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Chapter 4.2 Diversion Head Works
Chapter 4.2 Diversion Head Works
The following data must be known for the design of the vertical drop weir:
a) Maximum flood discharge,
b) High flood level (H.F.L.) before construction of weir,
c) Downstream bed level,
d) Full supply level (F.S.L.) of canal taking off from the river,
e) Allowable afflux,
f) Lacey’s silt factor.
2 3
q
and K
1.70
State 1. When the u/s water or head water is at crest level or at the top of the crest shutter (if any)
and there is no flow (Figure 4.20 a).
State 2. When water is flowing over the weir crest and the weir is submerged (Fig. 4.20 b).
State 3. When water is flowing over the weir crest and weir is discharging with a clear overfall
(Fig. 4.20 c).
The top width is determined on the consideration of no tension criterion for determining the
width of an elementary (or triangular) profile of a dam or a weir, given by
d
B1
Sm
Where B1 = top width of the weir
The top width of the weir is affected by height of crest shutter and it is given by,
B1 = S + 1 (meters)
Then, the largest of the three values is taken as the top width of the weir wall.
The bottom width of the weir wall, B, is determined by equating the overturning moments to the
resisting moments taken at the outer middle third of the bottom width of the weir wall. In
determining the bottom width all the three states discussed before are considered.
State 1. Head water is at crest level or at the top of the crest shutter (if any)
Considering the pressure diagram in Fig. 4.20(a), the overturning moment is given by
H S
3
M0
6
The resisting moment about the outer middle third point of the bottom is given by,
M r Sm 1.5H 2.5SB 2 B1 S m H H SB B12 H 3S
1
12 2
The above expression is valid when u/s and d/s faces have the same slope. If the u/s face is kept
vertical, the resisting moment is given by
HSm 2
Mr
6
B BB1 B12
By equating the overturning moment to the resisting moment, the bottom width B is determined.
State 2. Water is flowing over the weir crest and the weir is submerged (Fig. 4.20 b).
State 3. Water is flowing over the weir crest and weir is discharging with a clear over-fall (Fig.
4.20 c).
3
M0
6
H 3dH 2 D 3
In this equation there are two unknowns, viz. d and D and the relation between the two must be
known to find the maximum overturning moment. When the weir extends over the entire width
of the river and the width of the river is of considerable width in comparison to its depth, d is
roughly proportional to D, i.e. d = kD; where k is a constant and can be known if the river
discharge for any one depth is known (i.e. gauged).
M0
H 3
6
1 2k 3 2
The resisting moment may be considered to be approximately the same as that given for state 2.
Like the previous cases, by equating M0 and Mr, B is determined.
For underseepage the worst condition occurs when the water on the u/s side is at the level of the
weir crest or at the top of the crest shutters and there is no tailwater.
Then, if the floor is designed on the basis of Bligh’s theory, the total creep length is given by
L = CHs
Where Hs is as shown in Figure 4.19.
However, if the floor is to be designed on the basis of Khosla’s theory, the horizontal length b of
the impervious floor is found by the consideration of the permissible exit gradient, GE, given by
H 1
GE S
d
1
Knowing the permissible value of GE for the soil and values of Hs and d, may be
1
calculated. From the exit gradient curve, for this value of , the corresponding value of α
may be found. Then from α = b/d, knowing α and d, the value of b can be determined.
Out of the total impervious floor length b (or creep length L), the lengths L1 and L2 (Fig. 4.19) on
the d/s and u/s of the weir wall, respectively are fixed on the basis of Bligh’s recommendation as
Hs
L1 2.21C - for weirs with crest shutters
13
(2) Upstream impervious floor length, L2
Example 4.3
Design a vertical drop weir on the basis of Bligh’s theory for the following site conditions:
(a) Maximum flood discharge = 2585 m3/s
(b) H.F.L. before construction = 255 m
(c) Minimum water level = d/s bed level = 248 m
(d) F.S.L. of canal = 254 m
(e) Allowable afflux = 1 m
(f) Coefficient of creep, C = 12
Assume any other data not given.
If permissible exit gradient is 1/6, test the floor of the above weir by Khosla’s theory and
make changes if found necessary.
Solution
1) Hydraulic Calculations
i) L = 4.75 Q1/2 = 4.75 x (2585)1/2 = 241.50 m
q = Q/L = 2585/241.50 = 10.70 m3/s/m
ii) Regime scour depth, taking silt factor, f = 1
1 1
q2 = 1.35 10.70
3 2 3
R 1.35
= 6.56 m
f 1
Regime velocity, V = q/R = 10.70/6.56 = 1.63 m/s
Velocity head = V2/2g = (1.63)2/(2 x 9.81) = 0.14 m
iii) Level of d/s T.E.L. = H.F.L. before construction + velocity head
= 255 + 0.14 = 255.14 m
Afflux = 1 m
Level of u/s T.E.L. = Level of d/s T.E.L. + Afflux
q
d
2
C d x 2g
3
Neglecting the velocity of approach, and taking Cd = 0.58,
2
3
10.70
d 3.39 m
2 x 0.58 x 2x9.81
3
Since d = h = 3.39 m
hH 2 9.81x3.39x 4.732
M0 372.02 kN m
2 2
The resisting moment is
HS m 1 2 9.81x 4.732.24 1 2
Mr
12
B B1B
12
B 3B = 4.795 (B2 + 3B)
Equating Mo and Mr,
372.02 = 4.795 (B2 + 3B)
From which, B = 7.44 m
Adopting the greater of the two, we get B = 7.44 m. Provide B = 7.50 m
Dd D
C 19
b b
b = b’ = 60 m; D = 7 m; d = 2 m
7 27
C 19 0.97% 1% ( ve)
60 60
Dd D
C 19
b b
b = b’ = 60 m; D = 2 m; d = 7 m
2 7 2
C 19 0.5%( ve)
60 60
Hence, corrected value φE2 = 30 – 2.6 – 0.5 = 26.9%
Residual head at E2 = Hs x φE2 = 6.5 x 0.269 = 1.75 m
Assuming linear variation of pressure for intermediate points, the pressures and floor
thickness for points A, B and C are as follows:
Point A just at the d/s toe of the weir wall
5.62 1.75
PA 5.62 33.5 7.5 2.98m
60
2.98
tA 2.40m
2.24 1
Actual thickness provided according to Bligh’s theory = 3 m
Hence, safe