Reid Classification of Elements

Elements are substances

containing atoms of only one
type .

E. Na
Mg Au etc
g .
, .
.

4Theve have properties

are 998 elements and all
of them
different .

4These elements have been divided into in such way that elements
groups a

in the same have similar

properties
group ..

@OBEREfNepisTRAeosDJohan WolfgangDObereiner.a
with similar into
German chemist ,
tried to
arrange
the elements

properties groups .

He
identified having three elements each
some
groups .

A So he called these '

f- raids :
groups
tithiumlli ) -

Atomic mass (6.9)

Sodium C Na) -
Atomic mass ( 23)
Potassium ( K) -

Atomic mass (39.0)

Li ca Ce

Na Sr Br

K Ba I
1) Dobereiner could three triads from known
identify only the elements at
at that time .

Hence this, system of classification into trade was not found to be

useful .
Limitations of Dobereiner 's Trails
→ Dobereiner could identify only three trails from the elements known at
that time .

→ Hence ,
this system of classification into trade was not found to be
useful .

→ Those three triads are as follows :

Elements Atomic Mass Average

Lithium (Li)
6.9 6.9-39.02
Sodium ( Na)
2
2.3
= 22.95
Potassium CK) 39.0
Calcium (Ca) 40.9
40.9-937.32
Strotaniumcsr) 87.6 2

Barium ( Ba) 937.3 = 88.65

35.5
Chlorine Ccl) 35.5+926.92

Bromine CBD 79.9 2

Iodine CI) 926.9 = 89.2

→ We the to the atomic

can see answers are
approximately equal
the 2nd element
masses
of .

Answered
9) Yes ,
Dobereiner 's trade existed in Newland 's Octaves; Li Na , ,
K .

If consider lithium Cli) as

first element and Sodium (Na) as
eighth element .

If consider Sodium (Na) as

first element then
potassium is
eighth
-
.

,
2) Dobereiner could identify only three trade
from the elements known at
that time .

→ Hence ,
this system of classification into trade was not found to be
useful
3) Limitations are as
follows :

9) Newlands law of octave

applicable to classification of elements upto
'
was

calcium
only .

Every eighth element did not possess similar

properties to that
of first
-

element, calcium
after .

ii) Newland assumed that only 56 elements existed in nature and no more

elements would be discover

further .

-
But then,
several new elements were discovered whose
properties did not
Octaves
fit into Newtand 's law of .

iii) To table Newlands

fit elements into his , put even two elements
together
in one slot and that too in the column of unlike elements with
very different
properties .

iv) Iron CFD element that resemble elements elements like cobalt and nickel in
properties
placed far away from these elements .

NEWLANDS 's KAW OF OCTAVES

456 elements were known till then .

John Newlands the known elements in the

arranged of increasing
→
,
order
atomic masses .

He
found that element had to
properties similar that the
→
every eighth of
first .

→ He
compared this to octaves
found in music .
 Sa re dha ni
ga ma
pa
G In the the notations do , ti
west , they use -
re ,
mi , fa ,
so ,
la ,
.

DEMERITS
4 It law
was
found that the of Octaves was
applicable only upto calcium,
calcium
as
after every eighth element did not
possess
similar
properties as

first .

4 It was assumed by Newlands that only 56 elements existed in nature and no

more elements would be discovered in future .

But later several elements discovered , whose did not

fit into
on , new
properties
-

,
were

the Law of Octaves .

4 In dissimilar
order to
fit elements in table ,
elements were
place
in same slot and

similar in
different .

( (o and Ni aur Fe metals hai ,

but they are
placed far apart from
each other )
 MENDELEEV 'S PERIODIC TABLE

D 'The
'

properties of
"
elements are
periodic function of their atomic mass

•
At this time ,
63 elements were known .

He the
sorted out the elements with similar and
pinned cards
together
•

properties
on a wall .

Among chemical
properties ,
Mendeleev concentrated on the compounds formed by elements

with
oxygen and
hydrogen .

He hydrogen with
they formed
•
selected and reactive
oxygen as are
very and
compounds
most elements .

Merits

9) In his periodic table he left some blank

spaces .

These left for that discovered

vacant
spaces were
including elements were not
-

at that time .

these elements the

2) Mendeleev could also
predict
the
properties of unknown ,
on

basis of the
properties of the elements
lying adjacent to these vacant
spaces .
 He the three
predicted of elements
-

presence .

They were named as Eka boron , Eka aluminium and Eka silicon
-
- -

The of these three elements similar to the actual elements

properties were
-

discovered later .

-
Eka -
boron was similar to Scandium Eka ,
-
aluminium was similar to Gallium and

Eka -

Silicon was similar to Germanium .

3) When noble gases were discover later, they could be accommodated in the

table the
periodic
in the
form of separate group
without
disturbing
other elements
positions of
.

4) He was able to correct the values of the atomic masses

of elements like
he
beryllium from 93.5 to 9.09 , placed these elements
going strictly by the

similarities in
properties
their .

DEMERITS

9) Mendeleev could not

assign a correct
position to hydrogen in the
periodic
table as
hydrogen resembles alkali metals as
halogens
well as .

2) Position
of the isotopes could not be explained they have different atomic
as masses .

3) It was observed that at certain places an element of higher atomic

,
mass Cobalt
( ( 0=58.93) has been
placed before an element of lower atomic mass Nickel
( Nie 58.79) .

MODERN Periodic TABLE

By HENRY MOSELEY

'The function
'
D
properties "
of elements are
periodic of their

atomic numbers .
• There are 7 horizontal rows called as
periods and 98 columns called

groups
:

1st shortest period with only elements

•

period → 2 .

2nd short period with elements

period only 8
• →
.

•
3rd
period → also short period with only 8 elements .

4th
period and long period with 98 elements
•
5th
period → .

6th
longest period elements
•
with
period → 32 .

7th period incomplete period

•
→ .

All the anomalies of Mendeleev 's classification Modern

disappeared in
periodic
table .

→ For example :
Positions the
isotopes table :
•
of are well
explained in the modern
periodic
All the isotopes element have atomic number therefore they
of
→ an same can

be in the table
placed same
group
in the modern
periodic .

•
Position of the hydrogen :

→ In modern
periodic table , hydrogen is not
placed in
any group
.

treated element alone at the head

-

Hydrogen is as a
very special
and
placed
 Of the
periodic table .

Position
•
of cobalt and nickel :

→ Cobalt with atomic number 27 came first and nickel with atomic number
28 should come later .
Trends in modern periodic table
4 The variation
physical and chemical
properties of elements show a
regular
in the
periods and the
groups of periodic table .

Various
properties
-

are :

A) Valency
The element is determined by the number electrons
→
valency of an
of valence

in the outermost
present shell of its atom .

The is know
combining capacity of an element as
valency
-
.

1) Variation of valency within a

group
:

On top to bottom in the

from valence the
→ remains
moving a
group ,
same as

number of valence electrons remains the same .

E.
g .

Valency of first group elements = 9 , Valency of second

group elements = 2 .

%) Variation of valency across a

period :
→ On
moving from left to
right in a
period ,
the valency of elements first increase

from 9 to 4 and then decreases to 0 .

-
Elements in same
period have different valencies .

B) Atomic Size :

→
It is the distance between the center of nucleus the outermost shell
and
of an

isolated atom .

Atomic size refers to radius

of atom
-
.

9) Variation of variation
of atomic size with in a
group :
→ Atomic size
of elements increases as down the
we move
group
.

This is because shells being added down the

new
go group
-
are as we .

-
This increases the distance between the outermost shell and the nucleus so that

the increases E. Atomic

atomic size in
spite of increase in nuclear
charge , g. size
of
element is Licata LKLRBC Css fr
first group .

%) Variation of atomic size across a Period :

→ Atomic radius
of elements decreases on
moving from left to right
 across a
period ,
and this
happens due to an increase in nuclear
charge which tends to

pull the electrons closer to the nucleus and reduces the size
of an atom .

C) Metallic properties : → It is the

tendency of an atom to lose electrons .

9) Variation of metallic character within

group :
→ Metallic character of the elements

Answers-

9) 1420 , CO2 Alack

, ,
Silk Bao ,
.

2) Scandium and Germanium .

B) The criteria used by Mendeleev to create his

periodic table with the use
of
between the
relationship atomic masses
of the elements and their chemical and
physical
properties .

-
Also, he used similarity in
physical properties and formation of hydrides and oxides
elements
of .

4) Noble
gases are
placed in a
separate group because they are chemically inert and

are
present
in
extremely Kow concentrations in
atmosphere .

Hence they to their

justified to be
placed in
separate group owing similar inert
-

,
are a ,

behaviour and electronic

configuration .
Answers
-

9) 9) Modern periodic table is based on atomic number ,

whereas Mendeleev 's

periodic table was based on atomic mass .

)
ii The number of protons ( or atomic number) are same in
isotopes of an element .

Therefore allotted the same

position in modern
periodic table
-

are .
,

iii) Cobalt -
9th position
Nickel 90th
position
-
.

Iv)
Special position has been allotted to hydrogen placed,
at
top of alkali metals in
first
group
.

2) The two elements are :

Beryllium ( Be) and calcium ( Ca)

Be (atomic number 4) and Ca (atomic number 20) have similar electronic
configuration
-
.

two
'

electrons in outermost shell .

Be 2,2
(a 2,8 8,2
,

Both react with

oxygen to give basic oxides ,
Beo and MgO .
 3) a) Three elements with single electron in outermost shell :

i) thiam -
Atomic number : 312,9)
%) Sodium -
Atomic number : 9912,8 9) ,

)
iii Potassium -
Atomic number : 9912,8 ,
8,9)

b) Two elements with two electrons in outermost shells .

9) Beryllium -
Atomic number : 412,2)
ii) Calcium -

Atomic number : 20C 2. 8.8.27

c) Three elements with filled outermost shells .

9) Helium Atomic -
number : 202)

ii) Neon Atomic

-
number : 9012,8)
iii)
Argon -
Atomic number : 9812.8.8)

4) a) Yes ,
all these metals ,
Lithium ,
sodium and potassium belong to same
group and has

only one atom in their outermost shell and all of these are metals and react with water

from alkaline .

b) Though helium is an unreactive and is

extremely low reactive their outermost
gas
neon ,

shells are
completely filled .

Helium first shell

completely filled
-

-
.

-
Neon -

first and second shell CK and L) completely filled .

5) Following are metals

among first ten elements in modern
periodic table :

a) Hydrogen
b) Helium
c) Lithium
d) Beryllium
e) Boron
f) Carbon

g) Nitrogen
b) Oxygen
9) flourine
j) Neon
6) Beryllium ( Be) ,
the elements
placed on
left show maximum metallic characteristics .

As Beryllium most left to elements

therefore
occupies position in
comparison other it shows
-

maximum metallic characteristics .

9 Marty Questions
2 Marty Questions
3 Narky Questions
5
Mark Questions
Assertion Reasoning