Justine L.

Palasigue BSAR 1B
Module 2: Introduction to the Human Body

Activity 2.1: Organization of the Body

Direction: Look at the pictures below and try to arrange the organization of the body by writing
on the small box the number one (1) being the first, and eight (8) being the last.

7 4 3

2 6 5

Activity 2.2. Know your

Body Type!
Let us know your body type,
and see how likely you’ll
have a disease based on
8 1 your risk
category. You’ll need tape
measure for this activity.
Follow the instructions below:

1. Measure your waist at the narrowest part of the torso.

2. Measure your hip at the level of the maximum extension of the buttocks.
3. To calculate the waist-to-hip ratio, divide the waist circumference (in cm.) by hip
circumference (in cm.)

Waist- 69 cm
Hip- 87 cm
Formula: WHR= waist circumference/ hip circumference
= 69 cm/ 87 cm= 0.79

Activity 2.3. Interpretation of Waist-to-hip Ratio

Based on the Table 13: Waist-to-hip ratio, answer the following questions below:
1. What is your waist-to-hip ratio? What can you say about it? Based on the result, are
you healthy or not?

My waist-to-hip ratio is 0.79, which I consider to be just right for my body type. A
healthy WHR is 0.9 or less in men and 0.85 or less in women, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO). I am healthy, based on the result of my WHR.

2. What is your risk category? If it’s high, what do you plan to do to make it low, if it’s
low, how will you maintain it?

My risk category is very low, based on the table, because my waist circumference is 69 cm. I will
maintain it by exercising regularly, eating healthy foods and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Activity 2.6
Answer the following questions to check what you learned from this module.

1. What are the three things that you learned from this module?

Three things I learned from this module are:

The human body is organized in a hierarchy, ranging from the very simple - a
microscopic atom, to the very complex - a human being. Its order is this: atoms,
molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and human organisms.
 Terms are very important when describing things or location, likewise in navigating
your way around the human body. Besides being used to identify the location of
various body parts, the use of proper terms ensures accurate communication
between health-care providers. Since the body is three dimensional, a number of
different terms are needed. These include directional terms as well as terms for
body planes. There is also anatomical terms of movements.
 Correct posture is described as the proper alignment of body segments in relation to
the different body position while postural deviation is the misalignment of the body
segments. Poor nutrition, improper routinely posture, poor daily habits,
occupational practices, congenital deformities, and lack of physical exercises are
factors that are influencing postural deviation. Postural deviation can happen with
either an increase or decrease of the normal body curves, leading to: (1) Uneven
pressure within the joint surfaces (2) Ligaments will be under strain (3) Muscles may
need to work harder (to hold the body upright), and (4) Pain may occur.
2. What are the two things that you will do to apply what you learned?

The two things that I will do to apply what I have learned:

 First, I’ll make my learning more meaningful to myself so that I can relate into it
and I will apply it in real life.
  Second, I’ll put myself to the test or put what I’ve learned into practice.

3. What is the one thing that you commit to do to improve your body posture?

I commit to improve my body posture by doing the things or following the steps
outlined by the American Chiropractic Association for better posture.

LET US ASSESS
Direction: Analyze the following questions and encircle the correct answers.

1. Which of the following terms describe the metabolic units within a cell that perform a
specific function necessary to the life of the cell?
a. Atoms c. Organs
b. Molecules d. Organelles

2. Which of the following forms the organ systems?

a. Molecules c. Human person
b. Organs d. Organ systems

3. Which of the following organ systems is responsible in keeping the body’s posture,
movement, and production of heat?
a. Integumentary system c. Muscular system
b. Lymphatic system d. Skeletal system

4. Anatomical terms are based on the body being in the anatomical position, which of the
following terms focuses on the division of the body, or organ, into sections?
a. Anatomical terms of movement c. Body regions
b. Body planes d. Directional terms

5. Which group of anatomical terms of movement referred to the increasing and decreasing
of the angle between two body parts?
a. Adduction and Abduction c. Elevation and Depression
b. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion d. Flexion and Extension

6. Which of the following is true about both circumduction and rotation?

a. It can both occur within the vertebral column, such as the ball-and-socket joint.
b. It is both the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of
the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes
a circle.
c. Rotation involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and
abduction at a joint, while circumduction of the body is the twisting movement
produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between
adjacent vertebrae.
d. All of the above

7. Which of the anatomical terms are terms used to described movements at the ankle?
a. Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion c. Flexion and Extension
b. Elevation and Depression d. Supination and Pronation

8. Which of the following traits belong to an ectomorph body type?

a. Athletic and strong
b. Classic “hard gainer”
c. Gains muscle and fat very easily.
d. Find it hard to lose fat.

9. Which of the following body types is characterized by predominance of structures such as

bones, muscle, and connective tissue?
a. Ectomorph b. Endomorph c. Mesomorph

10. Which of the following postural deviation is characterized as the chest is flat and usually
the pectoral muscles are shortened while the longitudinal back muscles are lengthened?
a. Forward head c. Round shoulder
b. Lordosis d. Winged scapulae
11. Which of the following is not true about scoliosis?
a. It is a lateral curvature of the vertebral column.
b. Deformities could either be single or a compound curve.
c. The name of the types of scoliosis is letter “C” and letter “S”.
d. It is observed when the normal curve of the thoracic as well as the lumbar
vertebrae are increased.

12. Which of the following best describes ples planus?

a. It is a decreased longitudinal arch of the feet.
b. It is observed when the knees are drawn together and the feet becomes separated.
c. It is a deviation where there is over curvature in the lumbar vertebrae.
d. It is an increased longitudinal arch of the feet.

Part II: Essay (4 points each)

Direction: Read the questions below and briefly explain your answers. Refer to the rubric
below for your guidance.

1. What is homeostasis? How is it important in your life?

The property of a system that allows it to keep its internal conditions stable or within a certain
range and consistent is known as homeostasis. It's a term that's mostly used to describe the human
body's ability to regulate temperature, acidity, and alkalinity. Complex systems within the organism
achieve homeostasis in the human body, as well as plants and animals. Sensors in humans and
animals detect changes in internal conditions of various types, such as heat and acidity, and transmit
 the information to the brain, allowing regulatory adjustments to be made.

Homeostasis is important because a breakdown of homeostasis can spell doom for an organism.
Hypothermia or heatstroke can occur if your body temperature drops too low or rises too high, both
of which can be fatal. Obesity or diabetes can develop if your body's energy balance is disrupted.
Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are conditions in which the amount of calcium in your blood
becomes too low or too high. And if your water balance is off, you could become dehydrated or
hyper-hydrated, both of which are dangerous in extreme cases.

2. Feedback is the signal sent by effector, in your own words, explain the difference between negative
and positive feedback. How does it work to maintain homeostasis?

Homeostasis is typically characterized by negative feedback loops that counteract changes in

various properties from their target values, referred to as set points. A few examples of it are,
thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels),
blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high ; glucagon raises blood
glucose when levels are low), osmoregulation (ADH is secreted to retain water when dehydrated
and its release is inhibited when the body is hydrated).

Positive feedback loops, as opposed to negative feedback loops, amplify their initiating stimuli,
moving the system away from its starting state. A few examples of it are, childbirth – stretching of
uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs),
lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues
until baby stops feeding), ovulation – the dominant follicle releases oestrogen which stimulates LH
and FSH release to promote further follicular growth and blood clotting – platelets release clotting
factors which cause more platelets to aggregate at the site of injury.

Negative feedback loops are essential for homeostasis. As a result, anything that disrupts the
feedback mechanisms can and usually will disrupt homeostasis. This, in the case of the human body,
may result in disease.