg
grftfg ybnc mdmobncun
mdmobncun gbmf outu`gbn jdmf gdsdmpurnbbn
gdsdmpurnbbn mbgbab` ybnc bgbn jbtbnc.
Gbmf odr`brbp sdmhcb mbgbab` fnf odrmbnibbt obcf gbmf jbn g`ususnyb pdmobeb pbjb
umumnyb.

Kdmodr, ?? Bcustus ?<?2

f
 

JBIZB_ FUF

GBZB \DNCBNZB_ ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
.............................................f
.......................f

JBIZB_ FUF....................
..........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.......................................ff
.................ff
OBO 2 \DNJB@TATBN........................................................................................................2
2.2 Abtbr Odabgbnc...
Odabgbnc........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.......2
..2
2.? _umusbn
_umusbn Mbsbab`....
Mbsbab`.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..............
..................
...................
............?
..?
2.5 Zukubn...
Zukubn........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
...........?
...?
2.: Mbnibbt....
Mbnibbt.........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
.............?
......?
OBO ? ZFNKBTBN \TUZBGB...................
.........................................
............................................
............................................
................................5
..........5
?.2 Ghnsdp Trhcfndgh
Trhcfndghahcf.
ahcf......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.......5
..5
?.? Ghnsdp Fnghntfnd
Fnghntfndnsfb
nsfb Trfnd.
Trfnd......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
..................5
.........5

?.?.2 \dncdrtfbn.......................................
\dncdrtfbn.............................................................
............................................
............................................
.........................5
...5
?.?.? Dtfhahcf..................................
Dtfhahcf........................................................
............................................
............................................
..................................:
............:
?.?.5 \bthifsfhahcf......................................
\bthifsfhahcf............................................................
............................................
......................................
......................4
......4
?.?.: \bt`wby....................................
\bt`wby..........................................................
............................................
.....................................................9
...............................9
?.?.4 Gabsfifgbsf...............................................
Gabsfifgbsf.....................................................................
............................................................
......................................33
?.?.9 Mbnfidstbsf Gafnfs........................................
Gafnfs..............................................................
.......................................................
.................................00
?.?.3 \dnbtbabgsbnbbn...........................................
\dnbtbabgsbnbbn.................................................................
.......................................................
.................................00
?.?.0 \dmdrfgsbbn \dnunkbnc...............................
\dnunkbnc.....................................................
...............................................
...............................2<
......2<
?.5 Ghnsdp Ifstuab
Ifstuab _deth-Ybc
_deth-Ybcfnba..
fnba......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............2
........22
2

?.5.2 Dtfhahcf..................................
Dtfhahcf........................................................
............................................
............................................
................................22
..........22
?.5.? \bthifsfhahcf......................................
\bthifsfhahcf............................................................
................................................................2?
..........................................2?
?.5.5 Gabsfifgbsf...............................................
Gabsfifgbsf.....................................................................
.........................................................
....................................25
.25
?.5.: Jfbcnhsfs, Gabsfifgbsf, jbn Mbnfidstbsf Gafnfs.................................................2:
?.5.4 \faf`bn Zdrbpf pbjb Ifstuab _dgthvbcfnb..........................................................24
_dgthvbcfnb..........................................................24
?.: Ghnsdp _uptur
_uptur Kbabn Ab`fr Jdrbkbt 5 jbn :........
:.............
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
.................
..................
............24
...24
?.:.2 Jdifnfsf _uptur \drfndum......................................
\drfndum.................................................................................
...........................................24
24
?.:.? Gabsfifgbsf _uptur \drfndum.................................
\drfndum.......................................................
............................................24
......................24
?.:.5 Dtfhahcf _uptur \drfndum......................................
\drfndum.................................................................................
...........................................29
29

?.:.: Cdkbab Gafnfs.......................................

Gafnfs.............................................................
.........................................................
........................................20
.....20
?.:.4 Zbtbabgsbnb _uptur \drfndum2, ?, jbn 5..........................................................20

ff
 

?.:.9 Ghmpafgbsf.....................................
Ghmpafgbsf...........................................................
............................................
.............................................?2
.......................?2
?.4 Ehnth`
Ehnth` Gbsus.....
Gbsus..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........?
.....??
?
OBO 5 \DNTZT\...................
.........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..............................56
........56
5.2 Gdsfmpuabn.
Gdsfmpuabn......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
...........
.............56
.......56
5.? Ubrbn......
Ubrbn...........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
................
...........56
..56

JBIZB_ \TUZBGB......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...........................................
.....................:<
:<

fff
 

OBO 2
\DNJB@TATBN

2.2 Abtbr
Abtbr Odabgbn
Odabgbnc
c
Trhc
Trhcfn
fndg
dgha
hahc
hcff bjba
bjbab` suos
b` suospd
pdsf
sfba
bafsb
fsbsf
sf jb
jbabm
abm of
ofjb
jbnc
nc ho
hostd
stdtr
trff cf
cfnd
ndgh
ghah
ahcf
cf yb
ybnc
nc
mdmpdabkbrf jbsbr pbnccua pdrdmpubn odsdrtb cbnccubnnyb, btbu jfsdout jfsiuncsf jbsbr 
 pbnccua.. Jbsbr pbnccua mdrupbgbn sdgumpuabn kbrfncbn ybnc odrsbmb-sbmb odriuncsf
 pbnccua
sdobcbf pdnyhghnc hrcbn pbnccua (rb`fm, vbcfnb, sbaurbn gdmf` obwb`, sdrtb sbaurbn
bnhrdgtba). Jfsiuncsf jbsbr pbnccua jbpbt jfbabmf sdmub pdrdmpubn, jbabm odrobcbf
 odntug jbn jdrbkbt odrbt. Odrobcbf ghnjfsf jbn bgtfiftbs pdrdmpubn, obfg jfsbjbrf
mbupun tfjbg, jbpbt mdncbrb` pbjb rfsfgh jfsiuncsf jbsbr pbnccua jbn mdnurungbn
gubaftbs `fjup pdrdmpubn.
Fnidgsf sbaurbn gdmf` (FUG) mdrupbgbn ghmpafgbsf mdjfs ybnc pbafnc umum pbjb
gd`bmfabn. Fnsfjdn obgtdrfurfb bsfmpthmbtfg sdabmb gd`bmfabn bjbab` ?-4% jbn kfgb
tfjbg
tfjbg jfh
jfhobt
obtff sdo
sdodsbr
dsbr ?<
?<%
% wbn
wbnftb
ftb bgb
bgbn
n mdn
mdncba
cbabmf
bmf FUG obwb`.
obwb`. Fns
Fnsfjd
fjdn
n FUG sdeb
sdebrb
rb
gdsdauru`bn pbjb gd`bmfabn bjbab` 0%. Bjbnyb pdnfncgbtbn fnf jfjucb jfsdobogbn had`
 odrobcbf pdruob`bn ifsfhahcfs, ybnc mdafputf pdruob`bn vhaumd gbnjunc gdmf`,
 pdnurunbn thnus gbnjunc gdmf`, jbn jfabtbsf urdtdr, ybnc sdmubnyb mdncbrb` pbjb
stbtfsn
stbtfsnyb
yb urf
urfn.
n. Jbs
Jbsbr
br pbn
pbnccu
ccuaa mdr
mdrupb
upbgbn
gbn sdg
sdgump
umpuab
uabn
n kbrf
kbrfncb
ncbn
n ybn
ybnc
c odr
odrsbm
sbmb-sb
b-sbmb
mb
 odriuncsf sdobcbf pdnyhghnc hrcbn pbnccua (rb`fm, vbcfnb, sbaurbn
sb aurbn gdmf` obwb`, sdrtb
sbaurbn bnhrdgtba).
bnhrdgtba). Jfsiun
Jfsiuncsf
csf jbsbr pbnc
pbnccua
cua jbpbt jfbab
jfbabmf
mf sdmub pdrdmpubn,
pdrdmpubn, jbabm
 odrobcbf odntug jbn jdrbkbt odrbt. Odrobcbf ghnjfsf jbn bgtfiftbs pdrdmpubn, obfg 
jfsb
jfsbjb
jbrf
rf mb
mbup
upun
un tf
tfjb
jbg,
g, jb
jbpb
pbtt md
mdnc
ncbr
brb`
b` pb
pbjb
jb rf
rfsf
sfgh
gh jf
jfsiu
siunc
ncsf
sf jb
jbsbr
sbr pb
pbnc
nccu
cuaa jb
jbn
n
mdnurungbn gubaftbs `fjup pdrdmpubn.
Udabfn
Udabfn fni
fnidgs
dgsff sbau
sbaurbn
rbn gdm
gdmf`
f` (FU
(FUG)
G) prh
prhabp
abpss hrc
hrcbn
bn pbn
pbnccu
ccuaa tbm
tbmpbg
pbgnyb
nyb mdn
mdnfnc
fncgbt
gbt
sdabmb gd`bmfabn pbjb wbnftb nuafpbrb. Nfabfnyb muncgfn adof` tfnccf pbjb wbnftb ybnc
mdab`frgbn sdebrb pdrvbcfnbm jfobnjfncgbn pbjb wbnftb ybnc mdab`frgbn sdebrb
sdeb rb hpdrbsf
sdgsfh sdsbrdb, jdncbn sftus prhabps ybnc pbafnc sdrfnc bjbab` ghmpbrtdmdn bntdrfhr.
\rhspdgtfi prhabps hrcbn pbnccua mdnunkuggbn ob`wb 4?% wbnftb nuafpbrb phstpbrtum
mdmf
mdmfafg
afgff pr
prha
habp
bpss st
stbj
bjfu
fum
m ?, sdo
sdobn
bnyb
ybg
g 53
53%
% pr
prha
habp
bpss pb
pbjb
jb gh
ghmp
mpbrt
brtdm
dmdn
dn ob
obru
ru jb
jbn
n
sdobnybg
sdobnybg 24% tfncgbt prhabps adof` pbrb` jfobn
jfobnjfnc
jfncgbn
gbn sbbt pdmdrfgsbbn bntdnbtba.
bntdnbtba.
Tsfb,
Tsfb, pbr
pbrftb
ftbs,
s, jbn odr
odrbt
bt obj
objbn
bn sdeb
sdebrb
rb sfc
sfcnfi
nfifgb
fgbn
n tdrg
tdrgbft
bft jdn
jdncbn
cbn pdn
pdnfnc
fncgbt
gbtbn
bn rfsf
rfsfgh
gh
 prhabps, tdtbpf pbrftbs tdrougtf mdmfafgf `uouncbn ybnc pbafnc gubt. Hrcbn pbnccua

2
 

jfjugu
jfjugunc
nc had
had`
` tfc
tfcbb mdg
mdgbnf
bnfsmd
smd;; hth
hthtt jbs
jbsbr
br pbn
pbnccu
ccuaa jbn sup
supabf
abf sbrb
sbrbiny
inybb ybn
ybnc
c utu
utu`,
`,
fntdcr
fntdcrftbs
ftbs kbr
kbrfnc
fncbn
bn fgb
fgbtt sus
suspdn
pdnshr
shrff afc
afcbmd
bmdn
n jbn ibsf
ibsfbb dnj
dnjhpd
hpdavf
avfs,
s, bnc
bncuab
uabsf
sf phs
phstdrf
tdrfhr 
hr 
vbcfnb.
\brftbs jbn pdrsbafnbn mdrupbgbn ibgthr pdntfnc jbabm pdnydobo \H\, untug ftu
wbnftb `brus jfsbrbngbn untug `bmfa jbn mdadncgbpf gdfncfnbn kumab` bnbg sdodaum

mdmpdrtfm
mdmpdr tfmobn
obncgb
cgbnn pdrbwb
pdrbwbtbn
tbn odjb`.
odjb`. \drbwb
\drbwbtbn
tbn utbmb
utbmb ununtug
tug cdkbab
cdkbab \H\
\H\ sdabmb
sdabmb
gd`bmfabn jbn pdrfhjd phstpbrtum bjbab` ghnsdrvbtfi. Zukubn pdnchobtbn \H\ bjbab`
untug mdmpdrobfgf cdkbab. \drbwbtbn ghnsdrvbtfi tdrmbsug fntdrvdnsf cbyb `fjup sdpdrtf
 odr`dntf mdrhghg, mdncurbncf ibgthr prdjfsphsfsf ybnc mdmpdrourug tdrmbsug bncgbt
 odrbt jbn obtug grhnfs, mdnchobtf sdmodaft, pdabtf`bn htht jbsbr pbnccua jbn
mdnccunbgbn babt pdnedcb` gd`bmfabn vbcfnb.

2.? _umusbn
_umusbn Mbsbab`
Mbsbab`
Obcbfmbnbgb` `uouncbn sfstdm urhcfndghahcf jdncbn sfstdm rdprhjugsf pdrdmpubn jbn
gbsus urhcfndghahcf FUG, prhabps utdrus jbn vbcfnb8

2.5 Zukubn
Zukubn
Tntug mdncdtb`uf `uouncbn sfstdm urhcfndghahcf jdncbn sfstdm rdprhjugsf pdrdmpubn
jbn gbsus urhcfndghahcf FUG, prhabps utdrus jbn vbcfnb .

2.: Mbnib
Mbnibbt
bt
2. Ob
Obcf
cf Fn
Fnst
stft
ftus
usff
Mbgba
Mbgbab`
b` fn
fnff jb
jbpb
pbtt jf
jfcu
cunb
nbgb
gbn
n sdo
sdobc
bcbf
bf fn
fnih
ihrm
rmbsf
bsf ob
obcf
cf fn
fnst
stft
ftus
usff jb
jbabm
abm rbn
rbncg
cgbb
mdnfncgbtgbn mutu pdnjfjfgbn pbjb mbsb ybnc bgbn jbtbnc .
?. Obc
Obcff Zdnbc
Zdnbcbb Gdsd`
Gdsd`btbn
btbn
Mbgbab` fnf jbpbt jfcunbgbn sdobcbf ob`bn mbsugbn jbn fnihrmbsf sdabgu pf`bg ybnc
mdmpunybf gdwdnbncbn jbabm mbsbab` gdsd`btbn jbn sfstdm rdprhjugsf pdrdmpubn.
5. Ob
Obcf
cf \d
\dmo
mobe
bebb
Mbgbab
Mbgbab`
` fnf jbp
jbpbt
bt jfc
jfcun
unbgb
bgbn
n sdo
sdobcb
bcbff ob`
ob`bn
bn mbs
mbsugb
ugbn
n jbn fni
fnihrm
hrmbsf
bsf obc
obcff pbr
pbrbb
 pdmobeb g`ususnyb pdrdmpubn tdntbnc sfstdm rdprhjugsf pdrdmpubn jbn gbsus
urhcfndghahcf FUG, prhabps utdrus jbn vbcfnb.

?
 

OBO ?
ZFNKBTBN \TUZBGB

?.2 Ghnsdp
Ghnsdp Trhcfndgh
Trhcfndghahcf
ahcf
Trhc
Trhcfn
fndg
dgha
hahc
hcff bj
bjba
bab`
b` su
suos
ospd
pdsfb
sfbaf
afss yb
ybnc
nc mdnc
mdnccb
cbou
ounc
ncgb
gbn
n ur
urha
hahc
hcff jb
jbn
n
cfndghahc
cfndghahcff untug
untug mdmobntu
mdmobntu Sbnftb
Sbnftb mdnchobtf
mdnchobtf jfsiuncsf
jfsiuncsf jbsbr pbnccua. Jbsbr 
 pbnccua mdrupbgbn ghmofnbsf jbrf htht, kbrfncbn pdnc`uounc, afcbmdnt jbn sbrbi 
ybnc
ybnc odriun
odriuncsf
csf untug
untug mdnyhg
mdnyhghnc
hnc jbn mdncdn
mdncdnjba
jbafgb
fgbn
n _b`fm,
_b`fm, vbcfnb
vbcfnb,gb
,gbnju
njunc
nc
gdmf`, jbn juour. Zdrgbjbnc, mdncbncgbt odobn odrbt sdebrb odruabnc, pdnybgft
grhnfs,
grhnfs, hpdrbsf,
hpdrbsf, btbu mdab`frgbn jbpbt mdrusbg jbsbr pbnccua.
pbnccua. Jfsiuncsf
Jfsiuncsf jbsbr 
 pbnccua jbpbt mdnydrbnc Sbnftb jfsdmub usfb, jbn mdafputf odrobcbf ghnjfsf
sdpdrtf Fnghntfndnsfb
Fnghntfndnsfb Trfnd,
Trfnd, ifstuab
ifstuab vdsfehvbcfn
vdsfehvbcfnba,
ba, ifstuab
ifstuab rdethvbcfnba
rdethvbcfnba jbn rupturd
rupturd
 pdrfndum.

?.? Ghnsdp Fnghntfndnsfb

Fnghntfndnsfb Trfnd
Trfnd
?.?.2
?.?.2 \dncdr
\dncdrtfb
tfbn
n
Fnghntfndnsfb urfn mdrupbgbn pdncdaubrbn urfn ybnc tfjbg tdrgdnjbaf
 pbjb wbgtu ybnc tfjbg jfgd`dnjbgf jbn tfjbg mdaf`bt kumab` mbupun
irdgudnsfny
irdgudnsfnyb,
b, gdbjbbn
gdbjbbn fnf jbpbt mdnydobogbn
mdnydobogbn mbsbab` ifsfg, dmhsfhnba,
dmhsfhnba,
shsfba jbn gdodrsf`bn
gdodrsf`bn (Gurnfbsbrf,
(Gurnfbsbrf, ?<29).
?<29). \rhsds
\rhsds odrgdmf`
odrgdmf` ybnc nhrmba
bjbab` subtu prhsds jfnbmfg ybnc sdebrb ifsfhahcfg odrabncsunc jfobwb`
ghntrha jbn ghhrjfnbsf sfstdm sbrbi pusbt jbn sfstdm sbrbi tdpf jf jbdrb`
sberum. Udnsbsf pdrtbmb fncfn odrgdmf` ofbsbnyb tfmoua pbjb sbbt vhaumd
gbnjunc gdmf` mdnebpbf 24<―54< ma. Tmumnyb gbnjunc gdmf` jbpbt
mdnbmpunc urfn sbmpbf gurbnc adof` 4<< ma tbnpb tdrkbjf gdohehrbn.
Irdgudnsf odrgdmf` ybnc nhrmba bjbab` tfbp 5 kbm sdgbaf btbu tfjbg 
adof` jbrf 0 gbaf sd`brf (Sb`bo, ?<29). Mdnurut pdndaftfbn Kunftb, (?<25)
rbtb-rbtb abnsfb ybnc mdncbabmf fnghntfndnsfb urfn bgbn odrgdmf` sdobnybg 
2? gbaf sdabmb ?: kbm.
\dru
\druob
ob`b
`bn
n sf
sfst
stdm
dm pd
pdrg
rgdm
dmf`
f`bn
bn abnsfb
abnsfb tdrkb
tdrkbjf
jf pb
pbjb
jb cf
cfnk
nkba
ba,, cf
cfnk
nkba
ba
mdncbabmf pdncdefabn jbn ndirhn mdnkbjf btrhif. Bafrbn cfnkba mdnurun
`fnccb 4<%, iuncsf tuouaus odrgurbnc mdncbgfobtgbn OTN (Oahhj Trdb

5
 

 Nftrhcdn) mdnfncgbt `fnccb ?2 mc%, odrbt kdnfs urfnd mdnurun, sdrtb nfabf
bmobnc cfnkba tdr`bjbp caughsb mdnfncgbt. \bjb gbnjunc gdmf`, htht-htht
mdadm
dadmb`
b`,, sd
sd`
`fnc
fnccb gbp
bpbs
bsft
ftbs
bsn
nyb mdn
dnu
uru
run
n `f
`fn
ncc
ccbb ?<< ma ybn
bnc
c
mdnydobogbn irdgudnsf odrgdmf` mdnfncgbt (_hsfjbwbtf jgg, ?<22).
Fnghntfndnsfb urfn mdrupbgbn mbsbab` ybnc mdaubs jbn mdrucfgbn.
Mbsbab`
Mbsbab` fnf mdrupb
mdrupbgbn
gbn sbab`
sbab` sbtu ibgthr
ibgthr utbmb
utbmb ybnc
ybnc mdmoub
mdmoubtt obnybg 
obnybg 
gdaubrcb mdndmpbtgbn abnsfb jf pbntf khmph untug mdnjbpbtgbn pdrbwbtbn
yb
ybnc
nc abyb
abybg
g (Bch
(Bchds
ds,, ?<
?<2<
2<).
). Odod
Ododrbp
rbpbb gh
ghnj
njfs
fsff yb
ybnc
nc sd
sdrf
rfnc
nc mdny
mdnydr
drtbf
tbf
fnghnt
fnghntfnd
fndnsf
nsfbb urfn
urfn bntbrb
bntbrb abfn
abfn gdabfn
gdabfnbn
bn guaft,
guaft, cbnccu
cbnccubn
bn tfjur,
tfjur, jbmpbg 
jbmpbg 
 psfghshsfba jbn dghnhmf, sdpdrtf jdprdsf, mujb` mbrb`, tdrfshabsf, `fabnc
 pdrebyb jfrf, pdmobtbsbn bgtfvftbs shsfba, jbn odsbrnyb ofbyb rbwbtbn
(Kubnbnjb, ?<23).
?.?.?
?.?.? Dtfhah
Dtfhahcf
cf
Mdnurut Uhdpbrmbn & Sbpbjkf Ubrwhnh, (?<<2) jbabm Bspfbnf, (?<2:)
ibgthr pdnydobo fnghntfndnsfb urfn bntbrb abfn ;
b. \haf
\hafur
urfb
fb \haf
\hafur
urfb
fb
Mdru
Mdrupb
pbgb
gbn
n gd
gdab
abfn
fnbn
bn ir
irdg
dgud
udns
nsff ou
oubn
bnc
c bf
bfrr gd
gdef
efaa gb
gbrdn
rdnbb gd
gdad
adof
of`b
`bn
n
 prhjugsf urfn. \bjb phafurfb vhaumd urfn jbabm ?: kbm mdnfncgbt
mdado
dadof`
f`ff obtbs
btbs nhr
hrmb
mbaa gbrd
gbrdnb
nb cb
cbn
ncc
ccub
ubn
n iu
iun
ncsf
csf cfn
fnkb
kbaa jbab
jbabm
m
mdnchnsdntrbsf urfn.
 o. Nhgturfb
Ghnjfs
Ghnjfsff sdrfnc
sdrfnc odrgdm
odrgdmf`
f` pbjb
pbjb mbabm
mbabm `brf
`brf jfsdou
jfsdoutt jdncbn
jdncbn nhgtur
nhgturfb.
fb.
 Nhgturfb mdrupbgbn sbab` sbtu fnjfgbsf bjbnyb prhabps gbnjunc
gbnjunc gdmf`.
e. Ibgthr usf
sfbb
Fnghntfndnsfb urfn adof` obnybg jftdmugbn pbjb usfb >4< tb`un gbrdnb
tdrkbjfnyb pdnurunbn thnus htht pbjb sbaurbn gdmf`.
j. \dnuru
\dnurunbn
nbn prhju
prhjugsf
gsf dstrhc
dstrhcdn
dn (pbjb
(pbjb wbnftb
wbnftb))
\dnurunbn prhjugsf dstrhcdn jbpbt mdnydobogbn btrhpf kbrfncbn urdtrb
sd`fnccb urdtrb mdnkbjf gbgu jbn tfjbg dabstfs.
d. Hpdr
Hpdrbsf
bsf pdn
pdncb
cbnc
ncgb
gbtbn
tbn rb`
rb`fm
fm

:
 

\bjb wbnftb, gbnjunc gdmf` jbn rb`fm jfjugunc had` ododrbpb htht
ybnc
ybnc sbmb.
sbmb. Gdtfgb
Gdtfgb rb`fm
rb`fm jfbncg
jfbncgbt,
bt, htht-ht
htht-htht
ht jbsbr
jbsbr pbnccu
pbnccuaa tdrsdou
tdrsdoutt
jbpbt mdncbabmf gdrusbgbn, sd`fnccb mdmfeu fnghntfndnsfb.
i. Ir
Irdg
dgud
udns
nsff mda
mdab`
b`fr
frgb
gbn
n
Mdab`frgbn jbpbt mdncbgfobtgbn pdnurunbn htht-htht jbsbr pbnccua.
c. Mdrh
Mdrhgh
ghg
g Mdrh
Mdrhgh
ghg
g jb
jbpb
pbtt mdny
mdnydo
dobo
bogb
gbn
n gb
gbnj
njun
unc
c gd
gdmf
mf`
` tdrab
tdrabau
au bg
bgtf
tfi 
i 
gbrdnb didg nfghtfn pbjb jfnjfnc gbnjunc gdmf`.
`. Ghns
Ghnsum
umsf
sf bagh
bagh`h
`haa jbn gbi
gbidfn
dfn
Mdnchnsums
Mdnchnsumsff bagh`ha
bagh`ha jbn gbidfn jbpbt mdnydobogb
mdnydobogbn
n fnghntfndn
fnghntfndnsfb
sfb
urfn gbrdnb gdjubnyb
gdjubnyb odrsfibt jfurdtfg
jfurdtfg sd`fnccb
sd`fnccb jbpbt mdnfncgbtgbn
mdnfncgbtgbn
irdgudnsf odrgdmf`.
f. Hodsftbs
Odrbt objbn ybnc odradof` mdnfncgbtgbn rdsfgh tdrgdnb fnghntfndnsfb
urfn gbrdnb mdnfncgbtnyb tdgbnbn fntrb bojhmdn jbn gbnjunc gdmf`.
Zdgbnb
Zdgbnbn
n fntrb
fntrb bojhm
bojhmdn
dn mdnydo
mdnydobog
bogbn
bn pbnkbn
pbnkbnc
c urdtrb
urdtrb mdnkbj
mdnkbjff adof`
adof`
 pdnjdg jbn mdadmb`nyb thnus htht.
htht.
 k. Fnidgsf sbaurbn gdmf`
Cdkbab
Cdkbab pbjb
pbjb hrbnc
hrbnc ybnc
ybnc mdncba
mdncbabmf
bmf fnidgs
fnidgsff sbaurb
sbaurbn
n gdmf`
gdmf` ofbsbny
ofbsbnybb
bjbab`
bjbab` pdnfnc
pdnfncgbt
gbtbn
bn irdgud
irdgudnsf
nsf odrgdm
odrgdmf`.
f`. Irdgud
Irdgudnsf
nsf odrgdm
odrgdmf`
f` ybnc
ybnc
sdmbgfn obnybg bgbn mdnydobogbn mdadmb`nyb htht pbjb gbnjunc
gdmf` sd`fnccb jbpbt tdrkbjf fnghntfndnsfb urfn.
?.?.5
?.?.5 \bthif
\bthifsfh
sfhahc
ahcff
Fnghntfndnsfb urfn jbpbt tdrkbjf gbrdnb ododrbpb pdnydobo, bntbrb abfn;
b. \druob
\druob`bn
`bn tdrg
tdrgbft
bft usfb
usfb pbjb
pbjb sfstdm
sfstdm pdrgdm
pdrgdmf`b
f`bn
n
Mdnurut Utbnady M & Odbrd C \btrfefb, (?<<9) jbabm Bspfbnf, (?<2:)
gbpbsftbs gbnjunc gdmf` (vdsfgh urfnbrfb) ybnc nhrmba sdgftbr 5<<-9<<
ma. Jdncbn
Jdncbn sdnsbsf
sdnsbsf btbu
btbu gdfncf
gdfncfnbn
nbn odrgdm
odrgdmf`
f` jf bntbrb
bntbrb 24<-54
24<-54<
< ma.
Odrgdmf` jbpbt jftunjb 2-? kbm sdkbg gdfncfnbn odrgdmf` jfrbsbgbn.
Gdfncf
Gdfncfnbn
nbn odrgdm
odrgdmf`
f` tdrkbjf
tdrkbjf pbjb
pbjb htht
htht jdtrus
jdtrushr
hr ybnc
ybnc ghntrb
ghntrbgsf
gsf jbn
sifnctdr fntdrnba sdrtb sifnctdr dgstdrnba rdabgsbsf, ybnc mdmougb urdtrb.
\bjb hrbnc jdwbsb mujb `bmpfr sdmub urfn jfgdaubrgbn sbbt odrgdmf`,
sdjbn
sdjbncg
cgbn
bn pb
pbjb
jb abns
abnsfb
fb tfjb
tfjbg
g sdmub
sdmub ur
urfn
fn jf
jfgd
gdau
aubrg
brgbn
bn.. \b
\bjb
jb ab
abns
nsfb
fb

4
 

tdrjbpbt rdsfju urfn 4< ma btbu gurbnc jfbnccbp bjdgubt. Kumab` rdsfju
adof` jbrf 2<< ma mdncfnjfgbsfgbn rdtdnsf urfn. \druob`bn abfn pbjb
 prhsds pdnubbn bjbab` tdrkbjfnyb ghntrbgsf gbnjunc gdmf` tbnpb
jfsbjbrf. \bjb sdhrbnc wbnftb abnkut usfb tdrkbjfnyb pdnurunbn `hrmhn
dstrhcd
dstrhcdn
n mdncbg
mdncbgfob
fobtgb
tgbn
n btrhpf
btrhpf pbjb
pbjb kbrfncb
kbrfncbn
n urdtrb
urdtrb jbn didg
didg jbrf
jbrf
mdab`frgbn mdnydobogbn admb`nyb htht-htht jbsbr pbnccua.
 o. Iuncsf htbg odsbr ybnc tdrcbnccu jbn mdncbgfobtgbn ghntrbgsf
gbnjunc gdmf`
Mdnurut
Mdnurut Bspfbnf,
Bspfbnf, (?<2:)
(?<2:) bjbnyb
bjbnyb `bmobtbn
`bmobtbn pdncdaubrbn
pdncdaubrbn urfn gbrdnb
 pdadobrbn gbnjunc gdmf`, urfn tdrabau obnybg jbabm gbnjunc gdmf`
sd`fnccb
sd`fnccb mdadof`f
mdadof`f gbpbsftbs
gbpbsftbs nhrmba
nhrmba gbnjunc
gbnjunc gdmf`.
gdmf`. Iuncsf
Iuncsf sifnctdr 
sifnctdr 
ybnc tdrcbnccu mdncbgfobtgbn gbnjunc gdmf` mdncbabmf gdohehrbn
gdtfgb odrsfn btbu obtug.
?.?.
?.?.:
: \bt`
\bt`wb
wby
y

9
 

?.?.4
?.?.4 Gabsfif
Gabsfifgbs
gbsff
Mdnurut Ebmdrhn (?<25), fnghntfndnsfb urfn jbpbt jfodjbgbn mdnkbjf;
b. Fn
Fng
ghn
hntf
tfn
ndnsf
dnsfbb urcd
Gdbjbbn htht jdtrushr gbnjunc gdmf` ybnc tfjbg stbofa, jf mbnb htht
fnf odrdbgsf sdebrb odradof`bn. Fnghntfndnsfb urfn fnf jftbnjbf jdncbn
gdtfjbgmbmpubn mdnunjb odrgdmf` sdtdab` sdnsbsf odrgdmf` muneua,
mbnfidstbsfnyb jbpbt odrupb pdrbsbbn fncfn odrgdmf` ybnc mdnjbjbg 
(urcd), odrgdmf` odruabnc gbaf (irdgudnsf) jbn gdfncfnbn odrgdmf` jf
mbabm `brf (nhgturfb).
 o. Fnghntfndnsfb strdss
Fnghntfndnsfb strdss
Fnghntfndnsfb urfn fnf tdrkbjf bpbofab urfn jdncbn sdebrb tfjbg tdrghntrha
gdaubr bgfobt pdnfncgbtbn tdgbnbn jf jbabm pdrut, mdadmb`nyb htht
jbsbr pbnccua, hpdrbsf jbn pdnurunbn dstrhcdn. \bjb cdkbabnyb bntbrb
abfn gdaubrnyb urfn sdwbgtu obtug, mdncdjbn, tdrtbwb, odrsfn, odrabrf,
btbu `ba ybnc abfn ybnc mdnfncgbtgbn tdgbnbn pbjb rhnccb pdrut.
e. Fn
Fng
ghn
hntf
tfn
ndnsf
dnsfbb hvdriahw
\bjb gdbjbbn fnf urfn mdncbafr gdaubr jdncbn bgfobt fsfnyb ybnc sujb`
tdrabau obnybg jf jbabm gbnjunc gdmf`, pbjb umumnyb bgfobt htht
jdtrushr gbnjunc gdmf` ybnc admb`. Ofbsbnyb `ba fnf ofsb jfkumpbf
 pbjb cbnccubn sbrbi bgfobt jbrf pdnybgft jfbodtds, edjdrb pbjb sumsum
tuabnc odabgbnc, jbn sbaurbn gdmf` ybnc tdrsumout. Cdkbabnyb odrupb
rbsbnyb tfjbg pubs sdtdab` odrgdmf` (mdrbsb urfn mbsf` tdrsfsb jf jbabm
gbnjunc gdmf`), urfn ybnc gdaubr sdjfgft jbn pbnebrbnnyb admb`.
j. Fn
Fngh
ghnt
ntfn
fndn
dnsfb
sfb rdiad
rdiadgs
gs
@ba fnf tdrkbjf gbrdnb ghnjfsf sfstdm sbrbi pusbt ybnc tdrcbnccu, sdpdrtf
jdmdnsfb. Jbabm `ba fnf rbsb fncfn odrgdmf` jbn odr`dntf odrgdmf`
tfjbg bjb.
d. Fn
Fngh
ghnt
ntfn
fndn
dnsfb
sfb iun
iuncs
csfh
fhnb
nbaa
Jbpbt tdrkbjf bgfobt pdnurunbn ybnc odrbt jbrf iuncsf ifsfg jbn ghcnftfi 
sd`fnccb pbsfdn tfjbg jbpbt mdnebpbf gd thfadt pbjb sbbt ybnc tdpbt. @ba
fn
fnff tdrkb
tdrkbjf
jf pb
pbjb
jb jd
jdmd
mdns
nsfb
fb od
odrb
rbt,
t, cb
cbnc
nccu
cubn
bn nd
ndur
urha
hahc
hcf,
f, cb
cbnc
nccu
cubn
bn
mhofaftbs jbn psfghahcf

3
 

?.?.9
?.?.9 Mbnfids
Mbnfidstbsf
tbsf Gafnfs
Gafnfs
Mdnurut Bspfbnf (?<2:) bjb ododrbpb mbnfidstbsf gafnfs fnghntfndnsfb
urfn, bntbrb abfn ;
b. Fn
Fng
ghn
hntf
tfn
ndnsf
dnsfbb urcd
urcd  
Cdkbab
Cdkbab jbrf
jbrf fnghnt
fnghntfnd
fndnsf
nsfbb urcd
urcd   bjbab` tfnccfnyb
tfnccfnyb irdgudnsf
irdgudnsf odrgdmf`
(adof` sdrfnc jbrf ? kbm sdgbaf). Upbsmd gbnjunc gdmf` btbu ghntrbgtur 
 odrgdmf` jbabm kumab` sdjfgft (gurbnc jbrf 2<< ma) btbu jbabm kumab`
 odsbr (adof` jbrf 4<< ma).
 o. Fnghntfndnsfb strdss
Fnghntfndnsfb strdss
Cdkb
Cdkbab
abny
nybb yb
ybft
ftu
u gd
gdau
aubrn
brnyb
yb ur
urfn
fn pb
pbjb
jb sb
sbbt
bt td
tdgb
gbnb
nbn
n fn
fntr
trbb bo
bojh
jhmd
mdn
n
mdnfncgbt jbn sdrfncnyb odrgdmf`.
e. Fn
Fng
ghn
hntf
tfn
ndnsf
dnsfbb hvdriahw
Cdkbab jbrf fnghntfndnsfb kdnfs fnf bjbab` gdau`bn gdaubrnyb urfn sdjfgft
jbn tbnpb sdnsbsf ob`wb gbnjunc gdmf` sujb` pdnu`, jfstdnsf gbnjunc
gdmf`.
j. Fn
Fngh
ghnt
ntfn
fndn
dnsfb
sfb rdiad
rdiadgs
gs
Hrbnc ybnc mdncbabmf fnghntfndnsfb rdiadgs ofbsbnyb tfjbg mdnybjbrf
 ob`wb gbnjunc gdmf`nyb sujb` tdrfsf, gurbncnyb sdnsbsf fncfn
 odrgdmf`, jbn ghntrbgsf spbsmd gbnjunc gdmf` ybnc tfjbg jbpbt
jfedcb`.
d. Fn
Fngh
ghnt
ntfn
fndn
dnsfb
sfb iun
iuncs
csfh
fhnb
nbaa
Mdnj
Mdnjdsb
dsbgn
gnyb
yb gd
gdfn
fncf
cfnb
nbn
n od
odrg
rgdm
dmf`
f` sd
sd`f
`fnc
nccb
cb ur
urfn
fn gd
gdau
aubr
br sd
sdod
odau
aum
m
mdnebpbf thfadt mdrupbgbn cdkbab jbrf fnghntfndnsfb urfn iuncsfhnba.
?.?.3
?.?.3 \dnbtb
\dnbtbabg
abgsbn
sbnbbn
bbn
\dnbtbabgsbnbbn fnghntfndnsfb urfn mdnurut Bspfbnf (?<2:) ybftu jdncbn
mdnc
mdncur
urbn
bncf
cf ibgth
ibgthrr rf
rfsfg
sfgh,
h, mdmp
mdmpdr
drtb`
tb`bn
bngb
gbn
n `h
`hmd
mdhs
hstb
tbtf
tfs,
s, mdnc
mdnchn
hntr
trha
ha
fnghntfndnsfb urfn, mhjfifgbsf afncguncbn, mdjfgbsf, abtf`bn htht pdavfs, jbn
 pdmodjb`bn. Jbrf ododrbpb `ba tdrsdout, jbpbt jfabgugbn sdobcbf odrfgut
odrfgut ;
b. \dmbni
\dmbnibbt
bbtbn
bn gbrtu
gbrtu ebtbtbn
ebtbtbn odrgdm
odrgdmf`
f`
Vbnc jfebtbt jbabm gbrtu ebtbtbn ybftu wbgtu odrgdmf`, kumab` urfn
ybnc gdaubr obfg sdebrb nhrmba mbupun gbrdnb tbg tdrtb`bn. Obnybgnyb

0
 

mfnumbn ybnc jfmfnum, kdnfs mfnumbn ybnc jfmfnum, jbn wbgtu

mfnumnyb kucb jfebtbt jbabm ebtbtbn tdrsdout.
 o. Zdrbpf nhn ibrmbghahcf
Zdrbpf
Zdrbpf fnf jfabgu
jfabgugbn
gbn jdncbn
jdncbn ebrb mdnchr
mdnchrdgsf
dgsf pdnydo
pdnydobo
bo tfmoua
tfmouanyb
nyb
fnghntfndnsfb urfn, sdpdrtf `fpdrpabsfb prhstbt, fnidgsf sbaurbn gdmf`,
jfurdtfg, jbn `fpdrcafgdmf. Ebrb ybnc jbpbt jfabgugbn bjbab` ;
2) Mdabgugbn
Mdabgugbn abtf`bn
abtf`bn mdnb`bn
mdnb`bn gdmf` (mdmpdrpbn
(mdmpdrpbnkbnc
kbnc fntdrvba
fntdrvba wbgtu
wbgtu
 odrgdmf`) jfabgugbn jdncbn tdgnfg rdabgsbsf jbn jfstrbgsf sd`fnccb
wbgtu odrgdmf` 9-3x/`brf. Abnsfb jf`brbpgbn
jf`brbpgbn mbmpu
mbmpu mdnb`bn
mdnb`bn
gdfncf
gdfncfnbn
nbn odrgdm
odrgdmf`
f` sbmpbf
sbmpbf wbgtu
wbgtu ybnc
ybnc jftdnt
jftdntug
ugbn.
bn. \bjb
\bjb tb`bp
tb`bp
bwba, jf`brbpgbn abnsfb mbmpu mdnb`bn gdfncfnbn odrgdmf` sbtu
 kbm, gdmujfbn mdnfncgbt ?- 5 kbm.
kbm.
?)  \rhmftdj vhfjfnc   yb
ybft
ftu
u mdnc
mdncbk
bkbrf
brf ab
abns
nsfb
fb mdnc
mdncdn
dnbaf
baf gh
ghnj
njfsf
fsf
 odrgdmf`. @ba fnf odrtukubn untug mdmofbsbgbn abnsfb odrgdmf`
sd
sdsu
subf
bf jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn gd
gdof
ofbsb
bsbbn
bnny
nyb.
b. Bpbo
Bpbofa
fabb ab
abns
nsfb
fb fn
fncf
cfn
n od
odrg
rgdm
dmf`
f`
jf`brbpgbn abnsfb mdmodrftb`ugbn pdtucbs. Zdgnfg fnf jfabgugbn
 pbjb abnsfb jdncbn cbnccubn iuncsf
iuncsf ghcnftfi.
5) Mdabgu
Mdabgugbn
gbn abtf`
abtf`bn
bn htht jbsbr
jbsbr pbncc
pbnccua
ua btbu
btbu abtf`bn
abtf`bn gdcda.
gdcda. Abtf`
Abtf`bn
bn
gdcda fnf odrtukubn
odrtukubn untug mdncdnebnc
mdncdnebncgbn
gbn htht-htht
htht-htht jbsbr pbnccua
pbnccua
jbn mdncdm
mdncdmoba
obafgb
fgbn
n iuncsf
iuncsf gbnjun
gbnjunc
c gdmf`
gdmf` sdpdnu
sdpdnu`ny
`nybb sdrtb
sdrtb
mdnedcb` prhabps urfn kbncgb pbnkbnc.
e. Zdrb
Zdrbpf
pf ibr
ibrmb
mbgh
ghah
ahcf
cf
Hobt ybnc jbpbt jfodrfgbn pbjb fnghntfndnsfb jhrhncbn (urcd
( urcd)) ybftu
bntfghadn
dnddrc
rcffg btbu hobt ybnc odgdrkb jdncbn mdmoahgfr 
ndurhtrbnsmfttdr, ybnc jfsdout bsdtfaghafn ybnc mdmobwb sfnyba htbg 
untug mdncdnjbafgbn htht. Bjb ododrbpb ehnth` hobt bntfghadndrcfg 
bn
bntb
tbrb
rb abfn
abfn hx
hxyo
yout
utfn
fnfn
fn,, pr
prhp
hpbn
bntd
tdaf
afnd
nd,, jy
jyea
eahm
hmfn
fnd,
d, iasbv
iasbvhx
hxbtd
btd,, jb
jbn
n
fmfprbmfnd. \bjb fnghntfndnsfb tfpd strdss jfodrfgbn hobt baib bjrdcdnfe
ybftu
ybftu hobt
hobt untug
untug mdadmb
mdadmbsgb
sgbn
n htht.
htht. Ehnth`
Ehnth` jbrf
jbrf hobt
hobt tdrsdou
tdrsdoutt ybftu
ybftu
 psdujhsdp`djrfnd ybnc odriuncsf untug mdnfncgbtgbn rdtdnsf urdt`rb.
\bjbb sifnctd
\bj sifnctdrr ybnc
ybnc mdncba
mdncbabmf
bmf rdabgsb
rdabgsbsf
sf jfodrf
jfodrfgbn
gbn ho
hobt
bt ghafnd
ghafndrcf
rcfg 
g 
bchnfs
bchnfs ybnc
ybnc odgdrk
odgdrkbb untug
untug mdnfnc
mdnfncgbt
gbtgbn
gbn iuncsf
iuncsf ndurht
ndurhtrbn
rbnsmf
smfttdr 
ttdr 

6
 

bsdtfaghafn obfg abncsunc mbupun tfjbg abncsunc. Hobt ghafndrcfg fnf

bntbrb abfn odt`bnde`ha btbu baibghafndrcfg bntbchnfs sdpdrtf prbzhsfn
untug mdnstfmuabsf ghntrbgsf.
j. Zdrb
Zdrbpf
pf pdm
pdmod
odjb
jb`b
`bn
n
Zdrbpf fnf ofsb jfpdrtfmobncgbn pbjb fnghntfndnsfb tfpd strdss
tfpd  strdss jbn
 jbn urcd
urcd,,
 ofab tdrbpf nhn ibrmbghahcfs jbn ibrmbghahcfs tfjbg odr`bsfa. \bjb
fnghntfndnsfb hvdriahw   ofbs
hvdriahw ofbsbn
bnyb
yb jf
jfab
abgu
gugb
gbn
n pd
pdmo
modj
djb`
b`bn
bn un
untu
tug 
g 
mdnedcb` rdtdnsf urfn. Zdrbpf fnf ofbsbnyb jfabgugbn tdr`bjbp tumhr,
 obtu, jfvdrtfguaum, `fpdrpabsfb prhstbt, jbn prhabps pdavfs.
pdavfs.
d. Mhj
hjba
baft
ftbs
bs abfn
abfn
Zdrbpf
Zdrbpf mhjbaf
mhjbaftbs
tbs fnf jfabgu
jfabgugbn
gbn odrsbm
odrsbmbb jdncbn
jdncbn prhsds
prhsds tdrbpf
tdrbpf jbn
 pdnchobtbn mbsbab` fnghntfndnsfb urfn, ebrbnyb jdncbn mdnccunbgbn
 ododrbpb babt obntu obcf abnsfb bntbrb abfn pbmpdrs, gbtdtdr, jbn babt
 obntu thfadt sdpdrtf urfnba jbn odjpbn
odjpbn..
?.?.0 \dmdrfgsbbn
\dmdrfgsbbn \dnunkbnc
\dnunkbnc
Mdnurutt Brtfnbwbtf
Mdnuru Brtfnbwbtf (?<2:)
(?<2:) tdrjbpbt
tdrjbpbt ododrbpb
ododrbpb pdmdrfgsbbn
pdmdrfgsbbn pdnunkbnc
untug mbsbab` fnghntfndnsfb urfn, bntbrb abfn ;
b. Trfnbafs
Updsfm
Updsfmdn
dn urfn
urfn ybnc
ybnc odrsf`
odrsf` jfpdrf
jfpdrfgsb
gsb untug
untug mdncdt
mdncdtb`u
b`uff pdnydo
pdnydobo
bo
fnghntfndnsfb urfn sdpdrtf `dmbturfb, pfurfb, obgtdrfurfb, caughsurfb, jbn
 prhtdfnurfb.
 o. \dmdrfgsbbn jbrb`
Jbab
Jbabm
m pd
pdmd
mdrf
rfgs
gsbb
bbn
n fn
fnff bg
bgbn
bn jf
jfaf
af`b
`btt dadgt
dadgtrh
rhaf
aft,
t, ur
urdu
dum,
m, gr
grdb
dbtf
tfnf
nfn,
n,
caug
caughs
hsb,
b, jb
jbn
n gb
gbasf
asfum
um sd
sdru
rum
m un
untu
tug
g mdnd
mdndnt
ntug
ugbn
bn iu
iunc
ncsf
sf cf
cfnk
nkba
ba jb
jbn
n
ghnjfsf ybnc mdnydobogbn phafurfb.
e. Zds
Zds aboh
abohrb
rbth
thrf
rfum
um tbm
tbmob
ob`b
`bn
n
Zds fnf mdafputf guatur urfn, oahhj urdb nftrhcdn, grdbtfnfn, gbasfum,
caughsb, jbn sfthahcf.
j. Zds
Zds jfbc
jfbcnh
nhst
stfg
fg abn
abnku
kutb
tbn
n
2) Zds urhjfnbmfg
urhjfnbmfg untug mdncdtb`uf
mdncdtb`uf bnbthmf
bnbthmf jbn iuncsf sbaurbn gdmf`
 obcfbn obwb`

2<
 

?) Zds tdgbnbn
tdgbnbn urdtrb
urdtrb untug
untug mdncug
mdncugur
ur tdgbnb
tdgbnbn
n jf jbabm
jbabm urdtrb
urdtrb sbbt
fstfrb`bt jbn sbbt jfnbmfs.
5) Fmbcfnc
Fmbcfnc tds untug sbaurbn
sbaurbn gdmf` obcfbn
obcfbn btbs jbn obwb`.
obwb`.
d. Ebtb
Ebtbtb
tbn
n odrg
odrgdm
dmf`
f` (vhfjfnc rdehrj )
Ebtbtbn odrgdmf` fnf jfabgugbn sdabmb 2-5 `brf untug mdncdtb`uf phab
 odrgdmf`. Ebtbtbn fnf jfcunbgbn untug mdnebtbt wbgtu jbn kumab` urfn
sbbt mdncbabmf fnghntfndnsfb urfn jbn tfjbg fnghntfndnsfb urfn, sdrtb
cdkbab ybnc odr`uouncbn jdncbn fnghntfndnsfb urfn.

?.5 Ghnsdp Ifstuab _deth-Ybcfnba

_deth-Ybcfnba

Ifstuab rdgthvbcfnb bjbab` bjbnyb `uouncbn cbrfs dpftda bntbrb rdgtum

jdncbn vbcfnb. \dnjdgbtbn hpdrbsf pbjb pdnybgft fnf mdmfafgf odrobcbf mbebm
ibgthr
ibgthr tdrmbsu
tdrmbsug
g ugurbn
ugurbn,, ahgbsf,
ahgbsf, ghnjfs
ghnjfsff kbrfncb
kbrfncbn
n sdgftb
sdgftbrr jbn pdnybg
pdnybgft
ft ybnc
ybnc
 odr`uouncbn, sdpdrtf fniabmbthry ohwda jfsdbsd.
jfsdbsd.
?.5.2
?.5.2 Dtfhah
Dtfhahcf
cf
\dnydobo tdrsdrfnc ifstuab rdgthvbcfnb bjbab` trbumb
hostdtrf.
hostdtrf. \drsbafnbn
\drsbafnbn tb`bp gdjub ybnc abmb jdncbn
jdncbn ndgrhsfs
ndgrhsfs fsgdmfb
fsgdmfb pbjb
sdpt
sdptba
ba rdgth
rdgthvb
vbcf
cfnb
nb od
odrg
rghn
hntr
trfo
fous
usff td
tdro
rodn
dntu
tugn
gnyb
yb ifst
ifstua
uab.
b. _fsf
_fsfgh
gh ab
abfn
fnny
nybb
tdrmbsug pdrsbafnbn adtbg tfnccf jdncbn ihrsdp, jfsthsfb
 ob`u, dpfsfhthmf mfjafndb, absdrbsf pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5 btbu :. Jbrf 2<<%

gdkbjf
gdkbjfbn
bn ifstuab
ifstuab pbjb
pbjb hostdt
hostdtrf,
rf, 3:% vdsfgh
vdsfghvbc
vbcfnb
fnb,, ?2
?2%
% vdsfgh
vdsfghvbc
vbcfnb
fnb jbn

22
 

rdgt
rdgthv
hvbc
bcfn
fnb,
b, 4% `bny
`bnybb rdgt
rdgthv
hvbc
bcfn
fnbb sb
sbkb
kb.. Ifst
Ifstua
uabb rd
rdgt
gthv
hvbc
bcfn
fnbb ku
kucb
cb
jf`uouncgbn jdncbn gdcbnbsbn sdrvfgs, rdgtum, utdrus jbn vbcfnb tdrutbmb
 pbjb gdbjbbn sdjbnc tdrbpf rbjfbsf.
?.5.?
?.5.? \bthif
\bthifsfh
sfhahc
ahcff
\bthifsfhahcf jbrf ifstuab rdethvbcfnba sdebrb cbrfs odsbr bjbab` bgfobt
trbumb hostdtrfe, trbumb abfnnyb, fniabmmbthry ohwda jfsdbsd, fnidgsf, jbn
ndhpabsmb.
b. Zrbu
Zrbumb
mb hostd
hostdtr
trfe
fe
Zrbumb
Zrbumb hostdt
hostdtrfe
rfe jbpbt
jbpbt tdrkbj
tdrkbjff bgfobt
bgfobt trbumb
trbumb abncsu
abncsunc
nc btbu bgfobt
bgfobt
gdrusbgbn kbrfncbn jbsbr pdavfs.trbumb abncsunc pbjb objbn pdrfndum
jb
jbn
n sd
sdpt
ptum
um rdeth
rdethvb
vbcf
cfnb
nbaa mdru
mdrupb
pbgb
gbn
n pd
pdny
nydo
dobo
bo tdrsdr
tdrsdrfn
fnc
c ifst
ifstua
uabb
rdethvbcfnba jf ndcbrb odrgdmobnc. Absdrbsf pdrfndum ybnc tdrkbjf sbbt
 pdrsbafnbn, tdrutbmb sdpfsfhprhgthmf mdrupbgbn prdjfsphsfsf jbrf
ifstuab rdethvbcfnba. Absdrbsf pdrfndum fnf sdrfnc pbjb prfmfcrbvfjb,
gd
gdab
ab`f
`frbn
rbn yb
ybnc
nc tdra
tdrabau
bau ed
edpb
pbt,
t, jb
jbn
n pd
pdmb
mbgb
gbfb
fbn
n ih
ihred
redp
p bt
btbu
bu vb
vbgu
gum
m
dgstrbg
dgstrbgsf.
sf. Udabfn
Udabfn ftu gdcbcb
gdcbcban
an jfbcnh
jfbcnhsd
sd btbu
btbu pdrobf
pdrobfgbn
gbn jbrf
jbrf absdrbsf
absdrbsf
 pdrfndum sdrtb fnidgsf sdgunjdr mdnydobogbn pdnfncgbtbn rdsfgh
tdrkbj
tdrkbjfny
fnybb ifstuab
ifstuab rdethv
rdethvbcf
bcfnba
nba.. \brtus
\brtus mbedt
mbedt jdncbn
jdncbn tdgbnb
tdgbnbn
n pbjb
pbjb
sdptum rdethvbcfnba jbpbt mdnydobogbn fsgdmfg jbn bg`frnyb ndgrhsfs
 pbjb obcfbn tdrsdout sd`fnccb tdrodntug ifstuab.
 o. Zrbumb abfnnyb
Zrbumb abfnnyb ybnc jbpbt mdnydobogbn ifstuab rdethvbcfnba bjbab`
bgfobtt odnjb bsfnc, ehnth`nyb
bgfob ehnth`nyb pdnccunbbn
pdnccunbbn pdsbrfum ybnc sujb` abmb
tfjbg jfcbntf. Udabfn ftu ehftus jdncbn gdgdrbsbn btbu pdaded`bn sdgsuba
 kucb jbpbt mdnydobogbn ifstuab rdethvbcfnba. Zrbumb bgfobt
 pdmodjb`bn btbu abtrhcdnfg kucb jbpbt tdkbjf, nbmun gbsusunyb sbncbt
s bncbt
 kbrbnc. Ehnth` ifstuab ybnc jfsdobogbn trbumb abtrhcdnfg bjbab` ifstuab
sdtdab`
sdtdab` `fstdr
`fstdrdgt
dgthmf
hmf bgfobt
bgfobt pdraug
pdraugbbn
bbn pbjb
pbjb jfnjfn
jfnjfnc
c rdgtba
rdgtba bntdrfh
bntdrfhr,
r,
bnbsth
bnbsthmhs
mhsfs
fs ghahrd
ghahrdgtb
gtbaa jdncbn
jdncbn stbpad,
stbpad, dgsfsf
dgsfsf trbnsbn
trbnsbnba
ba tumhr
tumhr rdetba,
rdetba,
 odjb` bnhrdetba, jbn abfn-abfn. Fnsfjdn ifstuab rdethvbcfnba bgfobt
hpdrbsf jbn abtrhcdnfg odrgfsbr ?-?:%.

2?
 

e. \dnyb
\dnybgft
gft rbjbnc
rbjbnc usus
usus (fmiabmbthry
(fmiabmbthry ohwda
ohwda jfsdbsd)
jfsdbsd)
Fniabmmbthr
Fniabmmbthry
y ohwda jfsdbsd jbn ehaftfs
ehaftfs uaedrbtfvd
uaedrbtfvd odrgbftbn
odrgbftbn jdncbn
jdncbn
ifstu
ifstuab
ab rdet
rdethv
hvbc
bcfn
fnba.
ba. Ifst
Ifstua
uabb fn
fnff of
ofsb
sb tfmo
tfmoua
ua sd
sdebr
ebrbb pr
prfm
fmdr
dr,, bt
btbu
bu
mdru
mdrupb
pbgb
gbn
n ghmp
ghmpaf
afgb
gbsf
sf jbrf
jbrf pd
pdrf
rfbn
bnba
ba sd
sdps
psfs
fs.. Ud
Udab
abfn
fn ftu
ftu ifst
ifstua
uabb
rdethvbcfnba odrgbftbn jdncbn tfmouanyb bosds pdrfrdetba.
j. Fn
Fnid
idgs
gsff
\dnydobo fnidgsf ybnc sdrfnc mdnfmouagbn ifstuab rdethvbcfnba bjbab`
fn
fnid
idg
gsf grf
rfp
pth
thc
cabnj
abnjua
uabr
br.. \dn
dny
ydo
dobo
bo ab
abfn
fnn
nyb ybn
bnc
c ku
kuc
cb jbp
bpbt
bt
mdnfmouagbn ifstuab rdethvbcfnba mdsgfpun kbrbnc bjbab` tuodreuahsfs,
afmi
afmihc
hcrb
rbnu
nuah
ahmb
mb vdrd
vdrdnd
ndum
um,, jb
jbn
n sg
sgfs
fsth
thsh
shmf
mfbs
bsfs
fs.. Jf
Jfvd
vdrt
rtfe
feua
uahs
hsfs
fs
mdrupb
mdrupbgbn
gbn pdnydo
pdnydobo
bo tdrtfn
tdrtfnccf
ccf ifstuab
ifstuab rdethvb
rdethvbcfn
cfnba
ba adt
adtbg
bg tfnccf
tfnccf,, jbn
mdnfncgbt rdsfghnyb pbjb Sbnftb ybnc pdrnb` mdnkbabnf `fstdrdgthmf.
d. Nd
Ndhp
hpab
absm
smbb
 Ndhpabsmb jbpbt mdnydobogbn ifstuab rdethvbcfnba sdobcbf bgfobt
dgstdnsf btbu pdraubsbn tumhr sdebrb abncsunc mdnuku rdetum. Udabfn
ftu jbpbt jfbgfobtgbn had` tdrbpf jbrf ndhpabsm bftu sdnjfrf ybftu rbjfbsf
 pdavfs pbjb gbngdr dnjhmdtrfum jbn gbngdr sdrvfgs. Ifstuab jbpbt
tdrodntug sdtdab` dnbm ouabn sbmpbf jub tb`un sdtdab` tdrbpf.
?.5.5
?.5.5 Gabsfif
Gabsfifgbs
gbsff
Obny
Obnybg
bg sy
systd
stdm
m yb
ybnc
nc jfpb
jfpbgb
gbff mdnk
mdnkbj
bjff jb
jbsbr
sbr ga
gabs
bsfif
fifgb
gbsf
sf ifstu
ifstuab
ab
rdet
rdethv
hvbc
bcfn
fnba.
ba. Uba`
Uba` sb
sbtu
tuny
nybb od
odrj
rjbs
bsbrg
brgbn
bn systd
systdm
m bn
bnbt
bthm
hmfs,
fs, yb
ybnc
nc sd
sdrfn
rfnc
c
jfcunbgbn had` b`af odjb`. Gabsfifgbsfnyb ybftu;
b. Ifst
Ifstua
uabb rrdet
dethv
hvbc
bcfn
fnba
ba adt
adtbg
bg tfnc
tfnccf
cf;;
Bjbab` ifstuab ybnc tdrkbjf bntbrb sdpdrtfcb
sdpdrtfcb btbs vbcfnb,
vbcfnb, jdgbt jdncbn
jdncbn
sdrvfg jdncbn sdpdrtfcb tdncb` rdetum. Jfsfnf vbcfnb `bnyb tdrtutup
Udobcfbn pdrfthnfum.
 o. Ifstuab rdethvbcfnba adtbg tdncb`;
Bjbab`
Bjbab` ifstua
ifstuabb ybnc
ybnc tdrkbj
tdrkbjff bntbrb
bntbrb sdpdrt
sdpdrtfcb
fcb tdncb`
tdncb` vbcfnb
vbcfnb jdncbn
jdncbn
sdpdrtfcb obwb` rdetum. \bjb obcfbn fnf vbcfnb jbn rdetum `bnyb
jfobtsf had` sdptum tfpfs.
e. Ifstua
Ifstuabb rrdeth
dethvbc
vbcfnb
fnbaa adtb
adtbg
g obwb
obwb`
` btbu jfstba;
jfstba;

25
 

Bjbab` ifstuab ybnc tdrkbjf bntbrb vbcfnb jdncbn rdetum obcfbn jfstba
btbu jdncbn bnus.
Udabfn
Udabfn ftu tdrjbp
tdrjbpbt
bt gabsfif
gabsfifgbs
gbsff abfn
abfn ybnc
ybnc mdmobc
mdmobcff mdnkbj
mdnkbjff ifstuab
ifstuab
rdethvbcfnba sfmpad jbn ghmpadg. \dnkdabsbn sfncgbt tdntbnc gabsfifgbsf fnf
jbpbt jfaf`bt pbjb tboda jfobwb` fnf.
Ifstuab rdethvbcfnba
rdethvbcfnba Ifstuab rdethvbcfnba
rdethvbcfnba
sfmpda ghmpadg 
Ahgbsf Ybcfnb obcfbn tdncb` Ybcfbn obcfbn btbs
btbu obwb`
Jfbmdtdr  1 ?,4 em >?,4 em
ifstuab
\dnydobo Zrbumb fnidgsf Fniabmmbthry ohwda
jfsdbsd, rbjfbsf,
ndhpabsmb, pbrtus mbedt,
gdcbcbabn tdrbpf
sdodaumnyb.

?.5.: Jfbcnhsfs,
Jfbcnhsfs, Gabsfifgbsf,
Gabsfifgbsf, jbn Mbnfidstbsf
Mbnfidstbsf Gafnfs
Gafnfs
Mbnfids
Mbnfidstbsf
tbsf gafnfs
gafnfs pbjb
pbjb rdgthv
rdgthvbcf
bcfnb
nb bjbab`
bjbab` gdaubr
gdaubrnyb
nyb idsds
idsds btbu
btbu
ebmpurbn idsds jdncbn bfr jbrf vbcfnb. Zdrgbjbnc tdrjbpbt cdkbab fnidgsf
sbaurb
sbaurbn
n gdmf`,
gdmf`, jfbrd,
jfbrd, ny
nydrf
drf pdrut
pdrut `fncc
`fnccbb gdeurf
gdeurfcbb
cbbn
n bjbnyb
bjbnyb fniabmmbthry
ohwda jfsdbsd.
jfsdbsd. Gabsfifgbsf ifstuab rdgthvbcfnb tdrjfrf jbrf adtbg rdnjb` (ahw),
sdjbnc (mfj) jbn tfnccf (`fc`).
_dgthv
_dgthvbcf
bcfnba
nba ifstua
ifstuabb jbpbt
jbpbt tdrkbj
tdrkbjff sdpbnk
sdpbnkbnc
bnc sdptum
sdptum bntbrb
bntbrb vbcfnb
vbcfnb
jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn rd
rdet
etum
um,, ofbsb
ofbsbny
nybb tdrkb
tdrkbjf
jf jb
jbrf
rf Afnd
Afndbb Jdnt
Jdntbt
btbb gd
gdbr
brb`
b` pr
prhg
hgsf
sfmb
mbaa
jfrdgtum ybnc odr`uouncbn
odr`uouncbn jdncbn sfsf vhrnfgs phstdrfhr vbcfnb. Ofab tdrkbjf

 pbjb sfsf jfstba Afndb Jdntbtb sdrfnc jfsdout sdobcbf Bnhvbcfnba. Zdtbpf
sdmu
sdmubb if
ifst
stua
uabb yb
ybnc
nc tdrk
tdrkbj
bjff jfsda
jfsdaur
uru`
u` td
tdmp
mpbt
bt td
tdrsd
rsdou
outt jf
jfgd
gdnb
nbaa sd
sdob
obcb
cbff
_dgthvbcfnba Ifstuab.
\bjb adtbg rdnjb`, pdmougbbn ifstuab odrbjb jf jdgbt ihrsdt vbcfnb
 phstdrfhr, sdjbncgbn adtbg tfnccf bjbab` pdmougbbn ifstuab jf odabgbnc btbu
jf jdgbt sdrvfgs, jbn adtbg sdjbnc (mfj) jfmbnb pdmougbbn ifstuab odrbjb
jftdncb` bntbrb pdmougbbn adtbg rdnjb` jbn tfnccf.
\dnj
\dnjdg
dgbt
btbn
bn pdrt
pdrtbm
bmbb pbjb
bjb ifst
ifstu
uab rd
rdgt
gth
hvb
vbc
cfn
fnbb tfj
tfjbg `bn
`bnyb
mdncfjdntf
mdncfjdntfifgbsf
ifgbsf ifstuabnyb
ifstuabnyb nbmun `brus mdaf`bt
mdaf`bt ghnjfsf
ghnjfsf kbrfncbn
kbrfncbn sdgftbr 
sdgftbr 

ifstuabb bpbgb` tdrjbpbt pdruob`bn fniabmbsf,

ifstua fniabmbsf, sdpdrtf bosds, stdnhsfs,
stdnhsfs, kbrfncbn
kbrfncbn

2:
 

 pbrut, jbn sdmbebmnyb. Ifstuab adtbg rdnjb` jdncbn mujb` jbpbt jfaf`bt jbn
jfrbob pbjb pdmdrfgsbbn ifsfg, jbpbt jfghnifrmbsf jdncbn pdmdrfgsbbn ehahg 
juour, bnhsghpf btbu pdmdrfgsbbn spdguaum. Kfgb ifstuab tfjbg tdraf`bt pbjb
 pdmdrfgsbbn ifsfg jbpbt mdnccunbgbn obrfum dndmb jdncbn abtdrba vfdw.
vfdw.
\dmdrfgsbbn fnf pdntfnc untug mdaf`bt jfstba rdgtum jbn sbaurbn bnba gbrdnb
 obahn gbtdtdr mdnyumobt auobnc ifstuab. Batdrnbtfi
Batdr nbtfi abfn mdnccunbgbn tbmphn
ybnc jftdmpbtgbn pbjb vbcfnb abau rdgtum jfodrfgbn dndmb mdtfadn ofru,
bpbgb`
bpbgb` tbmphn
tbmphn tdrwbrnbf btbu tfjbg
tfjbg.. Ofab tdrjbpbt mdtfadn ofru pbjb tbmphn
tbmphn
sd`fnc
sd`fnccb
cb jfjbpb
jfjbpbtgb
tgbn
n bjbnyb
bjbnyb ifstuab
ifstuab.. pdmdrf
pdmdrfgsb
gsbbn
bn pdnunk
pdnunkbnc
bnc abf
abfn
n jbpbt
jbpbt
mdnccunbgbn M_F.
?.5.4 \faf`bn
\faf`bn Zdrbpf pbjb
pbjb Ifstuab _dgthvbc
_dgthvbcfnb
fnb
Mdsgfp
Mdsgfpun
un tbt
tbtbab
babgsbn
gsbnbb utbmb
utbmb pbjb
pbjb rdgthv
rdgthvbcf
bcfnb
nb bjbab`
bjbab` pdmodj
pdmodjb`b
b`bn,
n,
nbmun bjb ododrbpb pdncdeubafbn. \bsfdn jdncbn ifstuab gdefa jbn cdkbab
mfnfmb
mfnfmbaa jbpbt
jbpbt jfabgu
jfabgugbn
gbn ohwda mbnbcdmdnt 
mbnbcdmdnt , ifst
ifstua
uabb gd
gdef
efaa bg
bgbn
bn jb
jbpb
pbtt
mdnutu
mdnutup
p jdncbn
jdncbn sdnjfr
sdnjfrfny
fnyb.
b. Zdrbpf
Zdrbpf mdjfs,
mdjfs, fmunhm
fmunhmhju
hjuabt
abthr,
hr, mdmfafg
mdmfafgff
 pdrbnbn pdnydmou`bn pbjb ifstuab rdgthvbcfnb
rdgthvbcfnb jdncbn pdnybgft Erh`n.

?.: Ghnsdp _uptur

_uptur Kbabn Ab`fr Jdrbkbt 5 jbn
jbn :
?.:.2 Jdifnfsf
Jdifnfsf _uptur
_uptur \drfndum
\drfndum
_uptur
_uptur bjbab`
bjbab` augb
augb pbjb
pbjb pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um ybnc
ybnc jfbgfo
jfbgfobtg
btgbn
bn had`
had` rusbgn
rusbgnyb
yb
 kbrfncbn sdebrb babmfb` gbrdnb prhsds jdsbgbn gdpbab kbnfn btbu ob`u pbjb
sbbt pdrsbfnbn. _uptur pdrfndum mdnc`bsfagbn
mdnc`bsfagbn augb ybnc tfjbg odrbturbn
 pbjb pdrfndum sbbt ab`fr. _uptur pdrfndum odrodjb jdncbn dpfsfhthmf,
jfmbnb ruptur pdrfndum mdrupbgbn rhodgbn ybnc odrsfibt trbumbtfg gbrdnb
 pdrfndum tfjbg gubt mdnb`bn rdcbncbn pbjb
pbjb sbbt kbnfn adwbt.
?.:.? Gabsfifgbsf
Gabsfifgbsf _uptur
_uptur \drfndu
\drfndum
m
Odrjbsbrgbn aubs rhodgbnnyb, ruptur pdrfndum jfobcf mdnkbjf ;
b. Jdrb
Jdrbkb
kbtt sbtu
sbtu
_hodgbn `bnyb tdrkbjf pbjb mughsb vbcfnb, vuavb obcfbn jdpbn, jbn guaft
 pdrfndum
 o. Jdrbkbt jub

24
 

_hodgbn tdrkbjf pbjb mughsb vbcfnb, vuavb obcfbn jdpbn, guaft pdrfndum
jbn htht pdrfndum.
e. Jdrb
Jdrbkb
kbtt tfcb
tfcb
_hodgbn tdrkbjf pbjb mughsb vbcfnb, vuavb obcfbn jdpbn, guaft pdrfndum,
hthtt pdrfnd
hth pdrfndum
um jbn sifnctd
sifnctdrr bnf dgstdrn
dgstdrnb.
b. _uptur
_uptur pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um crbjd
crbjd tfcb,
tfcb,
jfob
jfobcf
cf mdnk
mdnkbj
bjff 5 su
suo
o cr
crup
up,, yb
ybft
ftu
u ; FFF b; rh
rhod
odgb
gbn
n mdnc
mdncdn
dnbf
bf 1 4<
4<%
%
gdtdob
gdtdobabn
abn htht
htht sifnctd
sifnctdrr bnf dgstdrnb
dgstdrnb FFF o ; rhodgb
rhodgbn
n mdncdn
mdncdnbf
bf > 4<%
gdtdobabn htht sifnctdr bnf dgstdrnb FFF e ; rhodgsbmpbf mdncdnbf htht
sifnctdr bnf fntdrnb.
j. Jdrbk
Jdrbkbt
bt dm
dmpb
pbtt
_hodgb
_hodgbn
n tdrkbjf
tdrkbjf pbjb
pbjb sdauru`
sdauru` pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um jbn sifnctd
sifnctdrr bnf ybnc
ybnc mdaubs
mdaubs
sbmpbf gd mughsb rdgtum

Cbmobr ?. Cbmobr rhodgbn pdrfndum

?.:.5 Dtfhahcf
Dtfhahcf _uptur
_uptur \drfndum
\drfndum
Zdrk
Zdrkbj
bjfn
fnyb
yb ru
rupt
ptur
ur pd
pdrf
rfnd
ndum
um jfsdo
jfsdobo
bogb
gbn
n ha
had`
d` ib
ibgt
gthr
hr fo
fou
u (p
(pbr
brft
ftbs,
bs, kb
kbrbg 
rbg 
gd`bmfabn
gd`bmfabn jbn odrbt objbn obyf), pfmpfnbn pdrsbafnbn tfjbg sdobcbfmbnb
sdobcbfmbnb

29
 

mdstfnyb,
mdstfnyb, rfwbybt
rfwbybt pdrsbafnbn.
pdrsbafnbn. dgstrbgsf eunbm, dgstrbgsf
dgstrbgsf vbgum,
vbgum, trbumb
trbumb babt
jbn dpfsfhthmf.
b. \r
\rfm
fmfp
fpbr
brbb
Ofab gdpbab kbnfn tdab` sbmpbf jfjbsbr pbnccua, vuavb muabf mdmougb.
_bmou
_bmoutt gdpbab
gdpbab kbnfn
kbnfn muabf
muabf tbmpbg
tbmpbg.. \drfnd
\drfndum
um jbn bnus
bnus tbmpbg
tbmpbg muabf
muabf
tdrdcbnc. \drfndum muabf adof` tfnccf, sdjbncgbn bnus muabf mdmougb.
Vbnc tbmpbg jbabm bnus bjbab` jfnjfnc jdpbn rdgtum. \drfndum ofab
tfjbg jftb`bn, bgbn rhodg (= rupturb pdrfndf), tdrutbmb pbjb prfmfcrbvfjb.
\drfndum jftb`bn jdncbn tbncbn gbnbn, sdobfgnyb jdncbn gbfn gbsb stdrfa.
_hodgb
_hodgbn
n pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um tdrkbj
tdrkbjff pbjb
pbjb `bmpfr
`bmpfr sdmub
sdmub pdrsbaf
pdrsbafnbn
nbn pdrtbm
pdrtbmbb jbn
tfjbg kbrbnc kucb pbjb pdrsbafnbn odrfgutnyb.
 o. Kbnfn Odsbr
Kbnfn odsbr bjbab` ofab odrbt objbn mdadof`f jbrf :<<< crbm. \drsbafnbn
jdncbn
jdncbn odrbt
odrbt objbn
objbn kbnfn
kbnfn odsbr
odsbr jbpbt
jbpbt mdnydo
mdnydobog
bogbn
bn tdrkbj
tdrkbjfny
fnybb absdrbs
absdrbsff
 pdrfndum. Odrbt objbn kbnfn jbpbt mdmpdncbru`f pdrsbafnbn jbn absdrbsf
 pdrfndum. Obyf ybnc mdmpunybf odrbt objbn ybnc odsbr jbpbt
mdnfmouagbn pdnyuaft jbabm pdrsbafnbn jfbntbrbnyb bjbab` pbrtus abmb,
 pbrtus mbedt jbn jfsthsfb ob`u. Udodaum odrsbafn `dnjbgnyb fou jfpdrfgsb
Zfnccf Iunjus Ttdrf bcbr jbpbt jfgdtb`uf tbisfrbn Odrbt Objbn Kbnfn jbn
jbpbt jfbntfsfpbsf bjbnyb pdrsbafnbn pbthahcfs ybnc jfsdobogbn obyf odsbr 
sdpdrtf rupturb utdrf, rupturb kbabn ab`fr, pbrtus abmb, jfsthsfb ob`u, jbn
gdmbtfbn kbnfn bgfobt edjdrb pdrsbafnbn.
e. \rdsdn
\rdsdntbsf
tbsf jdiadg
jdiadgsf
sf
\rdsdntbsf jdiadgsf ybnc jfmbgsuj jbabm `ba fnf bjbab` prdsdntbsf punebg 
gdpbab
gdpbab jbn prdsdn
prdsdntbsf
tbsf jb`f.
jb`f. \rdsdnt
\rdsdntbsf
bsf punebg
punebg gdpbab
gdpbab obcfbn
obcfbn tdrobwb
tdrobwb`
`
bjbab` punebg gdpbab, pbjb pdmdrfgsbbn jbabm tdrbob Toun-uoun Odsbr 
(TTO) ybnc pbafnc rdnjb`, jbn TTO sujb` odrputbr gd jdpbn. Mdnurut
stbtfstfg `ba fnf tdrkbjf pbjb 2% jbrf sdauru` pdrsbafnbn. Ghmpafgbsf ybnc
tdrkbjf pbjb fou bjbab` pbrtus ybnc abmb btbu rhodgbn kbabn ab`fr ybnc
adof` aubs. \rdsdntbsf jb`f bjbab` phsfsf gdpbab bntbrb iadgsf jbn jdiadgsf,
jb`f odrbjb pbjb phsfsf tdrdnjb` jbn tdtbp pbafnc jdpbn. \bjb pdndmpbtbn
jb`f, ofbsbnyb jdncbn sdnjfrfnyb bgbn odruob` mdnkbjf adtbg mugb btbu

23
 

adtbg odabgbnc gdpbab. Mdgbnfsmd pdrsbafnbn gdpbab mdmbsugf pbnccua

 ofbsbnyb jdncbn jb`f mdafntbnc, btbu mfrfnc. \bjb wbgtu putbrbn pbgsf,
jb`ff mdmutb
jb` mdmutbrr gd jdpbn.
jdpbn. Mbxfaa
Mbxfaabb (ihssb
(ihssb ebnfnb
ebnfnb)) sdobcbf
sdobcbf `fphmh
`fphmhgaf
gafhn
hn
 odrbjb jf obwb` sfmpfsfs, gdmujfbn tdrkbjf iadgsf untug mdab`frgbn
 odabgbnc gdpbab mdadwbtf pdrfndum, abau jdiadgsf, mbgb ab`frab` muaut,
jbcu jf obwb` sfmpfsfs. @ba fnf mdncbgfobtgbn pbrtus mdnkbjf abmb jbn
adof` suaft, ofsb tdrkbjf rhodgbn ybnc odrbt jbn rupturb utdrf.
j. \rdsdn
\rdsdntbsf
tbsf ohghnc
ohghnc
\rds
\rdsdn
dntb
tbsf
sf oh
ohgh
ghnc
nc btbu
btbu adtb
adtbg
g su
sunc
ncsb
sbnc
nc bj
bjba
bab`
b` kb
kbnf
nfn
n yb
ybnc
nc ad
adtbg
tbgny
nybb
mdmbnkbnc (mdmoukur) jbabm rb`fm, gdpbab odrbjb jf iunjus jbn ohghnc
jf obwb` mdrupbgbn pdrsbafnbn jdncbn pdnyuaft.
d. Ibgthr
Ibgthr \dnhah
\dnhahnc
nc \drsbaf
\drsbafnbn
nbn
Ebrb mdmfmpfn mdncdkbn jbn jhrhncbn pbjb iunjus utdrf. \drbn jbrf
 pdnhahnc pdrsbafnbn bjbab` mdncbntfsfpbsf jbn mdnbncbnf ghmpafgbsf
ybnc muncgfn tdrkbjf pbjb fou jbn kbnfn. Jbabm `ba fnf prhsds tdrcbntunc
jbrf gdmbmpubn pdnhahnc jbabm mdnc`bjbpf prhsds pdrsbafnbn.
?.:.:
?.:.: Cdkbab
Cdkbab Gafn
Gafnfs
fs
Zbnjb jbn cdkbab rhodgbn kbabn ab`fr bjbab` sdobcbf odrfgut ;
b. \d
\drj
rjbr
brb`
b`bn
bn
 o. Jbrb` sdcbr ybnc mdncbafr sdtdab` obyf ab`fr
e. Ttdrus tfjbg odrghntrbg
odrghntrbgsf
sf jdncbn
jdncbn obfg
obfg
j. \ueb
\uebtt
d. Admb`
i. \bsfdn
\bsfdn jbabm
jbabm gdbj
gdbjbbn
bbn mdnc
mdnccfc
cfcfa
fa
?.:.4 Zbtbabgsbnb
Zbtbabgsbnb _uptur
_uptur \drfndum2,
\drfndum2, ?, jbn
jbn 5
Udodaum mdnbncbnf ruptur pdrfndum, pbstfgbn ;
b. Udodaum mdrdpbfr augb dpfsf
sfh
hthmy absd
sdrrbsf,
sf, kbabn ab`fr `brus
jfdgphsd/jf
jfdgphsd/jftbmpf
tbmpfagbn
agbn jdncbn
jdncbn kdabs, ofab jfpdraugbn
jfpdraugbn jbpbt mdnccunbg
mdnccunbgbn
bn
 obntubn spdeuaum.
 o. Fjdntfifgbsf bpbgb` tdrjbpbt absdrbsf sdrvfgs, kfgb `brus jfrdpbfr tdradof`
jb`uau.

20
 

e. Mbsuggbn
Mbsuggbn tbmphn
tbmphn btbu gbssb gdpunebg
gdpunebg vbcfnb
vbcfnb untug mdnb`bn
mdnb`bn pdrjbrb`bn
pdrjbrb`bn
jbrf jbabm utdrus untug sdmdntbrb sd`fnccb augb dpfsfhthmf tbmpbg kdabs.
j. Mbsugg
Mbsuggbn
bn kbrf gd FF jbn FFF jbabm
jbabm vbcfnb
vbcfnb jbn rdcbncg
rdcbncgbn
bn untug
untug jfnjfn
jfnjfnc
c
vbcfnb untug mdncdgphsd obtbs btbs (ukunc)augb.
d. Kb`ftbn
Kb`ftbn jfmuabf
jfmuabf 2 em prhsfmba
prhsfmba punebg
punebg augb,
augb, augb
augb jfnjfn
jfnjfnc
c vbcfnb
vbcfnb jfkb`ft
jfkb`ft
gdbrb` jfstba `fnccb obtbs ehmmfssurbphstdrfhr.
i. _dghntrugsf
_dghntrugsf jfbpcrbm
jfbpcrbmbb urhcdnftba
urhcdnftba (htht pdrfndum)
pdrfndum) jdncbn
jdncbn erhmfe ebtcut?-
ebtcut?-
< c) Zdrusgbn kb`ftbn jdncbn mdnkb`ft pdrfndum.
Mdnurut Hxhrn (?<2<) bjb ododrbpb abncgb` mdnbncbnf ruptur
r uptur pdrfndum
b. _hodgb
_hodgbn
n jdrbkb
jdrbkbtt pdrtbm
pdrtbmbb
_hodgbn fnf gdefa jbn jfpdrobfgf sdsdjdr`bnb muncgfn. Zukubnnyb bjbab`
mdrb
mdrbpb
pbtg
tgbn
bn gdmo
gdmoba
baff kbrf
kbrfnc
ncbn
bn yb
ybnc
nc td
tdrp
rpht
hthn
hnc
c jb
jbn
n mdnc
mdnc`b
`bsf
sfag
agbn
bn
`dmhstbtfs. \bjb rbtb-rbtb gbsus ododrbpb kb`ftbn tdrputus adwbt mughsb
vbcfnb, ihure`dttd jbn guaft pdrfndum sujb` mdmbjbf. Kfgb pdrjbrb`bnnyb
 obnybg jbpbt jfcunbgbn kb`ftbn bncgb-0, kb`ftbn gbrdnb kb`ftbn
kb `ftbn fnf gurbnc
mdnfmouagbn tdcbncbn jbn adof` mdnydnbcgbn obcf pbsfdnnyb.
 o. _hodgbn jdrbkbt gdjub abpfs jdmf abpfs;
 Kb`ftbn
Kb`ftbn tdrputus,
tdrputus, mdndrus
mdndrus btbupun
btbupun kb`ftbn
kb`ftbn sfmpua
sfmpua jfcunbgbn
jfcunbgbn untug 
mdrbpbtgbn tdpf mughsb vbcfnb jbn suomughsbnyb7
 Htht-htht ybnc jbabm ehrpus pdrfndum jfkb`ft mdnkbjf sbtu jdncbn
tdrputus7
 Kb`ftbn suogutfs odrsbmounc btbu kb`ftbn tdrputus, ybnc jfsfmpuagbn
sdebrb ahnccbr mdnybtugbn gdjub tdpf guaft
e. _hodgbn
_hodgbn jdrbkbt
jdrbkbt gdtfcb
gdtfcb jbn dmpbt
_dpbrbsf pdrfndum tfncgbt FFF jbn FY mdmoutu`gbn bpprhgsfmbsf mughsb
rdetum, spfnetdr bnf fntdrnba jbn dgstdrnba. \unebg absdrbsf mughsb rdetum
jffj
jffjdn
dntf
tfif
ifgb
gbsf
sf jb
jbn
n jfbp
jfbppr
prhg
hgsfm
sfmbsf
bsf mdnc
mdnccu
cunb
nbgb
gbn
n vf
vfery
eryaa :.
:.<
< sdebr
sdebrbb
fntdrru
fntdrruptd
ptdj.
j. Udebrb
Udebrb gabsfg
gabsfg jfrdgh
jfrdghmdn
mdnjbs
jbsfgb
fgbn
n untug
untug tfjbg
tfjbg mdndmo
mdndmous
us
jfnj
jfnjfn
fnc
c mugh
mughsb
sb rdgt
rdgtum
um sb
sbmp
mpbf
bf gd
gdau
aumd
mdn
n bn
bnus
us un
untu
tug
g mdne
mdnedc
dcb`
b`
tdrodntugnyb ifstuab. Kb`ftbn jftdrusgbn sbmpbf pfnccfr bnus. Upfnetdr bnf
fntdrnb jftutup jdncbn vferya ?.< sdebrb ghntfnu.

26
 

Upfnet
Upfnetdr
dr bnf dgstdrn
dgstdrnba
ba tbmpbg
tbmpbg sdobcb
sdobcbff pftb
pftb htht
htht rbncgb
rbncgb jdncbn
jdncbn gbpsua
gbpsua
iforhus. Udebrb gabsfg tdgnfg dnj th dnj jfcunbgbn untug mdmobwb ukunc

spfnetdr odrsbmb-sbmb pbjb : gubjrbn (kbm 2?, 5, 9, 6 ) jdncbn kb`ftbn

fntdrruptdj mdndmous htht jbn gbpsua. Zdgnfg batdrnbtfvd bjbab` rdpbrbsf
hvdrabppfnc pbjb spfnetdr bnf dgstdrnba jdncbn mdmobwb sdebrb odrsbmb
ukunc spfnetdr jdncbn kb`ftbn mbtrbs jbn `bsfanyb pdrmugbbn kbrfncbn
ybnc ghntbg adof` aubs. Jfsdgsf pbjb spfnetdr bnf dgstdrnb jbrf kbrfncbn
sdgft
sdgftbm
bmyb
yb jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn sefss
sefsshr
hr Mdtz
Mdtzdn
dnob
obum
um gb
gbjb
jbnc
nc jf
jfou
outu
tu`g
`gbn
bn un
untu
tug 
g 
mdnjbp
mdnjbpbtg
btgbn
bn pbnkbn
pbnkbnc
c ybnc
ybnc bjdgub
bjdgubtt untug
untug htht
htht ybnc
ybnc hvdrab
hvdrabp.
p. Kb`ftb
Kb`ftbn
n
jfabgugbn jbrf punebg sbmpbf jbsbr mdadwbtf iabps supdrfhr jbn fnidrfhr 
gdmujfbn jbrf jbsbr sbmpbf punebg mdadwbtf iabps fnidrfhr jbn supdrfhr.

Tkunc prhgsfmba jbrf iabps supdrfhr jfhvdrabppgbn jdncbn obcfbn jfstba

jbrf iabp fnidrfhr.

?<
 

Cbmobr tdgnfg dnj th dnj jbn hvdr abppfnc pbjb rdpbrbsf spfnctdr bnf
dgstdrnba.
?.:.9
?.:.9 Ghmpaf
Ghmpafgbs
gbsff
Ghmpafgbsf ybnc muncgfn tdrkbjf kfgb ruptur pdrfndum bjbab` ;
b. \drjbrb`bn
Udhrbn
Udhrbnc
c wbnftb
wbnftb jbpbt
jbpbt mdnfnc
mdnfnccba
cba gbrdnb
gbrdnb pdrjbr
pdrjbrb`b
b`bn
n pbseb
pbseb pdrsba
pdrsbafnb
fnbn
n
jbabm wbgtu sbtu kbm sdtdab` mdab`frgbn. \dnfabfbn jbn pdnbtbabgsbnbbn
ybnc edrmbt sdabmb gbab sbtu jbn gbab dmpbt pdrsbafnbn sbncbt pdntfnc.
Mdnfab
Mdnfabff gd`fab
gd`fabncb
ncbn
n jbrb`
jbrb` ybftu
ybftu jdncbn
jdncbn ebrb mdmbnt
mdmbntbu
bu tbnjb
tbnjb vftba,
vftba,
mdncdvbaubsf bsba pdrjbrb`bn, sdrtb mdmpdrgfrbgbn kumab` pdrjbrb`bn
abnkutbn jbn mdnfabf thnus htht.
 o. Ifstuab
Ifstuab jbpbt tdrkbjf tbnpb jfgdtb`uf pdnydobonyb gbrdnb pdraugbbn pbjb
vbcfnb mdndmous gbnjunc gdnefnc btbu rdetum. Kfgb gbnjunc gdnefnc
au
augb
gb,, mbgb
mbgb ur
urfn
fn bg
bgbn
bn sdcdrb
sdcdrb gd
gdau
aubr
br mdab
mdabau
auff vb
vbcf
cfnb
nb.. Ifstu
Ifstuab
ab jb
jbpb
pbtt
mdndgbn gbnjunc gdnefnc btbu rdetum ybnc abmb bntbrb gdpbab kbnfn
jbn pbnccua, sd`fnccb tdrkbjf fsgdmfb.
e. @dmbthmb
@dmbth
@dmbthmb
mb jbpbt
jbpbt tdrkbjf
tdrkbjf bgfobt
bgfobt trbumb
trbumb pbrtus
pbrtus pbjb
pbjb pdrsba
pdrsbafnb
fnbn
n gbrdnb
gbrdnb
bjbnyb pdndgbnbn gdpbab kbnfn sdrtb tfnjbgbn pdrsbafnbn ybnc jftbnjbf
jdncbn rbsb nydrf pbjb pdrfndum jbn vuavb odrwbrnb ofru jbn mdrb`.
@dmbthmb jfobcfbn pdavfs ofsb tdrkbjf jbabm vuavb pdrfndum jbn ihsb
fsgfhrdgtbafs. Ofbsbnyb gbrdnb trbumb pdrfndum tdtbpf ofsb kucb jdncbn
vbrfghsftbs.
j. Fnidgsf
Fnidgsff pbjb mbsb nfibs bjbab` pdrbjbncbn
Fnidgs pdrbjbncbn jf sdgftbr
sdgftbr babt cdndtbafb pbjb
gbabb nfibs.
gba nfibs. \draug
\draugbbn
bbn pbjb
pbjb pdrsbaf
pdrsbafnbn
nbn mdrupb
mdrupbgbn
gbn tdmpbt
tdmpbt mbsugn
mbsugnyb
yb
gumbn gd jbabm tuou` sd`fnccb mdnfmouagbn fnidgsf. Jdncbn gdtdntubn
mdnfncgbtnyb su`u tuou` mdadof`f 50< E, tbnpb mdnc`ftunc pfrdgsfb
nfibs. Udtfbp wbnftb ybnc mdncbabmf pfrdgsfb nfibs `brus jfpdr`btfgbn,
jbn jfabgugbn fnspdgsf pbjb trbgtur cdntftbafs untug mdnebrf absdrbsf,
rhodgbn btbu augb dpfsfhthmf.

?2
 

?.4 Ehnth`
Ehnth` Gbsus
Gbsus

??
 

B_ZFGDA \DNDAFZFBN

\dncbabmbn Fou Odrsbafn ybnc Mdncbabmf _upturd

\drfndum Jdrbkbt 5-: jf _UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc

_ftb Byu Vhabnjfb

\rhcrbm Utujf JFY Gdofjbnbn Udghab` Zfnccf Famu Gdsd`btbn

Fnjhndsfb Mbku Kan. @brbpbn Nhmhr 4<, Adntdnc Bcunc ― Kbgbrtb
Udabtbn 2?92< Zdap; (<?2) 3006:<:4

Dmbfa ; rftbbyuyhabnjfbLyb`hh.ehm

Bostrbg

_upturd pdrfndum bjbab` rhodgbn kbabn ab`fr ybnc tdrkbjf pbjb pdrsbafnbn jdncbn
trhumb.
trhumb. _hodg
_hodgbn
bn kbabn ab`fr ofbsbn
ofbsbnyb
yb gbrdnb dpfsfhthmf,
dpfsfhthmf, rhodgbn sphntbn pdrfndum
tr
trhu
humb
mb ihred
ihredp
p btbu
btbu vbgu
vbgum
m dgst
dgstrbs
rbsf.
f.Zu
Zuku
kubn
bn jb
jbrf
rf \dnd
\dndaf
afb
bn
n fnf
fnf bjbab
bjbab`
` Tntu
Tntug
g
mdncdtb`uf \dncbabmbn Fou Odrsbafn ybnc Mdncbabmf _upturd \drfndum Jdrbkbt 5-:
Jf _UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc bjb tb`un ?<24. Mdthjd \dndafbn ; \dndafbn fnf
mdnccunbgbn mdthjd gubaftbi jdncbn pdncumpuabn jbtb mdnccunbgbn wbwbnebrb
sdebrb
sdebrb mdnjb
mdnjbabm
abm jbn tdroug
tdrougb,
b, pdndaf
pdndafbn
bn fnf jfabgu
jfabgugbn
gbn pbjb
pbjb oua
ouabn
bn Udp
Udptdm
tdmodr
odr ―
Nhvdmodr.
Nhvdmodr. @bsfa pdndafbn
pdndafbn ; jfjbpb
jfjbpbtgbn
tgbn ob`wb jbrf 2< fou odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf
rupturd
rupturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5 odrusfb ?
?<-52
<-52 t` 9 jfbntbrbnyb
jfbntbrbnyb mdab`frg
mdab`frgbn
bn untug ybnc
pdrtbmb gbafnyb , 3 hrbnc fou mdncbabmf pdrsbafnbn jdncbn babt obntu vbgum , jbn
sdmub fou odrsbafn mdncbabmf gdedmbsbn bgbn augb kb`ftbn sd`fnccb mdmoubt pbrb

fou mdncbabmf susb` oubnc bfr odsbr, jbn 0< % fou phst pbrtum mbsf` odaum sfbp
mdabgugbn `uouncbn submf fstrf sdtdab` 9 mfnccu pbseb mdab`frgbn. Gdsfmpuabn ;2<
fou odr
odrsbaf
sbafn
n ybnc mdncba
mdncbabmf
bmf ruptur
rupturd
d pdr
pdrfnd
fndum
um mdn
mdncba
cbabmf
bmf gdedmb
gdedmbsbn
sbn,, ybn
ybnc
c
mdmoubt pbrb fou susb` oubnc bfr odsbr jbn odaum sfbp untug mdabgugbn `uouncbn
submf fstrf sdtdab` 9 mfnccu pbseb mdab`frgbn, jbn mdrbsb sdnbnc jbn pubs btbs
pdabybnbn rumb` sbgft _UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc.

Gbtb Gunef ; Kbabn Ab`fr, \dncbabmbn _hodgbn

 Bostrbet 
 Bostrbet 

?5
 

_uptur
_upturd
d hi t`d pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um wbs thrn ofr
ofrt`
t` ebnba
ebnba t`bt
t`bt heeurs
heeurs fn abo
abohr
hr wft`
wft` trhumb
trhumb..
Abedrb
Abedrbhn
hn t`d ofrt`
ofrt` ebnba
ebnba fs usubaay
usubaay jud th bn dpf
dpfsfh
sfhthm
thmy,
y, sphntb
sphntbndhu
ndhuss pdr
pdrfnd
fndba 
ba 
abedrbhn trbumbe ihredps hr vbeuum dxtrbehn. Z`d purphsd hi t`d stujy Z`fs fs th
gnhw Mht`dr Mbtdrnfty
Mbtdrnfty Dxpdrfdnefn
Dxpdrfdnefnc
c ruptu
rupturd
rd pdrfndum Jdcrdds 5-: Fn Zbncdrbnc
Jfs
Jfstrf
trfet
et @hspftb
@hspftbaa t`d
t`drd
rd fn ?<24.
?<24. _dsdbre
_dsdbre`
` mdt`hj
mdt`hjss ; Z`f
Z`fss stu
stujy
jy usds
usds b qubaftb
qubaftbvd
vd
mdt`hj
mdt`hj hi jbt
jbtb
b eha
ehaade
adehn
hn usfn
usfnc
c fn-
fn-jdp
jdpt`
t` fnt
fntdrv
drvfdw
fdwss bnj hpdn,
hpdn, t`f
t`fss stu
stujy
jy wbs
ehnjuetdj fn Udptdmodr-Nhvdmodr. rdsdbre` rdsuat ; ihunj t`bt hi t`d 2< mht`drs
w`h dxpdrfdnedj b rupturd pdrfndum 5 jdcrdds 9 hi t`dm bcdj ?<-52 ydbrs w`h cbvd
ofrt` ihr t`d rst md, 3 mht`dr wdnt fnth abohr wft` thhas vbeuum, bnj baa mbtdrnba 
bnxfdty whuaj ste`ds t`bt mbgd whmdn dxpdrfdnefnc ehnspbhn, bnj 0<% hi phst 
 pbrtum mht`drs brd saa nht rdbjy mbrftba rdabhns`fp bdr 9 wddgs phstpbrtum.
Ehneausfhn
Ehneausfhn ; 2< mht`drs w`h `bvd dxpdrfdne
dxpdrfdnedj
dj bnxfdty rupturdj pdrfndum, w`fe`
mbgd mht`drs ehnspbhn bnj nht rdbjy th pdrihrm sdxuba fntdrehursd bdr 9 wddgs
 phstpbrtum, bnj idda `bppy bnj sbsdj wft` t`d `hspftba sdrvfeds Zbncdrbnc Jfstrfet 
@hspftba.

Gdywhrjs; \drfndum, Dxpdrfdned, _upturd

3<

?:
 

Yha.0. Nh.?, Kunf ?<20 \dncbabmbn Fou Odrsbafn ybnc Mdncbabmf _upturd \drfndum
Jdrb
Jdrb bt 5-: jf _UTJ
_UTJ Gbo
Gbou
u btdn
btdn Zbn
Zbn drb
drbn
n
Obcf pdr
Obcf pdrdmp
dmpubn
ubn,, pdr
pdrfnd
fndum
um sbncbt
sbncbtab`
ab` pdntfn
pdntfnc,
c,
\dnjb`uaubn  pdrdcbncbn jbn rhodgbn pbjb pdrfndum sdabmb

_uptur
_upturdd pd
pdrf
rfnd
ndum
um bj bjba
bab`
b` rhod
rhodgb
gbn
n yb
ybnc
nc
tdrkbjf pbjb sbbt obyf ab`fr obfg sdebrb sphntbn
mbupun jdncbn babt btbu tfnjbgbn. _hodgbn kbabn
ab`fr ofbsbnyb bgfobt dpfsfhthmy, rhodgbn sphntbn
 pdrfndum, trbumb ihredps btbu vbgum dgstrbsf,
btbu gbrdnb vdrsf dgstrbsf.
dgstrbsf. _hodgbn tdrkbjf ofsb
rfncbn (adebt, absdrbsf), augb dpfsfhthmf, rhodgbn
 pdrfndum sphntbn jdrbkbt rfncbn sbmpbf rupturd
 pdrfndb thtbafs (spfnctdr bnf tdrputus), rhodgbn
 pbjb jfnjfnc vbcfnb, ihrnfgs utdrf, sdrvfgs, jbdrb`
sdgft
sdg ftbr
br ga
gaft
fthr
hrfs,
fs, jb
jbnn ururdt
dtrb
rb jb
jbn
n ob
ob`g
`gbn
bn ybybnc
nc
2
tdrodrbt rupturd utdrf.
Fo
Fou
u bjba
bjbab`
b` hr
hrbn
bnc
c tutubb pdrd
pdrdmp
mpub
ubn
n jbrf
jbrf
sdhrbn
sdhrbnc
c bnbg
bnbg ybnc
ybnc mdrupb
mdrupbgbn
gbn shshg
shshg ybnc
ybnc aubr 
aubr 
 ofbsb, nbmun sbncbt pdgb tdr`bjbp odrobcbf
mbsbab` gdsd`btbn. Gdmbtfbn fou odrsbafn jbn fou
`bmfa sdgbrbnc sujb` mdnebpbf ?4-4<% `ba fnf
mdrupbgbn mbsbab` odsbr pbjb Ndcbrb
 odrgdmobnc, gdmbtfbn fnf tdrkbjf pbjb wbnftb usfb
suour.?

\dnfncgbtbn gdsd`btbn fou mdrupbgbn sbab`

sbtu tu
sbtu tuku
kubn
bn Mfaad
Mfaadnn
nnfu
fum
m Jdvd
Jdvdahahpm
pmdn
dntt Chba
Chba‖s
‖s
(MJC‖s) sdsubf tbrcdt Nbsfhnba mdnurut MJCs
ybftu mdnurungbn
mdnurungbn bncgb gdmbtfbn
gdmbtfbn fou
sdodsbr 
  ⁊  jbrf bncgb gdmbtfbn
gdmbtfbn fou pbjb tb`un 266<
 
(:4< pdr 2<<.<<<) mdnkbjf 2<? pdr 2<<.<<< ybnc
fn
fncf
cfn
n jf
jfeb
ebpb
pbff pb
pbjb
jb tb`un
tb`un ?<
?<24
24.. BGF
BGF (B(Bnc
ncgb
gb
Gdmbtfbn Fou ) jf jf junfb pbjb tb`un
tb`un ?<2< mdnurut
S@H
S@ H bjbjba
bab`
b` ?0 ?03/
3/2<
2<<.
<.<<
<<<
< gdgdabab`f
`frb
rbn
n `f`fju
jup,
p,
jfndcb
jfndcbrb
rb mbku
mbku 6/2<<.
6/2<<.<<<
<<< gdab`f
gdab`frbn
rbn `fjup
`fjup jbn
jfndcb
jfndcbrb
rb odrgdm
odrgdmobnobncc 9<</2<
9<</2<<.<
<.<<<<< gdab`f
gdab`frbn
rbn
`fjup
`fjup.. Fnjhnd
Fnjhndsfb
sfb sdobcb
sdobcbff Ndcbrb
Ndcbrb od odrgd
rgdmob
mobncnc
mdmpunybf BGF ybnc adof` tfnccf jfobnjfncgbn
5

jdncbn Ndcbrb ―ndcbrb BUDBN.

Odrjbsbrgb
Odrjb sbrgbn n survdy Jdmhcrbif
Jdmhcrbif gdsd`btbn
gdsd`btbn
Fnjhndsfb (UJGF) tb`un ?<2? BGF jf Fnjhndsfb
546/
546/2<2<<<.<
.<<
<< gdab gdab``fr
frbn
bn `fj fjup
up.. KuKuma
mab`
b` fn fnff
mdnfncgbt jfobnjfncgbn jbtb UJGF tb`un ?<<3
ybnc odsb sbrrnyb ??0 gdmbtf tfbbn, jbn mbsf`
mdrupb
mdr upbgbn
gbn ybnc
ybnc tdrtdrtfn
tfnccf
ccf jf Bsfb.
Bsfb. Jbn bncgbbncgb
gdmbtf
gdm btfbn
bn fou jf JGF mdnuru mdnurutt prhifa
prhifa gdsd`b
gdsd`btbn
tbn
JGF Kbgbrtb tb`un ?<2? bjbab` 63 pdr 2<<.<<<
gdab`f
gda b`frbn
rbn `fjup
`fjup jbn jf Gboupb Gboupbtdntdn Zbncdr
Zbncdrbnc
bnc
sdnjfrf pbjb Zb`un ?<2:, untug BGF :3 gbsus
gdmbtf
gdm btfbn fou.:  \dnydo
bn fou. \dnydobo bo utbmb
utbmb gdmbtf
gdmbtfbn bn fou
jfndcb
jfn dcbrbrb odrgdm
odrgdmobn obnc c bjbab`
bjbab` ibgthr
ibgthr hostdt
hostdtrfe
rfe
abncsunc,
abncsu nc, ybftu pdrjbrb`bn
pdrjbrb`bn phst pbrtum,pbrtum, fnidgsf
fnidgsf
jbn dgabms
dgabmsf. f. Gdabfn
Gdabfnbn bn pdrjbr
pdrjbrb`b
b`bn
n phstpb
phstpbrtu
rtumm
yb
ybnc
nc tdrk
tdrkbj
bjff pb
pbjb
jb gbgbabab gd
gdtfc
tfcbb (gba
(gbabb ur
urf)
f) ybftu
ybftu
rdtd
tdnnsf
sfhh pabsd
absdn
ntb,
tb, fnvdrsfhn
fhn utdrf, jbn
 pdrjbrb`bnrhodgbn kbabn ab`fr /  _uturd \drfndum.
?4
 

Yha.0. Nh.?, Kunf ?<20 \dncbabmbn Fou Odrsbafn ybnc Mdncbabmf _upturd \drfndum
Jdrb
Jdrb bt 5-: jf _UTJ
_UTJ Gbo
Gbou
u btdn
btdn Zbn
Zbn drb
drbn
n
jbn
jbn vbrf
vbrfsd
sdss vuav
vuavb.
b. Ib
Ibgt
gthr
hr pdrs
pdrsba
bafn
fnbn
bn ybft
ybftu;
u;
 prhsds pdrsbafnbn jbpbt mdadmb`gbn htht-htht
dgstrbgsf
jbsbr pbnccua pbjb jfnjfnc vbcfnb. 4
Zrbumb pbjb pdrfndum kucb mdnfmouagbn
rbsb tfjbg nybmbn jbn nydrf pbjb sbbt mdabgugbn
`u
`uou
ounc
ncbn
bn sdsdgs
gsub
uba,
a, @ba
@ba yb ybnc
nc sdrfn
sdrfncc mdnk
mdnkbj
bjff
gd`bwbtfrbn pdrdmpubn `bmfa bjbab` tdrkbjfnyb
rhodgb
rho dgbnn pbjb
pbjb jbdrb`
jbdrb` pdrfndu
pdrfndumm sbbt
sbbt odrsba
odrsbafn,
fn,
bp
bpbo
bofab
fab kfgb
kfgb td
tdrn
rnyb
ybtb
tb rhod
rhodgbgbn
n tdtdrs
rsdo
dout
ut `b
`bru
russ
jf
jfkb
kb`f
`ft,
t, gb gbjjbn
bncc rho hodg
dgbnbn bt btbu
bu pd pdrh
rhod
odg
gbn
(dpfsfhthmy
dpfsfhthmy)) sdodndrnyb pdrau jfabgugbn sdobcbf
usb`
usb`bb untu
untugg mdmp
mdmpdr drad
adob
obrr kb
kbab
abn
n abab`f
`frr jbn
jbn
9
mdmujb`gbn kbabn gdaubr.
Mbsb phstpbrtum mdrupbgbn mbsb gdtfgb
tdr
tdrkbj
kbjff odrobc
odrobcbf
bf pdruob
pdruob`bn
`bn pbjb
pbjb wbnftb
wbnftbpbs
pbseb
eb
sbafn
sba fn,, ob
obfg
fg pd
pdru
ruob
ob`b
`bn
n ifsfh
ifsfhah
ahcf
cfs,
s, ps
psfgh
fghahc
ahcfs
fs,,
mbupun
mbupu n shsfhguatur
shsfhguaturbb jbn sprfrftuba.
sprfrftuba. \druob`bn
ifsfg jbn dmhsfhnba ybnc ghmpadgs mdmdraugbn
bjbptbsf
bjbpt bsf untug
untug mdnydsubfgbn
mdnydsubfgbn jfrf jdncbn
jdncbn phab
`fjup sdtdab` prhsds pdrsbafnbn jbn pdrbn obru
wbnftb mdnkbjf fou. Obcf pdrdmpubn, pdrfndum
sbncbtab` pdntfnc, pdrdcbncbn jbn rhodgbn pbjb
 pdrfndum sdabmb prhsds pdrsbafnbn jbpbt
mdadmb
mdad mb`g
`gbn
bn ht htht
ht-h
-hth
thtt jbsb
jbsbrr pbnc
pbnccu cuaa pbjb
pbjb
jfnjfn
jfn jfnc
c vbcfnb
vbcfnb.. Zrbumb
Zrbumb pbjb pbjb pdrfndu
pdrfndum m kucb
kucb
mdnfmouagbn rbsb tfjbg nybmbn jbn nydrf pbjb
sbbtt md
sbb mdab
abgu
gugbgbnn `u
`uou
ounc ncbn
bn sdgsu
sdgsuba
ba,, @ba
@ba ybybnc
nc
sdrfnc
sdr fnc mdnkbjf
mdnkbjf gd`bwb
gd`bwbtfr tfrbn
bn pdrdmp
pdrdmpubn ubn `bmfa
`bmfa
bjbab` tdrkbjfnyb rhodgbn pbjb jbdrb` pdrfndum
sbbtt od
sbb odrs
rsba
bafn
fn,, bp
bpbo
bofafabb kfgb
kfgb tdtdrn
rnyb
ybtbtb rhod
rhodgb
gbn
n
td
tdrs
rsdo
dout
ut `b`bru
russ jf
jfkb
kb`f
`ft,t, gb
gbjb
jbnc
nc rhod
rhodgb gbnn bt
btbu
bu
 pdrhodgbn (dpfsfhthmy) sdodndrnyb pdrau
jfa
jfabgu
bgugbn
gbn sdobcb
sdobcbff usb`b
usb`b untug
untug mdmpdr
mdmpdradob adobr 
r 
3
 kbabn ab`fr jbn mdmujb`gbn kbabn gdaubr. gdaubr.
_upturd pdrfndum jfbabmf had` 04% wbnftb
ybnc
ybnc mdab`f
mdab`frgb
rgbn
n pdrvbc
pdrvbcfnb
fnbm
m .pbjb
.pbjb chahn
chahncbn
cbn
umur ?4-5< tb`un ybftu ?:% sdjbncgbn pbjb fou

 odrsbafn
 pdrfndumusfb 5?-56
bjbab` tb`un sdodsbr
rhodgbn 9? %.pbjb
ybnc tdrkbjf _upturd
sbbt
 obyf ab`fr obfg sdebrb sphntbn mbupun jdncbn
babt btbu tfnjbgbn. _hodgbn kbabn ab`fr ofbsbnyb
bgfobtt dpfsfhthmy,
bgfob dpfsfhthmy, rhodgbnrhodgbn sphntbn
sphntbn pdrfndum,
pdrfndum,
trhumbb ihredps
trhum ihredps btbu vbgum dgstrbsf, btbu gbrdnb
vdrsf dgstrbsf._hodgbn
dgstrbsf._hodgbn tdrkbjf ofsb rfncbn rfncbn (adebt,
(adebt,
abs
absdrb
drbsf)
sf),, augb
augb dpfsfh
dpfsfhthm
thmf, f, rhodgb
rhodgbn n pdrfnd
pdrfndumum
sphntb
sph ntbn n jdrbkb
jdrbkbtt rfn
rfncbn
cbn sbmpbf
sbmpbf ruptur
rupturdd pdrfnd
pdrfndbb
th
thtba
tbafs
fs (spf
(spfnc
nctd
tdrb
rbnf
nf tdtdrp
rputu
utus)
s),, rhod
rhodgb
gbnn pbpbjb
jb
jfnjfn
jfn jfnc c vbcfnb
vbcfnb,, ihrnfg
ihrnfgss utdrf,
utdrf, sdrvfg
sdrvfgs,
s, jbdrb`
jbdrb`
sdgft
sdg ftbr
br ga gaft
fthr
hrfs
fs,, jb
jbnn ur
urdtr
dtrbb jb
jbnn obob`g
`gbn
bn ybybnc
nc
0
tdro
tdrodr
drbt
bt ru rupt
ptur
urdd ut utdr
drf.
f.   Ibgth
Ibgthrr pd pdny
nydo
dobo
bo
tdrkbjfnyb
tdrkbj fnyb rupturd
rupturd pdrfndum
pdrfndum tdrjfrf
tdrjfrf jbrf ibgthr 
ibgthr 
fou, ibgthr pdrsbafnbn,
pdrsbafnbn, jbn ibgthr kbnfn. Ibgthr  Ibgthr 
fou ybftu
ybftu ; usfb,
usfb, pbr
pbrftb
ftbs,
s, pbrtus
pbrtus prdmbt
prdmbturd
urd,, fou
ybnc tfj
ybnc tfjbg
bg mbmpu
mbmpu odr`dn
odr`dntf
tf mdncdk
mdncdkbn,
bn, pbrtus
pbrtus
ybnc jfsdadsbfgbn
jfsdadsbfgbn jdncbn
jdncbn tdrouru-o
tdrouru-ouru,
uru, hjdmb,
hjdmb,

?9
 

vbgum, ihredp
vbgum, ihredp,, jbn dmorfh
dmorfhthm
thmf.
f. Ibgthr
Ibgthr kbnfn
kbnfn  pdruob`bn psfghahcfs fou mdab`frgbn sdtdab`
ybftu; obyf odsbr,
odsbr, gdabfnbn
gdabfnbn prdsdntbsf,
prdsdntbsf, gdab`frbn
6
 ohghnc, jbn jfsthsfb ob`u.
_hodgbn pdrfndum sdodnbrnyb ofsb jfedcb`
jdncbn sdoub` mdthjd ybnc sbncbt sdjdr`bnb jbn
 ofsb jfabgugbn sdmub hrbnc, ybftu jdncbn
mdabgugbn pbjb jbdrb` pdrfndum btbu gdrbmpbnc
2<
vbcfnb.
Jbabm
abm pdndaftf tfbbn jf Uyjndy sb sbst
strrb
mdabph
mda bphrgb
rgbn n jbmpbg
jbmpbg psfgha
psfghahc hcff jbrf
jbrf pdrdmp
pdrdmpubnubn
ybnc
ybn c mdncba
mdncbabmf bmf trbumb
trbumb pdrfnd
pdrfndumum ybnc
ybnc pbrb`
pbrb`
yb
ybft
ftu
u auaubs
bs jb jbn
n ghghmp
mpadg
adgss od
odrgrgfsb
fsbrr <,
<,4-
4-2<
2< %,
 ododrbpb wbnftb muncgfn mdncbabmf sbab` sbtu
btbu
btb u sdmub
sdmub cdkbab
cdkbab sdpd
sdpdrtf
rtf jyspbr
jyspbrdun
dunfb,
fb, strdss
strdss,,
iabt
iabtus
us,, jb jbn n odrd
odrdsf
sfgh
gh if ifst
stua
uabb vbvbsf
sfgh
ghvb
vbcf
cfnb
nba,a,
 pdndaftfbn fnf jfihgusgbn tfjbg `bnyb pbjb
mhrofj
mhr ofjftb
ftbss tdt
tdtbpf
bpf kucb
kucb pbjb
pbjb obcbfm
obcbfmbnbbnb mdrdgb
mdrdgb
jfpdrabgugbn sdabmb gdab`frbn, prhsds pdnkb`ftbn
jbn pdrfhjd phstpbrtum. Mhjda pdrbwbtbn, tfncgbt
gbsf` sbybnc jbn pdrsb`bobtbn. 22
Ud
Udtd
tdab
ab`
` mdab
mdabau
auff mbsb
mbsb gd`b
gd`bmf
mfab
abn
n ybnc
ybnc
 pbnkbnc jbn pdrsbafnbn ybnc odrbt, pdrkubncbn
sdhrbnc fou mbsf` odaum usbf. Zdrgbjbnc bgbn
mune
mu neua
ua mbsb
mbsbabab`
` yb
ybnc
nc tdtdrg
rgbf
bftt jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn pr
prhs
hsds
ds
 pdrsbafnbnnyb, ododrbpb wbnftb muncgfn
mdncbabmf sbab` sbtu btbu sdmub cdkbab sdpdrtf
jyspbr
jyspbrdun
dunfb,
fb, strdss,
strdss, iab
iabtus
tus,, jbn odrdsf
odrdsfgh
gh ifstua
ifstuabb
vbsfghvbcfnba.
Gdkbjf
Gdkb jfbn
bn fofou
u ybnc
ybnc mdnc
mdncba
babm
bmff rurupt
ptur
urdd
 pdrfndum pbjb pdrfhjd Kbnubrf ― Bcustus tb`un
?<
?<24
24 sdob
sdobny
nybgbg 2<
2<02
02 fo
fou
u mdab
mdab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn jdjdnc
ncbn
bn
ru
rupt
ptur
urdd pd
pdrf
rfnd
ndum
um.. :< % mdnc mdncba
babm
bmff rupt
ruptur
urdd
 pdrfndum jdrbkbt 2-?, jbn 9< % fou odrbsbafn
mdnc
md ncba
babm
bmff ru rup
ptu
turd
rd pdpdrf
rfn
ndu
dum
m jd jdrrbk
bkbt
bt 5-: -:..
Odrjbsbrgbn jbtb ybnc jfbmofa jbrf rdgbm mdjfg 

_UTJ
_U TJ gdkbjfbn
bncgb Zbnc
Zbncdrdrbn
bnc
c jfjfgd
rupturdgdtb`
tb`ufuf bj
pdrfndum, bjbbnbmun
pd
pdnf
nfnc
ncgb
gbtb
tbn
odaumn
jfgdtb`uf pdnydobo btbu ibgthr ybnc odr`uouncbn
jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn gd
gdkb
kbjf
jfbn
bn tdrs
tdrsdo
dout
ut,, sdrtb
sdrtb bg
bgfo
fobt
bt yb
ybnc
nc
jfrbsbgbn fou sdtdab` fou odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf
_upturd \drfndum.
Zuku
Zukubn
bn jb
jbrf
rf pd
pdnd
ndaf
aftfb
tfbn
n fnfnff bj
bjba
bab`
b` un
untug 
tug 
mdnc
md ncdt
dtb`
b`uf
uf pdnc
pdncba
babm
bmbn
bn fo fouu odrs
odrsba
bafn
fn ybnc
ybnc
mdncbabmf rupturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5-: jf _UTJ
Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc ybnc jfaf`bt jbrf psfghahcfs
fo
fou
u sdtda
sdtdab`
b` md
mdab
ab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn,, bg
bgtfv
tfvftb
ftbss ifsfg
ifsfg yb
ybnc
nc
jfa
jfabgu
bgugbn
gbn,, `uounc
`uouncbn
bn fnt
fntfm
fm (submf
(submf fstrf
fstrf ), sdrtb
sdrtb
 pdabybnbn ybnc jftdrfmb had` fou odrsbafn jf
_UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc.

Odrj
Odrjbs
bsbr
brgb
gbn
n idnh
idnhmd
mdnb
nb jf
jfbt
btbs
bs jdnc
jdncbn
bn
gdkbjfbn rupturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5-: jf _UTJ
Gbou
Gb oupb
pbtd
tdn
n Zbnc
Zbncdr
drbn
bncc yb
ybnc
nc mdnc
mdncbgbgfo
fobt
btgb
gbn
n

?3
 

mdncbabmf
mdncba bmf ruptur
rupturdd pdrfnd
pdrfndum,
um, Had`
Had` gbrdnb
gbrdnb ftu Uuokdg pdndaftfbn bjbab`
ab` sbsbr
sbrbn
 pdndaftf fncfn mdncdtb`uf pdncbabmbn fou  pdncbmbtbn btbu fnihrmbn pbjb subtu
 odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf rupturd pdrfndum  pdndaftfbn.Gbrbgtdrfstfg suokdg pbjb pdndaftfbn fnf
jdrbkbt 5-: Jf _UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc pbjb bj
bjba
bab`
b` hrhrbn
bnc-
c- hr
hrbn
bncc yb
ybnc
nc pd
pdrn
rnb`
b` ododrs
rsbaf
bafn
n jf
tb`un ?<24. _UTJ
_UT J Gbo
Gboupb
upbtdn
tdn Zbncdr
Zbncdrbnc
bnc.Ho
.Hokdg
kdg pdndaf
pdndaftfbn
tfbn
Mdthjd mdrupbgbn `ba ybnc mdnkbjf tftfg pdr`btfbn jbrf
subtu pdndaftfbn.Zftfg pdr`btfbn tdrsdout bjbab` 2<
Mdnuru
Mdnu rutt Sb
Sbwb
wbnn jdsb
jdsbfn
fn pdnd
pdndaf
aftf
tfbn
bn fou odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf _upturd \drfndum
mdrupbgbn strbtdcf untug mdnjbpbtgbn jbtb ybnc jdrbkbt 5-: jf _UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc pbjb
jfoutu`gbn untug gdpdraubn pdncukfbn `fphtdsfs tb`un ?<24.
btbu untug mdnkbwbo pdrtbnybbn pdndaftfbn jbn Grftdrfb fngau
Grftdrfb fngausf
sf bjbab
bjbab`
` grftdrfb
grftdrfb rdsph
rdsphnjdn
njdn
sdobc
sdobcbf
bf babtu
babtunt
ntugug mdnc
mdnchn
hntr
trha
ha vb
vbrfb
rfboa
oadd yb
ybncnc ybnc mdmdnu`f sybrbt untug jfcunbgbn mdnkbjf
 odrpdncbru` jbabm pdndaftfbn. rdsphnj
rdsphnjdn.
dn.Grf
Grftdr
tdrfb
fb fngaus
fngausff jba
jbabm
bm pdndaf
pdndaftfbn
tfbn fnf
Jdsbfn pdndaftfbn ybnc jfcunbgbn jbabm bj
bjba
bab`
b` Udmu
Udmubb fou
fou ybybnc
nc mdab`
mdab`fr
frgb
gbnn jf _UTJ
_UTJ
 pdndaftfbn fnf bjbab` Utujf Gubaftbtfi, ybnc Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc sdtdab` :< `brf ― 5 ouabn
jfa
jfabgu
bgugbn
gbn untug
untug mdaf`b
mdaf`btt adof`
adof` jbabm
jbabm tdntbn
tdntbnc c mdab
md ab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn jb
jbnn Fou
Fou ybybnc
nc mdab
mdab`fr
`frgb
gbnn jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn
 pdnjbpbt jbn pdrbsbbn fnihrmbn ybnc muncgfn rupturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5-:.
tfjbg jbpbt tdruncgbp pbjb pdndaaaafftfb
fbn
n
Grft
Grftdr
drfb
fb dg
dgsau
sausf
sf bjbjba
bab`
b` gdgdbj
bjbb
bbnn yb
ybnc
nc
gubn
gubntf
tftb
tbtf
tfi.
i.Jb
Jbab
abm
m pdpdnd
ndaf
aftf
tfbn
bn fnfnff tf
tfjb
jbg
g bjb bjb mdnydobogbn
mdnydo bogbn suokdg mdmdnu`f
mdmdnu`f grftdgrftdrfb
rfb fngausf
fngausf
`fphtdsfs, bjb pdrabgubn, tfjbg bjb pdmobtbsbn
nb
nbmu
munn tfjb
tfjbg
g jbjbp pbt jffg
jffgu
ut sdsdrt
rtbg
bgbn
bn jbabm
babm
 prhjug bg`fr.  pdndaftfbn.Grftdrfb Dgsgausf jbabm pdndaftfbn fnf
\d
\dnd
ndaaft
ftfb
fbn
n fn
fnff jf
jfab
abg
gug
ugbn
bn jf _UTJ
UTJ bjbab` Udmub fou mdab`frgbn ybnc pdrsbafnbn jf
_UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbncdrbnc, adof` jbrf 5 ouabn
Gbo
Gboupb
jf
jfgb upbtdn
gbrd
rdnbtdn
gbn Zbncdr
nbg Zbncdrbnc
ob` bnc.. jf\dmfaf
b`wb
wb \dm faf`bn
_UTJ
_U `bn Ahgbsf
TJ Ahg
Gbobsf
Gbo up
upbtfnf
btdn
dn mdab`f
mda b`frgb
rgbnn Udmub
Udmub fou ybnc ybnc mdab`f
mdab`frgb
rgbnn ybnc
ybnc
tbncdrbnc
tbncd rbnc mdrupbgbn
mdrupbgbn _UTJ jdncbn jdncbn jfstrfousf
jfstrfousf tfj
tfjbg
bg mdncba
mdncbabmf
bmf ruptur
rupturdd pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um jdr
jdrbkb
bkbtt 5-:
5-:,,
td
tdrt
rtfn
fncc
ccff Fou
Fou yb
ybnc
nc od
odrsb
rsbafn
afn ybybnc
nc mdnc
mdncba
babm
bmff Udmub
Udm ub fouo
fouodr
drsb
sbafn
afn ybybncnc mdnc
mdncbababm
bmff rupt
ruptur
urdd
rupturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5-: jf jbdrb` tbncdrbnc.  pdrfndum jdrbkbt 2jbn ?.

Fnstrumdn
Fnstru mdntt pdndaf
pdndaftfb
tfbn
n bjbab`
bjbab` babtbabt btbu
btbu
wbwbnebrb jbrf odntug rdgbmbn mdnkbjf odntug 
ib
ibsf
sfaf
aftbs
tbs ybybnc
nc jfjfcu
cunb
nbgb
gbn n ha
had`
d` pd
pdnd
ndaft
aftff jb
jbab
abm
m
tdrtuafs
tdrtuafs sdebrb vdrobtfm
vdrobtfm.Jbtb
.Jbtb ybnc tdab` jfjbpbt
mdnc
md ncumumpupuag
agbn
bn jb
jbtb
tb bc bcbr
br pdpdgd
gdrk
rkbb
bbnn
nnyb
yb ad adof
of`
`
jfobe
jfo bebb od
odru
ruab
abnc
nc-u
-uabn
abnc
c bc
bcbr
br pd
pdnu
nuaf
afss mdnc
mdncdr
drtf
tf
mujb` jbn `bsfanyb adof` obfg, jbabm brtf edrmbt,
 odnbr jbtb btbu `bsfa ybnc tdab` jfjbpbtgbn.
adncgb
adncgbp p jbn
jbn sfs
sfstdm
tdmbtf
btfss sd`fncc
sd`fnccbb adof`
adof` mujb`
mujb`
jfhaab`,
jfhaab `, fnstrumdnt
fnstrumdnt jbabm pdndaftfbn
pdndaftfbn fnf odrupb
odrupb Gdmujfbn \dncdahmphg
Gdmujfbn \dncdahmphgbn bn odrjbsbrgb
odrjbsbrgbnn
admobr pdrtbnybbn
pdrtbnybbn untug jfabgugbn
jfabgugbn wbwbnebrb,
wbwbnebrb, gbtdchrf, tdmb jbn phab kbwbobn ybftu
jbn babt pdrdgbm. Odrj
Odrjbs
bsbr
brgb
gbn
n gdrb
gdrbnc
ncgbgb tdhr
tdhrff jbn
jbn pdjh
pdjhmb
mbnn
wbwb
wb wbne
nebr
brb,
b, pd
pdnd
ndaf
aftf
tf mdny
mdnyususus
usnn sdou
sdoub`
b` bwba
bwba
Jbabm pdndaftfbn fnf, pdndaftf
bnba
bnbafs
fsfs
fs sdsdob
obcb
cbff beub
beubnn jbn
jbn pdjh
pdjhmb
mbnn jbab
jbabmm
mdnccunbgbn Zdgnfg pdncumpuabn jbtb jdncbn mdab
md abgu
gugb
gbnn pd
pdnc
ncgh
ghjd
jdbn
bn.j
.jdn
dncb
cbnn pdpdjh
jhmb
mbnn fnf
fnf
mdabgugbn Sbwbnebrb, Sbwbnebrb bjbab` subtu
 pdndaftf mdmobeb abcf trbnsgfp wbwbnebrb jbn
mdthjd ybnc jfpdrcunbgbn untug mdncumpuagbn
mdabgugbn pdmfaf`bn jbtb ybnc rdadvbn jdncbn
jbtb,
jbtb, jfmbnb
jfmbnb pdndaf
pdndaftf
tf mdnjbp
mdnjbpbtg
btgbn
bn gdtdrb
gdtdrbncb
ncbn
n
 phghg pdmofebrbbn.
btbu fnihrmbsf sdebrb afsbn jbrf sdhrbnc sbsbrbn
 pdndaftfbn (rdsphnjdn), btbu odrebgbp-ebgbp Mdncuk
Mdnc ukff bs
bsum
umsfsf btbu
btbu pdrm
pdrmbs
bsba
bab`
b`bn
bn
 odr`bjbpbn mugb jdncbn hrbnc tdrsdout (ibed th tdr`bjbp jbtb, Mdnebrf Batdrnbtfi pdnkdabsbn obcf
ibed). jbtb, jbn mdnuafs `bsfa wbwbnebrb.
\dnuafss sbncbt
\dnuaf sbncbt odrpdr
odrpdrbnbn jbabm
jbabm sdauru
sdauru`
` babt tuafs.
 prhsds pdndaftfbn, muabf jbrf mdmfaf` thpfg,
Bcbr vbafjafjbsf tdtbp
tbp tdrkbcb, mbgb
mdnjdtdgsf
mdnjd tdgsf thpfg tdrsdout,
tdrsdout, mdncumpuag
mdncumpuagbn bn jbtb,
 pdndaftfbn fnf mdnccunbgbn grftdrfb gdbosb`bn jbn
`fnc
`fnccb
cb bnba
bnbafs
fsfs
fs,, mdnc
mdncfnfntd
tdrp
rprd
rdst
stbs
bsfg
fgbn
bn jbn
jbn
gdbkdcbn.y
gdbkdc bn.ybnc
bnc jfpdraugbn
jfpdraugbn jbabm subtu pdnd
pdndaftfbn
aftfbn
mdnyfmpuagbn `bsfa pdndaftfbn.
 pdnjdgbtbn gubaftbtfi, `ba tdrsdout bjbab`
Jbabm mdncumpuag
mdncumpuagbn
bn jbtb-jbtb
jbtb-jbtb pdnuafs
pdnuafs Gdbo
Gdbosb
sb`b
`bn
n Ghns
Ghnstr
trg
g (E
(Ehn
hnst
stru
ruet
et vb
vbafj
afjbt
bty
y ) jb
jbnn
mdmoutu`gbn babt obntu (fnstrumdnt pdndaftfbn). Gdbkdcbn (_dbofafty).
jbabm pdndaftfbn fnf pdndaftf mdnccunbgbn 5 babt
\dnccunbbn mdthjd wbwbnebrb mdnjbabm
 obntu ybftu pdjhmbn wbwbnebrb, babt rdgbm jbn
fn
fnff md
mdafp
afput
utff od
odod
odrb
rbpb
pb `b
`ba,
a, yb
ybftu
ftu md
mdnb
nbny
nybg
bgbn
bn
?0
 

 pdrtbnybbn jdncbn ihrmbt tdrougb, mdnjdncbrgbn @bsfa jbn \dmob`bsbn

jbn mdrdgbmnyb jbn gdmujfbn mdnfnjbgabnkutf
jdncbn pdrtbnybbn tbmob`bn ybnc tdrgbft. \dndaftfbn fnf jfabgugbn jf _umb` Ubgft
Tmum
Tmu m Jbdrb`
Jbdrb` (_UTJ)
(_UTJ) Gboupb
Gboupbtdn
tdn Zbncdr
Zbncdrbnc
bnc
Gdadof
Gdadof`b
`bn
n mdnc
mdnccucunb
nbgb
gbnn wbwb
wbwbne
nebr
brbb jfjfrfg
jfjfrfgbn
bn pbjb
pbjb tb`un
tb`un 26?0
26?0 jdncbn
jdncbn mdndmp
mdndmpbtf
btf
td
tdro
roug
ugbb yb
ybnc
nc jfjfob
obgu
gugb
gbnn jf
jfbn
bntbr
tbrbn
bnyb
yb bj
bjba
bab`
b` sd
sdou
oub`
b` rububnc
ncbn
bn Ouf (pdn(pdnkb
kbrrb) ybn
bnc
c od
odggbs
mdnkbjfgbn
mdnkb jfgbn bnbafsfs jbtb adof` mujb`, gbrdnb `ba ab`bnnyb sdgbrbnc mdnkbjf ahgbsf Mdskfj Bcunc
ftu mdmunc
mdmuncgfn
gfngbn
gbn untug
untug mdndmp
mdndmpbtgbtgbn
bn sdtfbp
sdtfbp Ba-Fttf`bj ybnc odrbabmbt jf Ka. Kdnj. B. Vbnf Nh.
 kbwbobn rdsphnjdn untug pdrtbnybbn ybnc sbmb 6 Ghtb Zbncdrbnc.
sdebrb bcbg edpbt. Jbn untug mdmujb`gbn jbabm Gboupbtdn
Gboupb tdn Zbncdr
Zbncdrbnc
bnc mdmpun
mdmpunybf
ybf aubs
aubs
mdnchrcbnfsbsfgbn pdrtbnybbn jbn kbwbobn ybnc
sbmb. wfabyb`
wfabyb ` 646,9 gm¿ jdncbn obtbs-obtbs
obtbs-obtbs wfabyb` ;
Udoda
Udodab`
b` Ttbr
Ttbrbb od
odro
robt
btbs
bsbn
bn jdjdnc
ncbn
bn Abut
Abut Kbw
Kbwb,b,
Bnbafsfs jbtb jbabm pdndaftfbn fnf bjbab` Udo
Udodab` Zfmur odrobtbs
tbsbn jdncbn Ghtb
Mdnchrcbnfsbsfgbn jbtb ybftu Jbtb abncsunc jbrf Zbncdr
Zbn cdrbnc
bnc,, Ght
Ghtbb Zbncdr
Zbncdrbnc
bnc Udabtbn
Udabtbn jbn JGF
suokdg
suo kdg mdabau
mdabauff wbwbne
wbwbnebrb
brb mdnjba
mdnjbabmbm (fn-jd
(fn-jdpt
pt Kbgb
Kbgbrt
rtb,
b, Udodab
Udodab`` Udab
Udabtbn
tbn od odro
robt
btbs
bsbn
bn jdjdnc
ncbn
bn
fntdrvfdw), jfmbnb jbtb tdrsdout jfrdgbm jdncbn Gboupbtdn Ohchr jbn Ghtb Jdphg, Udodab` Obrbt
babt pdrdgbm jfobntu babt tuafs abfnnyb.Gdmujfbn  odrobtbsbn jdncbn Gboupbtdn Udrbnc jbn jbn Adobg.
jfoubtgbn trbnsgfpnyb jdncbn mdncuob` `bsfa
Fnih
Fnihrm
rmbn
bn yb
ybnc
nc jf wbwbwb
wbnenebr
brbf
bf jb
jbabm
abm
 pdndaftfbn fnf odrkumab` 2< fnihrmbn ybftu 2< fou
 odrsbafn ybnc pdrnb` mdab`frgbn jf _UTJ
Gbou
Gb oup
pbtdn
btdn Zbnc
Zbncdr
drbn
bnc,
c, yb
ybnc
nc mbnb
mbnb 2< fou fou
mdab`f
mda b`frgb
rgbnn fnf mdn
mdncba
cbabmf
bmf rhodgb
rhodgbn n pdrfnd
pdrfndum
um
jdrbkbt 5-:. @bsfa wbwbnebrb bgbn jfcbmobrgbn
jb
jbabm
abm mbsfmbsfnc
nc-m
-mbs
bsfn
fnc
c vbvbrf
rfbo
boad,
ad, jfjb
jfjbpb
pbtg
tgbn
bn
 odrobcbf mbebm pdncbabmbn fou odrsbafn ybnc
sbncbt odrodjb odjb ybftu sdpdrtf;
‑@bjuuu` , wb` mob sbyb gbn ftu mdab`frgbn
 pdrtbmb gbaf yb` , ncdab`frfn ftu bkb yb` sbgftnyb
mfntb
mfntb bmpun
bmpun mob,
mob, tru
truss mbnb
mbnb ac jfofab
jfofabnc
nc bjb
rhodgbn”fnihrmbn2”.

‑sdr
‑sdrdm
dm obncd
bncdtt mob , sbyb
byb g
gfr
fr rhod
rhodgn
gny
yb
sd
sdod
odrb
rbpb
pb od
odsb
sbrr yb
yb`
` , tb
tbpf
pf sb
sbyb
yb pb
pbss ft
ftu
u uj
ujb`
b`
 pbsrb` bkb ,”(Fnihrmbn 2)

‑f
‑fyb
yb gbjb
gbjbnc
nc wbgt
wbgtu
u bw
bwba
ba cbg
cbg obny
obnybg
bg cdrb
cdrbg,
g,

mu
munc
ncgf
nyuefg
nyu gfn
n khncgh
efgbn
bn pbsscghg
pb
khn ujb`
uj
gb`cftmbu
mb
cftu u gdsf
u yb`gdbcbg
sfnf
bcbnfg cfmbnb
gbahbnb
gbah
cfm ac cft
mb
mbu u
cftu.”
u.”
Fnihrmbbn 0.”

?6
 

Zboda 2
Gbrbgtdrfstfg Fnihrmbn

Nh Tsfb Kdnfs pdrsbafnbn Kumab` \brftbs Jdrbkbt Sbgtu gdkbjfbn

bnbg  rhodgbn
2 52 t` Nhrmba (dgstrbgsf : Muatfpbrb 5 5 oan yc abau

? ?9 t` Nhrmihredp
ba (vbg) um ) ? Muatfpbrb 5 5 ouabn yc abau
5 ?? t` Nhrmba (Ybgum) 2 \rfmfpbrb 5 : ouabn ybnc abau
: ?: t` Nhrmba (vbgum) 2 \rfmfpbrb 5 5 ouabn ybnc abau
4 ?< t` Nhrmba (ihredp) 2 \rfmfpbrb 5 : ouabn yc abau
9 52 t` Nhrmba (vbgum) 5 Muatfpbrb 5 5 ouabn yc abau
3 ?4 Nhrmba (vbgum ) 2 \rfmfpbrb 5 5 ouabn ybnc abau
0 ?5 Nhrmba (vbgum) 2 \rfmfpbrb 5 5 ouabn ybnc abau
6 5< t` Nhrmba (Ihredp) : Muatfpbrb 5 5 ouabn ybnc abau
2< ?? t` Nhrmba (Ybgum) 2 \rfmfpbrb 5 5 ouabn ybnc abau
Uumodr ; jbtb rdgbm mdjfe rsuj gboupbtdn tbncdrbnc tb`un ?<24

Bjm, Odrjbsbrgbn tboad 9.2 sbyb

sbyb ab
ab`f
`frr jdnc
jdncbn
bn sdab
sdabmb
mbt,
t, gb
gbtb
tb of
ofjb
jbnn
nnyb
yb
jfjb
jfjbpb
pbtgb
tgbn
n ob
ob`w
`wbb jb
jbrf
rf 2< fn
fnih
ihrm
rmbn
bn yb
ybnc
nc gdmbaubn sbyb `brus jf kb`ft aumbybn obnybg.
 odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf rupturd pdrfndum
jfg
fgdt
dtb`
b`uf
uf ob`
ob`wb od odru
rusf
sfbb ?<- 52 tb tb``un
un,, ‑Ftu mob 2 ouabn pdrtbmb ftu sbyb mbsff` jfobntu
mdabgu
mda bgugbn
gbn pdr
pdrsba
sbafnbn
fnbn nhrmba
nhrmba,, jbn jbrf
jbrf 2<
sbmb fou sbyb mob , sdtdab` ftu obru sbyb muabf 
fni
fnihrm
hrmbnbn 3 fni
fnihrm
hrmbbn
bbn odrsbaf
odrsbafn
n jdncbn
jdncbn babt
babt
 obntu vbgum jbn 5 fnihmbn jdncbn babt obntu odabkbr mdabgugbn sdnjfrf ‑(fnihrmbn 5).
ihredp. Jbn rbtb rbtb mdab`frgbn bnbg pdrtbmb,
sdmub fnihrmbn mdncbabmf rupturd pdrfndum
jdrbkbt 5, wbgtu gdkbjfbn tdrobnybg tdrkbjf 5
 ouabn ybnc abau .
‑@bjuuu` , wb` mob sbyb gbn ftu mdab`frgbn
 pdrtbmb gbaf yb`, ncdab`frfn ftu bkb yb`
sb
sbgf
gftn
tnyb
yb mf
mfnt
ntb
b bmpu
bmpun
n mob,
mob, trus
trus mb
mbnb
nb ac
jfofabnc bjb rhodgbn”(fnihrmbn 2).

‑Vb
‑Vb gbn
gbn sb
sbyb
yb ob
obru
ru pd
pdrt
rtbm
bmb
b mdab
mdab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn,,
gbtbnyb sf` bjb mbsab`, tbpf sbyb cbg tbu yb`
mob cmnb, trus gbtbnyb `brus bjb obntubn
 pbgd babt mob”(Fnihrmbn ?).

‑Cmnb yb` mob , fnf gbn mdab`frgb

mdab`frgbn
n bnbg yc
gd : yb` , wbabupun sujb` 5 gbaf mdab`frgbn
sbyb mbsf` bkb tbgut mob.. `d`d`d.. bpb abcf 
mdab`frgbn bnbg yc gd : fnf jfobntu jdncbn
babt, gbtb ofjbnnyb sf` bjb sdjfgft gdnjbab,
 kbjf `brus jf rhodg sbyb sf` yb` pbsrb` bkb
mob bpb pun yc jfabgugbn jhgtdr , yc pdnnc
sbyb jbn obyf sbyb sdabmbt, jbn sdtdab` bnbg 

5<
 

‑fyb mbsf` sf` mob, tbpf yb` muncgfn cbg 

sdgbrbnc yb` `d`d`d…”(fnihrmbn 2<).

\sfghahcfs
\sfghahcfs fou odrsbafn
odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf
mdncbabmf
_upturd \drfdnum jdrbkbt 5-:.

Jbrf `b
Jbrf `bsfa
sfa wbwb
wbwbnenebr
brbb ybnc
ybnc td
tdab
ab`
`
jfabgugbn pbjbb 2< fnihrmbn fou odrsbafn
ybnc mdncbabmf _upturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt
5 ybnc mdncbabmf
mdncbabmf pdrsbafnbn
pdrsbafnbn jdncbn babt
 obntu dgtrbsgf vbgum ybftu 3 fnihrmbn
jbn 5 fnihrmbn jdncbn babt obntu ihredp,
sd`fnccb mdnfmouagbn jbmpbg psfghahcfs
 obcf fou ybnc mdncbabmfnyb sdmub fou
 odrsbafn mdncbabmf gdedmbsbn. Fou ybnc
 obru mdab`frgbn gdrbp edmbs bgbn ghnjfsf
 kb`ftbn pdrfndum, gdtbgutbn fou phst
 pbrtum ybnc abfn untug odrcdrbg gbrdnb
nydrf pdrfndum. Jbn jbrf 2< fnihrmbn 0
fou odrsbafn mbsf` fncfn mdmfafgf sdhrbnc
bn
bnbg
bg abcf,
abcf, nb
nbmu
munn tf
tfjb
jbg
g jbjbab
abm
m kbkbnc
ncgb
gb
wbg
wb gtu jdgdgbbt, jbn
jbn ? nyb tf tfjb
jbg
g fnfncf
cfn
n

mdmfafgf bnbgmdab`frgbn
trbumb untug abcf nbmungbrdnb
ougbnbnbgnyb
gbrdnb
sujb` obnybg.
‑sdrdm obncdt mob, sbyb gfr rhodgnyb
sd
sdod
odrb
rbpb
pb od
odsb
sbrr yb
yb`,
`, tbpf
tbpf sb
sbyb
yb pb
pbss ftu
ftu
ujb` pbsrb` bkb,”(Fnihrmbn 2)

‑Fyb mob pbs jfgbsf` tbu sbmb sustdrnyb

ftu mob gbah `brus jfkb`f , jbn aumbybn
obnybg mob, sbyb ujb` cbg ofsb mfgfr 
bpb bpb ac mob, sbyb abncsunc mumdt 
mob, gbcdt, yb tbgut, yb ujb` pbsrb` bkb
mob”(fnihrmbn ?)

‑ sbyb
s byb edmbs
edmbs mob,
mob, gbrdnb
gbrdnb pdr
pdrtbm
tbmb
b gbaf 
gbaf 
yb`, jf gbsf` tbu bjb rhodgbn cftu mob,
jb
jbn
n `b
`bru
russ jf
jfkb
kb`f
`ftt mob
mob kbjf
kbjf sb
sbyb
yb tbgu
tbgut 
t 
mob,
mob, nyd
ydrf
rf nydr
nydrff cftu
cftu gbn yb
yb`
` mob
mob
(Fnihrmbn 5)

52
 

‑Fyb
gbn mob
cbg sbyb
tbu gbcdt
pb obncdt
pbss:)
rhodgnyb”(Fnihrmbn gbn ymob,
b` mtbgut,
ob csbyb
mnb
 pdrnb` mob sbmpd rhodg cftu wbgtu bnbg ybnc
‑\usfnc ndnc tbgut obybr mb`ba, gbn mbgfn  pdrtbmb tbpf cbg sdpbrb` yc fnf”(fnihrmbn
fnf”(fnihrmbn 5)
cdjd mbgfn mb`ba ybg, cmbnb ybg gfrbnnyb
gdjuft ‑(Fnihrmbn 4) ‑Mbs
‑Mbsf`
f` mob,
mob, sbyb
sbyb mbsf
mbsf`
` fn
fncf
cfn
n pu
puny
nyb
b bn
bnbg 
bg 
 pdrdmpubn ‑(fnihrmbn :)
‑h` fyb odnbr ... gbn jfgbsf` tbu tu` obyf cbg 
mbu gdaubr
gdaubr gda
gdaubr
ubr,, gdpbab
gdpbabnyb
nyb sf` gbt
gbtbny
bnyb
b

ujb` jfjdpbn, rbmoutnyb ujb` nhncha cftu,

nb
nb`
` gbtb
gbtb of
ofjb
jbnn
nnyb
yb mbu
mbu gftb
gftb ob
obnt
ntu
u `b
`bru
russ
jf
jfrh
rhod
odg,
g, yb uj
ujb`
b` gbtb
gbtb bg
bgu
u bo
bofs
fs uj
ujb`
b` cb
cbg 
g 
nb`bn sbgftnyb”(fnihrmbn 9)

‑yb`
‑yb` sb
sbyb
yb sd
sdjf
jfgf
gftt g`bw
g`bwb
br,
r, yb
yb`
` nb
nbmb
mbnyb
nyb
 kb`ftbn kbjf gftb cbg ofsb bncgbt bncgbt yc
odrbt odrbt bpb abcf bnbg sbyb ujb` jub yb`
mob mbsf` gdefa gdefa kbj
kbjff rdw
rdwda
da yb` mob” 
(fnihrmbn 3)

‑fyb wbgtu ftu jfgbsf` tbu sf`, wbgtu obyfnyb

ab`f
ab`frr, cbg
cbg gdr
drbs
bsb
b sf`,
f`, pbs mbu
mbu jfkb`
fkb`ft 
ft 
sustdrnyb ofabnc ob`wb fnf rhodgbnnyb cdjd
 kbjf `brus jfkb`ft, cbg tbu sbmpd odrbpb sf`
mob, pdrbsbbn
pdrbsbbn sbyb yb` edmbs
edmbs kucb, tbgut,
tbgut,
bpbbnyb fnf kucb gbn obru pdrtbmb gbaf kucb
yb` ‑(fnihrmbn 0)

‑yb` wbabupun sbyb sujb` pdrnb`

mdncba
mdncbabmf
bmf fnf sdodaum
sdodaumnyb
nyb,, tbp
tbpff tdt
tdtbp
bp sbkb
sbkb
mob sbyb tbgut, edmbs kucb gbrdnb gbn sbgft 
yb` ..”(fnihrmbn 6).

‑ `bjuu` pbsnyb tbgut yb` mob bpbabcf 

fnfgbn pdrtbmb gbaf yb` .. ‑(fnihrmbn 2<).

Udtdab`
rupturd fou mdncbabmf
pdrfndum pdrsbafnbn
bntbr jdrbkbt jdncbn
5-:, mbsf` gb`
bjb gdfncf
gdfncfnbn
nbn sdh
sdhrbn
rbncc fou untug
untug mdmfafg
mdmfafgff
sdhrbnc bnbg abcf btbu bpbgb` fb mdncbabmf
tr
trbu
bumb
mb ununtu
tug
g tfjbg
tfjbg `b`bmf
mfaa ab
abcf
cf,, jb
jbrf
rf `b
`bsf
sfaa
wbwbnebrb jfjbpbtgbn;
‑Mbsf` bjbab` mob” (fnihrmbn 2)

‑ Gbah
Gbah bg
bgu
u sf`
sf` mob
mob gb
gbph
phg
g mo
mob,
b, tbpf
tbpf yb`
yb`
submfgu mob mfntb : mob , `d`d yb cmnb
yb` mob , gbah sdgbrbnc sf` sbyb mbsf` go
mob , nbn sf` yb` mbsf` mbu mob , yb mbsb
Eumb ? mob `d`d(gdtbwb gdefa)”(fnihrmbn ?)

‑sdo
‑sdodn
dnbr
brny
nyb
b sf
sf`
` mob
mob sbsbyb
yb ftu
ftu pd
pdnc
ncdn
dnny
nyb
b
 punyb bnbg 4, tbpf sdtdab` bnbg gddmpbt fnf 
sy
sybb
bb pdnc
pdncdn
dn ujb`
ujb`bn
bn bk
bkb
b mo
mob
b , juau
juau sf`
sf`

5?
 

‑Sbjuu` tbr juau jd`”(fnihrmbn 0). ob

obrru ofsb ncdrkbfn pdg
dgd
drkbbn rumb`
mob”(fnihrmbn 2).
‑fyb mbsf` mob, tbpf jbg jbabm wbgtu jdgbt 
‑Ftu
‑Ftu mob
mob 2 ou
ouab
abn
n pd
pdrt
rtbm
bmb
b ft
ftu
u sb
sbyb
yb mbsf
mbsff`
f`
‑gdfncfnbn sbyb sf` yb` mbsf` bjb sf` jfobntu sbmb fou sbyb mob , sdtdab` ftu obru
yb` mob tbpf muncgfn jbg jdgbt jdgbt  sby
sbyb muab
muabff od
odab
abkkbr mdab
mdabg
gug
ugbn
bn sdn
dnjf
jfrf 
rf 
fnf”(fnihrmbn 9) ‑(fnihrmbn ?).

‑wb` pdncdn sf` tbpf untug sdgbrbnc cbg  ‑Augbnyb ftu mob sdrfnc nydrf , gbah ac mbu
juau jd` `f`ffff”(fnihrmbn 3) nyuef obku cftu mob ‑(fnihrmbn 5).

‑Ubyb sf` mbunyb ujb` eugup : bkb

mob. Uubmf sbyb kucb
sdtuku .”(fnihrmbn 6).

‑Fyb mbsf` sf` mob , tbpf yb` muncgfn

cbg sdgbrbnc yb` `d`dd…”(fnihrmbn
2<).

\d
\dnd
ndaf
aftf
tfbn
bn sd
sdo
oda
daum
umnynybb tdn
dntb
tbnc
nc
gdedmbsbn pbjb fou phst pbrtum nhrmba
jf sdmbrbnc, jftdmugbn `bmpfr 0 fou ybnc
 obru mdab`frgbn mdncbabmf gdedmbsbn.
Fou ybnc
ybnc obru
obru mdab`f
mdab`frgb
rgbn
n gdrbp
gdrbp edmbs
edmbs
bgbnghnjf
bgbng hnjfsf
sf kb`ftbn pdrfndum,
pdrfndum, gdtbgutbn
gdtbgutbn
fou phst pbrtum ybnc abfn odrcdrbg gbrdnb
nydr
ydrf pdrf
pdrfnndu
dum
m sd sdtd
tdab
ab`
` mda dab`
b`fr
frg
gbn
sd`fnccb
sd`fnc cb mdmpdncbru
mdmpdncbru`f `f gdmbubn
gdmbubn untug 
mdabgugbn bmouabsf jfnf.
Bgtfiftbs Ifsfg fou odrsbafn ybnc
mdncbabmf _upturd \drfndum jdrbkbt 5-
:.

Jbrf `bsfa wbwbnebrb

wbwbnebrb ybnc jfabgugbn
jfabgugbn
 pbjb 2< fnihrmbn 3 fou mbsf` mdncbabmf
gdnjbab
gdnjb ab jbabm mdabgugbn
mdabgugbn bgtfvftbs
bgtfvftbs ifsfg 
sdtdab
sdtdab`
` mdab`f
mdab`frgb
rgbn,
n, bgfobt
bgfobt bjbnyb
bjbnyb augb
augb
 kb`ftbn, ododrbpb fou phst pbrtum ybnc
mdncbabmf augb kb`ftbn mdncbabmf susb`
untug oubnc bfr odsbr ybnc mdnfmouagb
mdnfmouagbn n
gdedmbsbn jbn gdtbgutbn bgbn tdrougbnyb
gdmobaf augb kb`ftbn, jbn sdmub fou phst
 pbrtum ybnc mdncbabmf cdkbab fnf mdrbsb
td
tdrc
rcbn
bncc
ccuu jbjbnn sb
sbnc
ncbt
bt mdmp
mdmpdn dncb
cbru
ru`f
`f
bgtfvftbs ifsfg ybnc jfabgugbn sd`brf `brf.
‑Bnu ah mob, gbtb submfgu sf` mob bgu
tu` mbnkb , yb cmnb yb` mob ftu pbjb
sbgft ah` mob, gbah sbyb nyuef tu` mob , ?
mfnccu tu` ujb` ofsb mob, ab` gbah yc fnf 
tu` yb` mob outu` wbgtu abmb ah` mob

55
 

‑yb gbah gdcfbtbn sd`brf `brf, sbyb aumbybn ‑sbyb sf` mob obwbbnyb tbgut , tbpf yc sbyb fncdt 
abmb mob untug muabf nyb adof` abmb, juau sf` mob sbyb tu` sdmpdt nb`bn obo 5 `brf mob,
wbgtu
wbgtu ab`
ab`frb
frbn
n bnb
bnbg
g yc sdo
sdodau
daumny
mnyb
b sf` 2-? tbpf yb` Ba`bmjuafaab` sf` mob cbg bjb bpb bpb ,
mfnccu ujb` ofsb mob. Gdcfbtbn sd`brf `brf  jbn fnf tu` mdnccbnccu obncdt mob” (Fnihrmbn
sf` jfobntufn mob sbmb shjbrb, bjb 2).
ndndgnyb ‑(fnihrmbn :).
‑Ftu ah` mob sbyb sugb nb`bn obo mob , sbyb
‑Cmbnb yb` sbyb gbn kubabn ybg, mdsgfpun sugb tbgut cftu mob , tbgut kdoha ac mob ,
sbgft tdtdp bkb jfoubt cdrbg abmb abmb ofbsb
sf`, ujb` muabf kubabn ftu ? mfnccu ab` mob
sbyb obru ofbs odrbgvftbs sdpdr ofbsbnyb
mob, aumbybn abmb kucb yb` mob, tbpf mbu
cfmbnb abcf yb` mob. (fnihrmbn 4).

‑Bofs mdab`frgbn sf` yb` nbmbnyb kucb augb

sf` yb` ndnc yb` mbsf` bcbg pdrf` cftu , tbpf 
sdgftbr sdmfnccu ftu ujb` mdnjfncbn , gbn
gftb kucb rbkfnyb` jbtbnc gdofjbn yb` oubt 
 pdrfgsb gbtb ofjbnnyb rhodgbnnyb ujb`
nybtu
 , jbn sbyb kucb ncdrbsb ujb` cbg sbgft abcf,
 kbjf yb` bgvftbs ofbsb”(fnihrmbn
ofbsb”(fnihrmbn 9).

‑pbs bjb yb` mob, shbanyb gbn nbmnyb kucb

bjb
bjb rhodg
hodgbn
bn tbgu
tbgutt gdnbp
dnbpb-
b-nb
nbpb
pb pbs 
pbs 
mdncurbncf bgvftbs sbyb yb`
mob”(fnihrmbn 3).

‑fyb
‑fyb gbj
gbjbnc
bnc wbgtu bwba bwba
bwba cbg obnybg 
cdrbg, muncgfn pbs ujb` mbu gdsfnf gbah ac
mbu nyuef gbn khncghg cftu yb` bcbg cmnb
yb` mbsf` gdobybnc obyfnc cftu. \bjb`ba fnf 
ujb` ? ouabn yb` mob tdtdp bkb sugb ncdrbsb
ncfau tbpf pbjb`ba cbg pbpb” (fnihrmbn 0).

‑Fyb gbabu gdnjbab cftu sf` yb` pbs bjb yb`

mob, bpb ac gbabu bjb odgbs kb`ftbn..sbyb sf`
2 ouabn pdrtbmb mbsf` jfobntufn mob smb
fou sbyb ‑(fnihrmbn 6).

‑Fybb mob gbrdnb sdmub pdgdrkbbn rumb`

sbyb mbsf` jfobntu sbmb fou jbn submf
sbyb mob”(fnihrmbn 2< ).

Obnybg fou phst pbrtum ybnc

mdncbabmf
mdncb abmf susb` oubnc bfr odsbr.
odsbr. Ododrbpb
Ododrbpb
ibgthr
ibgthr obfg
obfg ifs
ifsfg
fg mbupun
mbupun psfgha
psfghahc
hcfs
fs jbpbt
jbpbt
mdnu
md nunj
njbb gd
gdmo
moba
bafn
fnyb
yb iunc
iuncsfsf nh
nhrm
rmba
ba us
usus
us
sdtdab
sdtdab`
` pdrsba
pdrsbafnb
fnbn.
n. Udpdrt
Udpdrtff `bsfa
`bsfa wbwbne
wbwbnebrb
brb
 odrfgut fnf ;

5:
 

tbpf yb ba`bmjuafaab` yb` mob sdgbrbnc ‑pbs yc fnf abmb obncdt mob sbmpd 5 ouabn
mb` ujb` odrbnf ‑(Fnihrmbn ?). cftu mob bofs ab`frbn , submf sbyb sdmpdt 
mbrb` mob, tbpf cmnb yb` mob hrbnc sbybn
‑Fyb mob sbyb mdrbsb pdrf` mob wbgtu
tbgut yb` mob”(fnihrmbn 5).
mbu oubnc bfr gdefa mob , yb bmpun mob
rbsbny
rbsbnyb
b tu` yb` pdrf`
pdrf` cftu
cftu mob gbybg  ‑(tdrtbwb gdefa ) bnu mob
mob ybb adof` abmb mob
bjb ybnc
ybnc augb,
augb, muncgf
muncgfn
n mdmbnc
mdmbnc ade
adedt 
dt   , gbah juau tu` mob wbgtu yc pdrtbmb sf` mob
gbaf yb` mob, sbyb kbjf mdnjucb jucb
sdnjfrf mob `d`d`d”(Fnihrmbn 5).

Jbrf `bsfa wbwbnebrb ybnc

jfabgugbn pbjb 2< fnihrmbn 3 fou mbsf`
mdnc
md ncba
babm
bmff gd
gdnj
njba
babb jb
jbab
abm
m mdab
mdabgu
gugb
gbnn
bgtfvftbs ifsfg sdtdab` mdab`frgbn, bgfobt
bjbnyb
bjb nyb augb
augb kb`ftbn
kb`ftbn,, ododrb
ododrbpb
pb fou phst
phst
 pbrtum ybnc mdncbabmf augb kb`ftbn
mdncba
mdn cbabmf
bmf susb`
susb` untug
untug oubnc
oubnc bfr odsbr 
odsbr 
ybn
bncc mdn dnfm
fmooua
uag
gbn gdgded
edmb
mbsb
sbnn jbjbnn
gdtbgutbn
gdtbg utbn bgbn tdrougbny
tdrougbnybb gdmobaf
gdmobaf augb
 kb`ftbn, jbn sdmub fou phst pbrtum ybnc
mdncba
mdn cbabmf
bmf cdk
cdkbab
bab fnf mdrbsb
mdrbsb tdr
tdrcbn
cbnccu
ccu
jbn sbncbt
sbncbt mdmpdncbru
mdmpdncbru`f `f bgtfvftbs
bgtfvftbs ifsfg 
ybnc jfabgugbn sd`brf `brf.

@uouncbn Fntfm Fou odrsbafn

ybnc mdncbabmf
_upturd \drfndum jdrbkbt
5-:.

Jbrf `bsfa wbwbnebrb ybnc jfabgugbn pbjb

2< fni
fnihrm
hrmbn
bn fou phst
phst pbrtum
pbrtum mdncdn
mdncdnbf bf
`u
`uou
ounc
ncbn
bn fn
fntf
tfm
m susubm
bmff fst
fstrf,
rf, 0 fofou
u ph
phst
st
 pbrtum mbsf` odaum sfbp mdabgugbn
`uounc
`uo uncbn
bn submf
submf fstrf
fstrf sdtdab`
sdtdab` 9 mfnccu
mfnccu
 pbseb mdab`frgbn jbn ? nyb sujb` sfbp
untu
unt u mdabgu
mdabgugbn
gbn `uounc
`uouncbn bn submf
submf fstrf.
fstrf.
Jbn jbrf 0 fou phst pbrtum ybnc odaum
sfbp,, tfj
sfbp tfjbg
bg bjb gdaub`
gdaub` jbrf sbnc sbnc submf,
submf,
muncgfn submf g`bwbtfr bgbn mdnybgftf
fs
fstr
trfn
fnyb
yb,, g`
g`us
usun
unyb
yb kf kfgb
gb mdnj
mdnjbp bpbt
btgb
gbnn
 kb`ftbn sbbt mdab`frgbn. Jbn sdmub fou
 phst pbrtum mbmpu mdnbncbnf rbsb
gd
gdtbg
tbgut
utbn
bn yb
ybnc
nc mdrd
mdrdgbgb `b `bjb
jbpf
pf `f
`fnc
nccb
cb
bg`f
bg`frn
rnyb
yb mdrd
mdrdg gb mbmpmbmpu u mdab
mdabgugugb
gbnn
`uouncbn submf fstrf jdncbn nybmbn.
‑ Au
Aumb
mbyb
ybn
n ab
abmb
mb sf`
sf` mo
mob,
b, gb
gbyb
ybgn
gnyb
yb
sb
sbmp
mpd
d ? ou
ouab
abnb
nbn
n mob,
mob, sh
shba
bany
nyb
b sb
sbyb
yb
mbsf` tbgut mob ‑(fnihrmbn 2).

‑@b`b`b` ( sbyb kbjf mbau mob ) odrbpb

abmb yb` mob, gurbnc adof` ? ouabn ab`
mob ‑(fnihrmbn ?).

54
 

 ,odrnbf
bogbah
bofs submf
fs fnf sb
sbyb
mob ybmfntb
rbjbybtbgu
rbjb
‑(fnihrmbntbsbyb
gut ofsb
:).t mo
mobb mob
, mb, sf`
mbsfgbahoayc
` oam
m
Gboupbtdn
Gboupb tdn tbnccd
tbnccdrbn
rbnc
c tdntbn
tdntbnc
c pdabyb
pdabybn
n _umb`
_umb`
‑@d`d`
‑@d`d``d.
`d...
.. gbah
gbah oha
ohad`
d` kuk
kukur
ur sf` mob obr
obru
u sbgft, sdpdrtf sbrbn jbn fnihrmbsf ybnc
gmrdn sf`, gbah jfbwba sbtu ouabn ? ouabn sf`
cbg , yb` gbn mbsf` tbgut yb` ... nb` gbah
sdgbrbnc gbn ujb` ? ouabn adof` yb` mob
..”(fnihrmbn 4).

‑Ubyb
‑Ubyb mdabgu
mdabgugbn
gbn `uounc
`uouncbn
bn ftu 5 ouabnb
ouabnbn
n
gbybgnyb mob ‑(fnihrmbn 9).

‑b`bb kbjf mbau, gbah bofs mdab`frgbn sbyb h 

juau `d`d , sdodnrnyb sf` gbah fnf mbsf` bcbg 
mbad
mbadss yb
yb`,
`, Eumb
Eumb gbn
gbn gftb
gftb kbjf
kbjf fstr
fstrff `b
`bru
russ
mdabybnf yb`, tbpf gbahuntug wbgtunyb yb`
sd
sdgf
gftb
tbrr ? ouab
ouabnn
nnbn
bn ab`
ab` mo
mob
b mu
muab
abff mb
mbu
u
‑(fnihrmbn 3).

‑Aupb ndnc pbsnyb mb` , odrbpb ybb` pbs

jbrb` ujb` odr`dn sf` ujb` ehgabt ehgabt 
cftu ‑( fnihrmbn
fnihrmbn 0).

‑@bjuu` kbjf mbau..`f`f ..gbpbn yb` mob ..

aumbybn abmb sf` mob sdtdab` mdab`frgbn ftu
 ,sbyb sf` mob ybnc odaum sfbp mob ..
untuncnyb yb` submf sbyb ncdr  
mob”(fnihrmbn 6).

‑Aumbybn abmb sf` mob, shbanyb sbyb mbsf`

nc
ncdr
drbs
bsb
b tb
tbgu
gutt mob,
mob, 5 ouab
ouabnb
nbn
n ab`
ab` mo
mob
b
gbybgnyb ..”(fnihrmbn 2< ).

@bsfa pdndaftfbn fnf sdsubf jdncbn tdhrf

ybnc
ybnc mdncbt
mdncbtbgb
bgbnn ob`wb
ob`wb Udtdab
Udtdab`
` 9 mfnccu
mfnccu
 pbseb mdab`frgbn obnybg wbnftb odaum sfbp
untug mdabgugbn `uouncbn sdgsuba.
Udoub` pdndaftfbn jf Bustrbafb
mdnj
md njbp
bpbt
btgb
gbn
n obob`w
`wbb dn
dnbm
bm mfnc
mfnccucu bjbjba
bab`
b`
wbgtu
wbg tu rbt
rbtb-r
b-rbtb
btb obcf
obcf pbrb
pbrb pdrdmp
pdrdmpubn ubn pbseb
pbseb
 pdrsbafnbn untug muabf mdabgugbn `uouncbn
sdgs.Zdtbpf pdndaftfb
fbn
n td
tdrrsdout kucb
mdnd
md ndmu
mugb gbn
n obob`w
`wbb sdgf
sdgftb
tbrr sdsdtd
tdnc
ncb`
b` jbjbrf
rf
mdrdgb
mdr dgb ybnc
ybnc mdmfafg
mdmfafgff mbsbab`
mbsbab` sdkbg
sdkbg bwba,
bwba,
tdr
tdrus
us mdncba
mdncbabmf
bmfnyb
nyb sdabmb
sdabmb tb`un
tb`un pdrtbm
pdrtbmbb
 pbseb pdrsbafnbn. \dndaftfbn abfn mdndmugbn,
?< pdrsdn pdrdmpubn ybnc obru pdrtbmb gbaf
mdab`
md ab`fr
frgb
gbn
n mdmo
mdmoututu`
u`gb
gbn
n wbgt
wbgtu u 9 ou ouabn
abn
untug mdrbsb nybmbn sdebrb ifsfg  
sbbt
sbbtod
odrs
rsdn
dncc
ccbm
bmb,b, jd
jdnc
ncbn
bn wbgtu
wbgtu rbtbrbtb-r
-rbt
btbb
sdgftbr 5 ouabn.

\dabybnbn _umb` Ubgft

Jbrf `b
Jbrf `bsf
sfaa wbwb
wbwbne
nebr
brbb yb
ybnc
nc jfjfabg
abgug
ugbn
bn
tdr`bjbp 2< fnirhmbn ybnc odrsbafn jf _UTJ
59
 

jfodrfgbn tdntbnc pdrbwbtbn augb rhodgbn  pbgd ououg, gbah shba kb`ftbn sf` suru` sdrfnc
 pdrfndum sd`fnccb jbpbt mdnkbjf odgba odrsf`fn kbncbn tbgut tbgut (fnihrmbn
 obcf pbsfdn sdodaum mdnfnccbagbn rumb`
0).
sbgf
sbgftt jf
jfbj
bjbp
bpbt
btgb
gbn
n ob`wob`wbb sd sdmu
mubnbnyb
yb
mdnb
md nbjb
jbpb
pbtt sbr
sbrbn
bn jbn fnifnihr
hrmbs
mbsff tdntbn
tdntbnc
c ‑sbrbn ybb` … bjb sf` mob tbpf sbyb aupb
 pdrbwbtbn augb rhodgbn pdrfndum jbn
mob `d`d .. shbanyb gbn ujb` abmb
mdrb
md rbsb
sb sd
sdnb
nbnc
nc btbtbs
bs pdpdab
abyb
ybnb
nbn
n ybnc
ybnc
jfodrfgbn had` pdtucbs rumb` sbgft. yb`”(fnihrmbn 6)

‑gbah sbrbn sf`, obnybg sf` mob, yc pbafnc ‑ fybb gbybg suru` mdnyusuf obyfnyb , mbgbn
sb
sbyb
yb fn
fncd
cdtt sf
sf`
` mob
mob , gbrd
gbrdnb
nb sb
sbyb
yb bj
bjbb yc odrcfzf , trus kbcb gdodrsf`bn jfrf kucb, trus
 kb`ftbn kucb gbn yb` ftu jfsuru` kbcb fsrb`bt yc eugup.. mbsf` obnybg sf`
gdodrsf`bn cftu mob , trus jfsuru` `b  mob”(fnihrmbn 2< ).
`b
`b
 mob,
mob, sbmb
sbmb jfsu
jfsuru
ru`
` sdr
drfn
fnc
c cbn 
cbn 
edabnb
edabnb jbadm.
jbadm. \dn
\dnc`f
c`fabn
abnc
c rbs
rbsb
b sbgft
sbgft 8 
gbpbn tu` mob 8 tbpf sdodaum jfkb`ft ftu
sd
sdmp
mpdt
dt jf
jfgb
gbsf
sf`
` tbu
tbu sf`
sf` mob
mob gbah
gbah mb
mbu
u
jfsung cftu.” (fnihrmbn 2).

‑Obnybg sf` mob sbrbn nyb mob. gbybg 

jfsuru` mbgbn yc odrcfzf cftu mob, trus
nbn `b `b jfkbab
babn cftu mob ‑ 
(Fnihrmbn ?).

‑bjb sf` mob, gbtb ofjbnnyb jfsuru` kbcb

gdodrsf`bn mob ‑(fnihrmbn 5).

‑Fyb mob , gbyb fou jfsuru` sdrfnc cbn 

edabnb jbabm, trus kbcb gdodrsf`bn cftu
mob, jfsuru` sdrfnc cbn shdg 
‑(fnihrmbn :).

‑obnybg yb` mob gbybg `uouncbn submf 

fstr
fstrf,
f, trus
trus gbah
gbah edoh
edohg
g kbnc
kbncbn
bn pbgd
pbgd bfr 
bfr 
`bncbt. ‑(fnihrmbn 4).

‑Bjb sf` mob , gbyb cbg ohad` bncgbt yc

odrbt odrbt, cbg ohad` tdrabau obnybg n
 gfrb 3
(fnihrmbn 9).

‑ fyb obnybg, jbrf ofjbnnyb sf` jbrf kbcb

gdod
gdodrs
rsf`
f`bn
bn,, sd
sdpd
pdr
r yc ou
oubn
bnc
c bfr
bfr gdef
gdefa 
a 
sbmb odsbr wbabupun bcbg tbgut `brus
jfodrsf`fn, nbn fnidgsf , trus muabf jbrf 
 pdmfnumbn vftbmfnnyb, trus oubt 
bjdgny
bjdgnyb
b , yc tbaf
tbaf pus
pusbtn
btnyb,
yb, jfb
jfbgsf
gsf`
` tbu
sdmub sbmpd yc jbrb` jbrb`nyb, nbn 
gbah
gbah tbmob`
tbmob` obnybg
obnybg jfsuru
jfsuru`
` oba
obafg
fg abc
abcf,
f,
sbmb nbn jfsuru` gunkuncbn uabnc abcf,
ujb` cftu bkb sf`..(fnihrmbn 3). ‑ bpbbn
ybg , suru` ftu nyusuf pbgd bsf bkb kbncbn

53
 

\dabybnbn
\dabyb nbn gdsd`b
gdsd`btbn
tbn ybnc
ybnc tdr
tdrmbs
mbsug 
ug  tdrcbnccu jbn sbncbt mdmpdncbru`f bgtfvftbs
jbabm gdahmphg gdsd`btbn mbsybrbgbt (puoafe ifsfg ybnc jfabgugbn sd`brf `brf.
`dbat` sdr sdrvfed) jftbnjbf jdncbn ebrb
 pdnchrcbnfsbsfbn ybnc umumnyb sdebrb Odrjbsbrg
Odrjbs brgbn
bn @uounc
@uouncbn
bn fnt
fntfm
fm (Uubmf
(Uubmf
 odrsbmb-sbmb jbabm subtu hrcbnfsbsf. Zukubn fstr
fstrf)
f) ybybnc
nc jfabg
jfabgug
ugbn
bn sd
sdtd
tdab
ab`
` mdab
mdab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn
utbmbnyb untug mdmdaf`brb jbn jdnc
jdncbn bn ghnj
ghnjfsfsff fou
fou mdnc
mdncbababm
bmff ru
rupt
ptur
urdd
mdnf
md nfnc
ncgbgbtg
tgbn
bn gd gdsd
sd`b
`btbn
tbn sdsdrt
rtbb mdne
mdnedc dcb`
b`  pdrfndum jfgdtb`uf ob`wb jbrf 2< fnihrmbn 0
 pdnybgft, sdrtb sbsbrbnnyb untug gdahmphg  fou phst pbrtum mbsf` odaum sfbp mdabgugbn
jbn mbsybrbgbt, jbn sfgbp pdtucbs rumb` sbgft `uouncbn submf fstrf sdtdab` 9 mfnccu pbseb
 pun sbncbt mdmpdncbru`f gdpubbsbn btbs mdab
md ab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn.. jbn
jbn ? nyb nyb sujb
sujb` ` sfbp
sfbp untu
untug 
g 
 pdabybn ybnc jfodrfgbn had` pf`bg rumb` mdabgugbn `uouncbn submf fstrf. Jbn jbrf 0
sbgf
sbgft,
t, jbab
jbabmm pd pdnd
ndaf
aftf
tfbn
bn fnfnff pd
pdnu
nuaf
afss fn
fncf
cfn
n fou phst pbrtum ybnc odaum sfbp, tfjbg bjb
mdnc
md ncdtdtb`
b`uf
uf ob obcb
cbfm
fmbn
bnbb gbgb`
` sfgbp
sfgbp pd pdtu
tucb
cbss gdau
gdaub`
b` jbrf
jbrf sb
sbncnc subm
submf,
f, mumuncncgf
gfn
n subm
submff
ru
rumb
mb`` sb sbgf
gftt jbab
jbabm
m mdmomdmodr drfg
fgbn
bn pdab
pdabyb
ybnn g`bwbtfr
g`bwb tfr bgbn mdnybgftf fstrfnyb,
fstrfnyb, g`usu
g`usunyb
nyb
tdr`bjbp pbsfdnnyb.  kfgb mdnjbpbtgbn kb`ftbn sbbt mdab`frgbn.
Gdsfmpuabn Jbn sdmub fou phst pbrtum mbmpu
mdnbncbnf rbsb gdtbgutbn ybnc mdrdgb `bjbpf
Odrjbsbrgbn jbrf `bsfa wbwbnebrb ybnc `fnccb
`fn ccb bg`frn
bg`frnyb
yb mdrdgb
mdrdgb mbmpu
mbmpu mdabgu
mdabgugbn
gbn
jf
jfab
abgu
gugb
gbnn gdpb
gdpbjb
jb 2< fnfnih
ihrm
rmbn
bn ybft
ybftu
u fo
fou
u `uouncbn submf fstrf jdncbn nybmbn.
 odrsbafn ybnc mdncbabmf _upturd pdrfndum Odrjbsbrgbn \dabybn _umb` sbgft ybnc
jdrbkbt 5 odrusfb ?<-52 tb`un, 9 jfbntbrbnyb jfodrfgbn had` pf`bg rumb` sbgft tdr`bjbp 2<
mdab`frgbn untug ybnc pdrtbmb gbafnyb jbn 3 fnirhmbn ybnc odrsbafn jf _UTJ Gboupbtdn
fou mdncbabmf
dgtrbsgf vbgum pdrsbafnbn
pdrsbafnbn 5
ybftu jbn jdncbn
jdncb
fou njdncbn
babt obntu
babt tbnccdrbnc tdntbnc pdabybn _umb` sbgft.
Ubrbn
 obntu ihredp. 2< fou odrsbafn fnf pdrnb`
mdab`frgbn jf _UTJ Gboupbtdn Zbnccdrbnc
  5 ou
ouab
abn
n yb
ybnc
nc ab
abau
au,, yb
ybnc
nc mdmf
mdmfafg
afgff tdntbn
tdn tbnc
Ubrbn jbn fni
Ubrbn
c pdrbwb
pdrbwbtbn
fnihrm
tbn aug
hrmbsf
bsf ybnc
ybnc jfodrf
augbb rhodgb
rhodgbn
jfodrfgbn
n pdrfnd
gbn
pdrfndum
um
 pdncbabmbn ybnc odrodjb odjb sd`fnccb jbpbt sd`f
sd `fnc
nccb
cb jb
jbpb
pbtt mdnk
mdnkbj
bjff od
odgb
gbaa ob
obcf
cf pb
pbsf
sfdn
dn
jfsfmpuagbn ; sdodaum mdnfnccbagbn rumb` sbgft jfjbpbtgbn
Od
Odrj
rjbsb
bsbrg
rgbn
bn \sfg
\sfgha
hahc
hcfs
fs fofou
u ododrs
rsba
bafn
fn  ob`wb sdmub fnihrmbn mdrbsb pubs, sdnbnc
ybnc mdncbabmf rupturd pdrfndum jdrbkbt 5-: jbn mdrbsb nybmbn btbs pdabybnbn ybnc jf
jfgdtb`uf
jfgdtb`uf ob`wb 2< fou odrsbafn
odrsbafn mdncbabmf
mdncbabmf  odrfgbn had` pdtucbs rumb` sbgft jbn sdmub
gdedmbsbn.
gdedm bsbn. Fou ybnc obru mdab`frgbn
mdab`frgbn gdrbp fn
fnih
ihrm
rmbn
bn mdnj
mdnjbp bpbt
bt sbsbrb
rbn
n jbn
jbn fnih
fnihrm
rmbs
bsff
ed
edm
mbs bg bgbn
bn ghn hnj
jfs
fsff kb
kb`
`ft
ftbn
bn pd pdrrfn
fndu
dum
m, tdntbnc pdrbwbtbn augb rhodgbn pdrfndum.
gdtbgu
gdtbgutbn
tbn fou phst
phst pbrtum
pbrtum ybnc
ybnc abf
abfn
n untug 
untug  Jbitbr \ustbgb
 odrcdrbg gbrdnb nydrf pdrfndum. Jbn jbrf 2<
fnihrmbn 0 fou odrsbafn mbsf` fncfn mdmfafgf
sdhrbnc bnbg abcf , nbmun tfjbg jbabm kbncgb 2. Ubrwh
rwhnh. Famu
amu gdofjbnbn. bn. Kbgb bgbrtb;
Vbybsbn Ofnb \ustbgb7 ?<2<.
wbgtu jdgbt jbn ? nyb tfjbg fncfn mdmfafgf ?. Ubrwh
rwhnh. Famu gdofjbnbn. Kbgbrt brtb;
bnbg abcf nbmun ougbn gbrdnb trbumb untug  Vbybsbn Ofnb \ustbgb7 ?<22.
mdab
md ab`f
`frg
rgbn
bn mdabmdabfn
fnbg
bgbnbn bnbg
bnbgnynybb sujb
sujb`` 5. Br
Brfg
fgun
unth
th U. \r
\rhs
hsdj
djur
urdd pdnd
pdndafafb
bn
n su
subt
btu
u
 obnybg. pdnjdg
pdn jdgbtb
btbn
n prbgs
prbgs.. Kbgbrtb
Kbgbrtb;; \Z._fndg
\Z._fndgbb
Odrjbsbrgbn Bgtfiftbs ifsfg fou odrsbafn Efptb7 ?<<9.
:. Bp
Bprfa
rfaafb
afb V. Cdnt
Cdntad
ad orft`
orft`.. Kbgb
Kbgbrt
rtb;
b; Vbybs
Vbybsbnbn
ybnc mdncbabmf rupturd
rupturd pdrfndum
pdrfndum jfgdtb`uf
jfgdtb`uf
Ofnb \ustbgb7 ?<2<.
 ob`wb jbrf 2< fnihrmbn 3 fou mbsf`
4. Zhwnsdnj. Bsu`bn mbsb nfibs.
mdncbabmf gdnjbab jbabm mdabgugbn bgtfvftbs
Vhcybgbrtb; _h`fmb7 ?<22.
ifsfg sdtdab` mdab`frgbn,
mdab`frgbn, bgfobt
bgfobt bjbnyb
bjbnyb augb
9. Yfrcf
frcfnf
nfb
b U, @b@bnn
nnb`
b` Jb`a
Jb`ad dn. \dndnda
daf
fbn
bn
 kb`ftbn, ododrbpb fou phst pbrtum ybnc
Gubaftbi, Shmdn‖s dxpdrfdneds ihaahwfnc
mdnc
md ncba
babm
bmff auaugb
gb kb
kb`f
`ftbn
tbn mdnc
mdncbababm
bmff susb`
susb`
sdvdrd pdrfndba trbumb. Uyjndy7 ?<2:.
un
untu
tug
g ououbn
bncc bfr
bfr od
odsbr
sbr ybybnc
nc mdnf
mdnfmomoua
uagb
gbn
n 3. Bnf _. Bsu`Bsu`bn
bn pdrs
pdrsba
bafn
fnbbn nhnhrm
rmba
ba ob
obccf
gdedmb
gde dmbsbn
sbn jbn gdtbgu
gdtbgutbn
tbn bgbn
bgbn tdr
tdroug
ougbny
bnybb ofjbn. Obnjunc; _bfgb Bjftbmb7 ?<2?
gd
gdmo
moba
baff au
augb
gb kb`f
kb`ftbn
tbn,, jb
jbn
n sd
sdmu
mubb fo
fou
u ph
phst
st 0. Zh`
h`fr
frfn
fn.. Mdth
Mdthjd
jd pdnd
pdndaf afb
bn
n guba
gubaft
ftb
bi 
i 
 pbrtum ybnc mdncbabmf cdkbab fnf fnf mdrbsb jbabm pdnjfjfgbn jbn ghnsdafnc. Kbgbrtb;
\Z._bkb Crbnjh \drsbjb7 ?<22.
50
 

6. Uucfyhnh. Mdthjd
pdnd
pdndaf
afb
bnn gubn
gubntb
tbi 
i 
guba
gubaft
ftb
bii jbn _&J.
_&J.
Ob
Obnj
njuunc;
nc; Baibo
aibod
dtb7
tb7
?<2:.
2<. Bmobrwb jbn

Su
Suababnnjbrf
jb
gdofjbnbn.
gdofjb rf.. Vhcybgbrtb;
nbn. Bs
Bsu`
Vhcybg u`bn
bn
brtb;
Mftrb
Mft rb Edn
Ednjfgf jfgfb
b Hsdt7
Hsdt7
?<22
22. Jdpbrt
Jdpbrtdmddmdn n _F. Bsu`
Bsu`bn
bn
pdrs
pdrsbabafn
fnbn
bn nhrm
nhrmba ba..
Kbgbrtb; KN\-G_7 ?<2<
2?. Objbn Aftobncgds Gdmdntrfbn
Gdsd`btbn.Fmpadmdntb
sf MJCs ?<24 jf
Fnj
njh
hnds
ndsfbfb.. Kb
Kbgb
gbrt
rtb;
b;
mjcs-jdv.ops.ch.fj7
?<2?
?<2?.. Jf Jfbgbgsd
sdss pbjb
pbjb
tbnccba 24 kunf ?<24.
25. Obrbjkb
Obrbjkb.\s.\sfghfghahc
ahcff
pdrgdmobncbn.
Kbgbrt
Kbgbrtb;b; Utuj Utujff \rd
\rdss
ss77
?<<4.
2:
2:.. Oh
Ohob
obg g jgg.O
jgg.Oug uguu Bkbr
Bkbrbn
bn
gdpdrbwbtbn
Mbtdrnftbs.
Mbtdrn ftbs. Edtbgbn ?.
Kbgbrtb; DCE7 ?<<:.
24. Jb`rh B. \sfghahcf
gdof
gdofjb
jbnbnbn,
n, bnbaf
nbafsf
sfss
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